Luận văn thạc sĩ VNU ULIS critical discourse analysis in education what ideological image does an english course book (american headway 4, 2005) create through its language,

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– CAO DUY TRINH CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS IN EDUCATION: WHAT IDEOLOGICAL IMAGE DOES AN ENGLISH COURSE-BOOK (AMERICAN HEADWAY 4, 2005) CREATE THROUGH ITS LANGUAGE? (Phân tích diễn ngơn phê phán giáo dục: Hình ảnh tư tưởng xây dựng qua ngôn ngữ giáo trình dạy tiếng Anh (American Headway 4, 2005)? A Thesis Submitted in Total Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy HANOI 2014 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES –––––––––––––––––––––––– CAO DUY TRINH CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS IN EDUCATION: WHAT IDEOLOGICAL IMAGE DOES AN ENGLISH COURSE-BOOK (AMERICAN HEADWAY 4, 2005) CREATE THROUGH ITS LANGUAGE? (Phân tích diễn ngơn phê phán giáo dục: Hình ảnh tư tưởng xây dựng qua ngơn ngữ giáo trình dạy tiếng Anh (American Headway 4, 2005)? Major: English Linguistics Code: 62.22.15.01 A Thesis Submitted in Total Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisor Prof Nguyen Hoa (Ph.D) HANOI 2014 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where the reference is made in the text of dissertation, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the dissertation This dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any degree of diploma in any other tertiary institution CAO DUY TRINH Date: 04/10/2014 i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT Foreign language teaching is not merely the introduction of a language but also the transmission of values and ideologies Language teachers not only aim at learners’ language competence and performance but also the attitudes and behaviors of the learners towards their language speakers’ community Language educators provide the students with the linguistic rules and the social rules governing the language, the values underlying such language and the social contexts from which that language emerges For a foreign language course-book, the designers should consider the linguistic knowledge, the teaching and learning methods and the ways the teachers and students view and interact with the world “out there” In this dissertation, the course-book “American Headway 4-2005” is chosen for an analysis from a Critical Discourse Analysis perspective Herein, certain values which make up “an image” created by English language textbook writers, are worked out The analysis is done mostly through the wordings and the illustrations in the lessons Before the analysis, some working concepts such as values, ideology, power, English language teaching and the politics of this teaching as well as American values and ideologies will be defined and reviewed Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as the research methodology is also revisited Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) and Norman Fairclough's textual analysis as theoretical foundation and analysis framework are discussed The researcher justifies on the ground of Marxist viewpoint The above issues are, perhaps, not new to the researchers of socio-linguistic and applied linguists This study is hopefully an interface of them all The typical image found will prove that certain values are purposely introduced and reinforced in the course-book These values belong to and characterize different ideologies of the main stream of American, and often tend to give a sanitized version of the American life They might be beneficial to our Vietnamese learners and we hope to be able to share many of their “globally” good values ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Through this minor work, values education and critical awareness in foreign language courses may attract the attention of the teachers and students of English in Vietnam The learners are urged to adopt whatever is suitable to them, the Vietnamese, and to avoid alien ways of life Since then, our Vietnamese learners’ image of a good American English speaker is not necessarily exactly the same as the one of the Americans’ iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I could never have finished this dissertation without the help of many people My thanks go to Prof Nguyễn Hòa, my supervisor, for his continuous support during the years I did my M.A and Ph.D courses His knowledgeable understanding of linguistics and related disciplines is always the trusted source for my consultation I want to thank the professors and the visiting professors of the Faculty of Graduate Studies, ULIS and their staff Professor Hoàng Văn Vân and Assoc Professor Lê Hùng Tiến have been very considerate and helpful to me I have benefited from their knowledge and professionalism in research For this thesis, Thai Nguyen University has offered me a good financial sponsorship I am grateful to that My home university, Thai Nguyen University of Sciences, has always been standing by me, urging me in my study I am thankful to the university’s leadership, all the colleagues in and out my Department of Basic Sciences in the University for their assistance as I am working on this thesis I appreciate the valuable advice and useful help from all of my Ph.D student classmates in Hanoi They are very nice and willing to share their experiences and to help when I am looking for solutions to research problems I will always bear in my mind and recognize the encouragement of the international professors and friends Language, culture, politics and society always go together Their interesting talks have inspired me to greater efforts in my study I would like to take this chance to thank Emeritus Professor Markus Brodman, Zurich University, Switzerland; Professor Frank Morgan, Williams College, USA – Vice President of American Mathematical Society (2009-2012); Emeritus Professor Marcel Morales, Grenoble University, France; Doctor Fred Rohrer, Zurich University, Switzerland; Mr Nathan L Henry - Vietnam Representative for Asian iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Rural Life Development Foundation - and his wife, Melissa Henry My special thanks go to Professor Neal Koblitz, University of Washington, the creator of Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptography, the founder of the Kovalevskaya Prize for developing countries, the great social activist and a trusted friend of Vietnam His profound comments and suggestions for my thesis make me more confident about the research results I also express my deep gratitude to David John Grealy and Assoc Prof Nguyễn Văn Độ for their valuable suggestions Last but not least, I want to say many thanks to my beloved wife for her love and kind reliance My son and our little daughter have also cheered me on a lot Thank you very much! v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Page STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .viii LIST OF TABLE ix LIST OF FIGURES x LIST OF APPENDICES xi PART I INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale for the study Dissertation aims Object and scope of study Research assumptions 5 Research questions Research design PART II DISSERTATION DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 A brief overview of CDA 1.1.1 Discourse analysis 1.1.2 Critical discourse analysis 10 1.2 Tenets, objects and elements of CDA 15 1.3 The other views of CDA 20 1.4 Syllabus design and the wider society 22 1.5 The works of CDA 23 1.6 Values, culture, ideology and power 25 1.6.1 Values 26 vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 1.6.2 Culture 29 1.6.3 Ideology 31 1.6.4 Power as constructed by values 33 1.7 American values 35 1.8 Image and ideological image 37 1.8.1 Image 37 1.8.2 “Ideological” 40 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 44 2.1 Defining the framework 45 2.1.1 Systemic Functional Grammar 45 2.1.2 Fairclough’s Textual Analysis 51 2.2 Analytic procedures 59 CHAPTER THE ANALYSIS 64 3.1 The social context of the textbook under analysis 64 3.2 The analysis 67 CHAPTER FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 145 4.1 Interpretation for the values expressed by the writers in the course-book 145 4.2 Explanation for the American values created in the course-book 149 4.2.1 Societal determinants at societal level - American history, society, culture, politics & economy 149 4.2.2 The political English Language Teaching as institutional determinant at institutional level 158 4.2.3 The American ideologies as situational determinants at situational level of discourses 165 4.2.4 The “other American” in the world’s eyes 168 PART III CONCLUSIONS 169 REFERENCES 175 APPENDICES 186 vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CDA Critical Discourse Analysis CIA Central Intelligence Agency CFL College of Foreign Languages CL Critical Linguistics CLS Critical Language Study CLT Critical Language Teaching CP Critical Pedagogy CT Critical Theory ELT English Language Teaching MR Members’ resources SFG Systemic Functional Grammar SFL Systemic Functional Linguistics TNU Thai Nguyen University TNUS Thai Nguyen University of Sciences The USA The United States of America VNU Vietnam National University ULIS University of Language and International Studies viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Location in the book Description of process components Time Language Used in the Lesson When they arrive in June; earlier than here; and four years ago; since then; in 2003; for a month; a few years ago;Before Abramovich and After Abramovich Where it’s currently -300 C and so windy that in the capital, Anadyr, rope are tied along the street to stop its inhabitants from blowing away; where yesterday collides with today; nine time zones ahead Place Page 70 lines 1-50; page 71 – lines 1-25 The coldest 216 place in the from hospital and theatres to supermarkets; in Anadyr alone; but not in Chukotka where it’s too cold to play soccer, where he bought Chelsea Football Club, in the supermarket; in the supermarket; on board his private Boeing 767; in St Tropez, Knightbridge (Lodon), Moscow, and Anadyr in Russia Circumstances enough to support the weights of up to 35 tons; because it’s just “too darn cold!”; but Chukotka has captured the interest of one of the world’s richest men, the oil billionaire Roman Abrahamovich; (and earliest) of Moscow; right behind the international Date line; where yesterday collides with today; on earth; whose fortune is in excess of $ 14 billion; despite not having been born or raised in Chukotka; for Others outdoor sports or any kind of café society; but for all this; from reideer meat to French Camembert; because so little happens; often eaten for breakfast, lunch and dinner; thereby earning himself the world unique distinction of owing home; far from being resentful that he visits only monthly; after all; in business; just one person, Nathalia; because one day Abramovich will go The inhabitants of Chelsea, England could not imagine the life of the inhabitants of Chukotka; you Modal auxiliaries can buy everything from carved walrus tusks to French camembert, Greek olive oil, and Scottish whisky; I can change things here LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com UNIT – FRIENDS FOREVER Location in the book Description of process components Animate Participants Inanimate Material 217 Page 74 Lines 1-10 Test your grammar & lines 11-34 Friends reunited Process Mental Relational Behavioral Verbal Existential Time Circumstances Place Others Modal auxiliaries Participants Animate Language Used in the Lesson (see the process, in underlined words) Dear Sally; your old friend; Alison Wright (see the process, in bold words) Expressing habit – used to do/doing Match a line in A and a line in B; underline the words that express habit; choose the correct ending; he used to work hard; he’s used to hard work; hippies are always talking about themselves; we used to go; we’d go for a pizza; bighead people used to wear flowers; read the email; complete it; listen and check; which actions in the e-mail happened? Which only happened once? I’m sending this; we used to go; I got to know; we used to sit; we nearly blew up the science lab? The teacher went crazy; we used to call him “Mickey Mouse”; we meet up; she’s always talking about a class reunion; drop me a line; I’m not used to calling you Sally Davis! I think; what sort of website you think; you remember me?; I remember; you remember that time; I still see Penny; my sister’s in love; it is; which are past and which are present?; my first girlfriend was Alice; one of the most popular websites in the US is Classmates.com; you were the first person; and your mother was furious; but it wasn’t our fault; and she’s as wild as ever; you are still Sally Wilkinson! looking forward to hearing from you Is there a similar website? In the 1960s; when I was a kid; on Friday; and then; afterwards; when I started, but then the teacher made us sit apart; after school every day; for hours; as soon as they came out; Once we ate all the food in your fridge; every now and then There; in class; in their hair; to the movies; from Alison to an old friend from school; in your country; to Springfield East; next to each other for these sentences; because he’s a mover; with the lines a-l; again and again; together; but now he’s retired; A reliable friend will never let you down; through classmates.com; because we were always giggling so much; on end; because he had sticky-out ears; so if you are interested; to me she’ll spend hours looking into space; my Dad would read me a story at bed time; we’d go back to your house, and listened to music; we’d get all the Beatles records; we’ll always end up chatting about old time together (see the process, in underlined words) LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Location in the book Page 78 lines 1-44 & page 79 lines 1- 48 Friends past Description of process components Inanimate Material Mental 218 Process Relational Behavioral Verbal Location in the book Existential Description of process components Language Used in the Lesson (see the process, in bold words) It changed our language, our hair, and even our drinking habits; they defined a generation – and introduced one of the world’s most famous haircuts; the six stars of Friends went their separate ways, sharing the trials of their lives, loves, and careers; this group of six reflected a microcosm of what people their age encountered; viewers related to them; we all want a life like theirs – the cool New York apartment with foosball and easy chairs, and the social circle of beautiful, supportive friends; the first New York Starbucks store opened; the “Rachel” haircut was copied; the series has ever been credited; researchers analyzed every episode; Friends is set; Chandler, a computer programmer, used to share an apartment with Joey; he’s constantly telling jokes and making everybody laugh; who manages to spend most of the series unemployed; who gets a job and later becomes a fashion consultant; Rachel and Ross get together, but things keep going wrong; who is always communicating with the dead and and chanting about auras; and is always cleaning the house; get married; she settles down with Chandler; how they get to sit sipping coffee and being witty? They were supposed to be; they actually get back together again; the show had to come to an end The last episode was seen; we also wanted to drink endless cappuccinos; the show enjoyed a huge surge in ratings; they sought the return of a feel-good factor; she’s best known for her unique guitar playing; believe it or not It was much more than a brilliant comedy, it was the American SITCOM; Friends had a huge influence; the dual rise of coffee culture and Friends was one example of how the show captured the spirit of the times; it defined it; the most common way to intensify an adjective was by using very or really; the most common intensifier was so; “this guy is like so cool.”; Ross has been in love with Rachel, the best friend of his sister Monica; Ross is a bit of bore and a geek; he had a few relationships, mostly disastrous; Joey is a New Yorker with Italian roots; he’s an actor; he has total belief in his talents; he’s rather dense, but lovable and charming; Rachel is a spoiled little rich girl; she’s terrible in a crisis; Phoebe is the group hippie; she is wild and very eccentric; she is a spiritual masseuse; her most famous song is “Smelly Cat”; Monica used to be fat; she is deeply insecure character; she’s also bossy and has to have her own way; her desire is to find her dream man; and have babies; more like a way of life; ;Friends is more than just a sitcom; it’s a way of life; our attitudes to the characters’ lives is a mixture of envy and disdain; don’t they have anything better to with their time He’s always whining; and she’s always smiling says Claire Rooney; said Steve Beverly, professor of communication arts; they said, and now we all say; he said Language Used in the Lesson LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Location in the book Description of process components Time Place Page 78 lines 1-44 & page 79 lines 1- 48 Friends past Language Used in the Lesson in the same year that Friends started; at other times; prior to the series; after the September 11th terrorist attacks; but then married Monica; all day; until they make it permanent in the last episode; in the local coffee shop; in a trendy New York apartment; not in the real New York, but in the New York of some fantasy where the rooms in the apartments are huge, everybody leaves their doors unlocked and people don’t fly planes into buildings; on sofas in the final episode among the longest running, most successful series ever to hit the small screen; after 237 episodes and a decade together as room mates; by an estimated world audience of over 100 million viewers; on American TV history; so many times; in their daily lives; interestingly enough; by millions of women; with influencing how many of us speak; to explore whether popular culture influenced Circumstances Others 219 Modal auxiliaries how we speak; on Friends; as grieving Americans struggled to make sense of the real horrors that had unfolded around them; in the familiar comforts of the show; according to Robert Thompson, professor of television and popular culture; so who are the characters?; in their mid-twenties; since childhood, and throughout the whole series they have an on-off romance; throughout the series; because he would always find flaws in the women he dated; nevertheless; he’ll cheer himself up with food or women; eventually; like earn a living to pay for that Manhattan apartment; With lives untroubled by work and responsibility; with the cast approaching 40; but of course and will throw her arms up in despair; Friends will last forever LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com UNIT 10 – RISKING LIFE AND LIMB Location in the book Description of process components Animate Participants 220 Page 82 Lines 1-16 Test your grammar & Lines 1-18 Otzi the Iceman & Page 137 - 138 Tape script 10.2 Inanimate Material Process Mental Relational Behavioral Existential Time Circumstances Place Others Language Used in the Lesson (see the process, in underlined words) (see the process, in bold words) modal auxiliary verbs which of these sentences this?; put a tick; which don’t?; put a cross; the body of a 5,300-year-old man was discovered; it had been preserved; he was named Otzi after the Otzi valley; he wore?; he ate?; where did he live? How did he die?; give one of their answers to each question; the one they discovered; you mean that guy; he’s supposed to be about 5,000 years old; they’ve done all sort of tests on him, ADN tests and stuff; looking after his sheep up; what was he doing up there?; how did he keep warm?; I guess he lived and wore stuff like animal skins; he fell asleep; I wonder what they did for food; they hunted wild animals, didn’t they?; I bet; how to that; they just ate meat, like carnivores; I figure they didn’t get; I bet they stay; I bought that magazine, New Scientist; I downloaded them; let’s take a look at them I think; what you think; you know that prehistoric man, you know; you know; they think ; you know; you know; they didn’t know; you know; who knows; they think that’s Jane; he was?; how old was he; he was probably a hunter; yeah, that’s the one; he’s supposed to be; what was he?; some sort of hunter?; well, they aren’t sure; the mystery is; sure; how old was he; he was maybe 40 to 45 look at the pictures; listen to two people, Alan and Bill, discussing the question in exercise 1; yeah I guess they ate a lot of meat, and berries and fruit there are no lights on; in the past; in 1991; when he died; years ago; while he was taking shelter from a snowstorm; 5,000 years ago; when he died; in those days in the mountains; in a cave; in the Italian Alps; in ice; where he was found; in Italy; in the Alps; up there; in the same area; from the Internet To find out about his life; for all we know; with arrows and axes and things?; maybe; so we can read all about the results; around much LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Location in the book Description of process components Modal auxiliaries Participants Animate Inanimate 221 Material Otzi the Iceman, Page 110, Lines 16 -47 Process Mental Relational Circumstances Existential Time Place Others Language Used in the Lesson all modal verbs can be used to expressed degrees of probability; she must be very rich; I must my homework; I can’t sleep because of the noise; they can’t be in; but I might be wrong; you should see a doctor; I could swim when I was five; cheer up! things could be worse; the train may be late due to bad weather; may I make a suggestion? which must have been pretty old; he could have been a warrior; he could have been a hunter, or he could have been some kind of shepherd; he might just gotten lost; it must have been cold; so he may have died from cold and starvation; he shouldn’t have gone up so high without the right protective clothing; they might ever grown up crops, like grains to make bread; no they can’t have been that clever; I’d have thought; the tests will tell us; it would have been so difficult; I wouldn’t have thought they travel much at all; you shouldn’t have bothered (see the process, in underlined words) (see the process, in bold words) He died 5,300 years ago; He wore goatskin leggings, a deerskin jacket, a thick grass cape, and a bearskin hat He stuffed his leather shoes with grass to keep out the cold; He lived his entire life in a world just 50 kilometers across; Otzi and his companions deliberately entered enemy territory, or perhaps they were ambushed, or attacked one another; Otzi last and fatal fight can be reconstructed with some precision; Otzi stabbed one of his enemies with his flint dagger; He shot an arrow into another and managed to retrieve the valuable weapon before shooting it again; He killed or wounded at least three men; Otzi tried to hold off one assaillant and suffered a deep wound in one hand that left three fingers useless; Otzi put up a fierce fight until an arrow, fired from behind, entered his shoulder and penetrated close to his lung Otzi retreated into the mountains, but not before lifting a wounded companion onto his back The blood of the injured man mixed with Otzi’s, soaking into his jacket; Otzi staggered into a small ravine and collasped; It took two more days before he died, and the ice closed over him He knew how to look after himself; no one knows how the battle started He was 46 years old and feet inches tall He had a beard His last meal was goat steak and bread baked in charcoal; He had over 70 items in his possession, including flints for skinning animals and sharpening tools; he carried herbs with pharmaceutical properties, dried fruit, and flint and tinder for starting fires; He was probably a herdsman or hunter, but on this day he was a warrior He had an axe and a longbow, and arrows tipped with flint; but the hand-to-hand fighting was ferocious 5,300 years ago; finally high in the Otzal Alps with grass to keep out the cold; with some precision; in his backpack; how the battle started; perhaps; from the DNA on his clothing and weapons, and the injuries to his body Modal auxiliaries LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Location in the book Description of process components Animate Participants Inanimate Material 222 Page 86 & 87 Go west, young man! Process Mental Relational Existential Language Used in the Lesson (see the process, in underlined words) (see the process, in bold words) The western migration; the hazardous journey; the tragedy of Donner party; first contacts with native Americans; gold fever and conflict; the final battle The American West covers a vast area; few white settlers had explored it; more than 500,000 Americans moved there; and the US government promised these pioneers land; others came in search of gold or adventure, or to practice their own form of religion; who were already living there; large scale migration began; over 14,000 settlers had followed; much of the land they crossed consisted of mountains, deserts and huge, treeless plains; travelers normally began their journey; the 2,000-mile journey took, covering about 15 miles a day; any delay meant that; migrants suffered from diseases, violent dust storms, wagons stuck in mud, and plagues of insects such as mosquitoes; one in 25 of the migrants failed to make their destination; they frequently shot themselves or each other; a group from Illinois, including the Donner family, decided to emigrate; they made two crucial mistakes; they started late, and followed an untested route and got lost; morale became poor, tempers flared, and one of the men was stabbed to death; snow made the mountains impassable; they prepared to spend the winter; starving, they ate glue, fur and dogs; they; ate their own dead; over half died; they found Native Americans living; fur traders married and integrated into Indian society; the travelers gave Native American blankets, beads, and mirrors; they also sold them guns and ammunition; attacks on wagons were rare and the Plains Indians generally regarded these first white travelers; came an event which greatly changed the relationship between the settlers and Native Americans – the Gold Rush; thousands of men of many different nationalities flocked; came the development of mining camps and the growth of industries, towns, shops, road systems, and railroads; much of this took place; conflicts ensued; most did not realize the damage they were doing; Native Americans did little farming and mining; having been hunted by white Americans; the US government took more and more Indian land; Native Americans were persuaded – sometimes forced – to live; tensions finally exploded into war; terrible atrocities were committed; the Seventh Cavalry surrounded a band of Sioux; and killed 146 men, women and children some even believed; they didn’t believe ; they believe Land for farming was scare; it was their patriotic duty to claim the land; it was not possible to travel; many deaths were self-inflicted; not experienced; their story was to become one of the best-known tragedies; it was late October; and they were desperately short of food; each tribe had its own complex culture and social structure; that human beings were indivisible; relations between the pioneers and Native Americans were generally friendly; trade was common; the West was a wilderness waiting to be tamed, and a potential source or profit; they were hunters, and central to their way of life was the wild buffalo; estimated at 60 million; they were virtually extinct; the war was over There had been enormous herds of buffalo LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Location in the book Description of process components Language Used in the Lesson Until the early 19th century; in the following decades; in 1843; by 1848; in late April or early May; earlier in the year; in 1846; by the time they started to climb the Sierra Nevada mountains; Time eventually; When the white people first explored the American West; in the early day of migration; and sometimes; in the history of Western emigration; in the 1840s; then, in 1849; but by the mid1880s; in 1860s; finally, in 1890 to California; from the Mississippi River to the pacific coast; from the eastern United States; in the Page 86 Circumsta- & 87 nces East; in the newly-acquired states of California and Oregon; in the mountains; in the Sierra Nevada Place mountains; in the mountains snow; in every part of the region, many of them on the Great Plains; to California, and later to Colorado and Nevada; on sacred Native American hunting grounds; in Go west, 223 reservations far from their homelands; at Wounded Creek young man! around four and a half months; by mistake; however; to avoid the worst of winter blizzards; as there was not enough grass on the Great Plains to feed the livestock; if everything went according to plan; Others out of 81 travelers; from all the elements of natural world: animals, birds, soil, air, mountains, water, and the sun; in exchange for food; with amusement; from the Native Americans; in the use of guns; to search for gold; with the rush; inevitably; to the environment; to the settlers; by both sides Modal auxiliaries fierce snowstorms would be encountered; that land should be owned by individuals or families but should belong to all people LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com UNIT 11 – IN YOUR DREAM Location in the book Description of process components Animate Participants Inanimate Material 224 Page 90 Lines 1-7 Test your grammar & tape script 11.1 & tape script 11.2 Mental Process Relational Circumstances Behavioral Verbal Existential Time Place Others Modal auxiliaries Page 93 lines Participants Animate Language Used in the Lesson (see the process, in underlined words) Oh, man!; Charlie; me; (see the process, in bold words) Great shot; way to go; one minute, two minutes; Read column A; it’s raining again; I’m not going out; I don’t like my job; my boyfriend and I broke up; I wish we hadn’t; come on; you always OK; I mean; you still played soccer?; I’ve already written the ticket; come on; I’ve got to pick up the prescription; supposing you let it go; I don’t care what you were doing; I’m just doing my job; what you mean don’t you wish ; Helen is feeling very sorry for herself; I wish (it wasn’t); I wish (I was); I wish (there is); I wish (I did); I know (he won’t call me); I wish (he would); I feel (really depressed); I wish (I didn’t); I wish (I could); I know; you know; I wish; I know; I know; but I just wanted to get What are her problems?; we had a great time; it was a wild party; it was; when’s your exam? Good luck; that’s a big “if”; I was never any good; it wasn’t as good as Charlie; but it was only for two minutes; it was literally one minute; it’s as simple as that; you’ve got two weeks to pay look I said no There’s nothing good; there’s always a first time tonight ; last week; tomorrow, o’clock; sometimes; in your dreams; before it is closed; just this once to the drugstore; on TV If only I hadn’t left all my studying till the last minute; anyway; if only we could just fly off to that island; not really but; for my sick grandmother I can’t talk to anyone about it; No, I can’t possibly go out tonight; I shouldn’t have gone out last night; I wouldn’t worry if I were you; that would be fantastic; I’d sit on a beach and read all day; I’d just sleep forever; I can’t remember the last time I had a full night’s sleep; I’d never had kids; you can’t have an ice cream cone; what would you give to drive one of those; which one would you choose if you had the money?; if I won the lottery, I would buy the Aston Martin; I wouldn’t – I would go for the Ferrari; but you could have been a great player if you’d wanted; he’ll go far; I shouldn’t have been speeding; couldn’t you look the other way; you can’t break the speed limit (see the process, in underlined words) LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Location in the book Description of process components - 21; Page 94 – lines – 27 Page 95 – lines 1- 44 Have you ever wondered? Inanimate Material 225 Process Relational Verbal Existential Language Used in the Lesson (see the process, in bold words) Answers to some important questions in life; the physiological school and the psychological school; sweet dreams!; Do you ever wonder about things?; have you ever puzzled over these questions?; discuss them in groups; make notes of your ideas; why we dream?; why air planes take longer to fly west than east?; why we dream?; two different schools of thought exist; both agree that we dream; our closed eyes dart rapidly around and our brain activity peaks; the psychological theory centers upon how our brains function; that we dream to exercise the brain cells; our brains constantly transmit and receive messages and keep our bodies in perpetual motion; dreams replace this function; psychological theorists of dreams focus on our thoughts and emotions; dreams deal with immediate concerns; connections between dreams and the human psyche have been made; the Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote of a connection between dreams and emotional needs; meteors range in size from that of a pinhead to huge objects weighing many tons; most meteors burn up; they are renamed meteorites; meteors travel; nature’s spectacular fireworks show, a meteor shower, comes into view; supposing; the Earth is rotating, moving; it goes; then it flies off; why airplanes; Which always blows; the planes moving; rain is formed; the water droplets fall; the water vapor and dust particles also reflect the rays of the sun; the dust and water vapor molecules reflect the longer, red, rays of light; the most common theory that the little @ in e-mail addresses, commonly referred to as the “at sign,” stemmed; every letter of a word had to be painstakingly transcribed; the monks that performed these tedious copying duties looked for ways; they loop the “d” around the “a” and eliminated two strokes of the pen; the popularity of the @ symbol grew; it separates a person’s online user name from their mail server address; but countries have found different ways; several languages use words that associate the shape with some types of animals; these include: snabel – Danish for “elephant’s trunk”; klammeraffe – German for “hanging monkey”; papaki – Greek for “little duck”; kukac – Hungarian for “worm”; dalphaengi – Korean for “snail”; grisehale – Norweigian for “pig’s tail”; sobachka – Russian for “little dog” What are falling stars? What is the origin of the @ symbol?; what are falling stars?; falling or shooting stars are not stars at all, but meteors, solid bodies that travel; which are visible to the naked eye; the reason for the difference is an atmospheric phenomenon known as the jet stream; the jet stream is a very high altitude wind; the more dust particles in the air, the more colorful the sunrise or sunset; What is the origin of the @ symbol?; it was so common that the monks thought it would be quicker and easier Those who believe this theory say; and say that There is no universal name; LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Location in the book Description of process components Time Place Circumstances 226 Page 93 lines - 21; Page 94 – lines – 27 Page 95 – lines 1- 44 Have you ever wondered? Others Modal auxiliaries Language Used in the Lesson at night; when they enter the earth’s atmosphere ; when these swarms hit the Earth’s atmosphere and then fall towards the Earth; as you go through your day; during the REM, or rapid eye movement, phase of sleep; during this phase of sleep; during the REM phase; when awake; for thousands of years; over two thousand years ago; until you let go of the string; until they hit the ceiling; when they are moving with the wind; when water molecules collect particles of dust; when the collected water becomes heavy enough, at sunrise and sunset; when the sun is below the horizon; during the Middle ages, before the invention of printing presses from the west to the east across the Atlantic ; from the tired hands of medieval monks ; in his Parva Naturalia; through space; in the air together in swarms like bees; as to why we dream; however; in our lives, such as unfinished business from the day; in fact; contrary to popular belief; except the really huge ones; if they land successfully; to shorten it even more; usually; in a brilliant display of light; at quite a speed; around in circle; in a straight line; take longer time to fly west than east?; at over a thousand miles per hour at the equator; if you spin something around your head on a string; at a great speed; at a constant air speed thus go faster from west to east than in the opposite direction; like trees and many buildings; however, without dust; thus; in such a way that we can see them for more time; to the earth as rain; by hand in Latin for each copy of a book; to reduce the number of individual strokes for common words; although ad, a Latin word for at, is quite short; as a result; with the introduction of e-mail; for instance joe@uselessknowledge.com ;to describe it; for the sign Which can you answer?; what would happen if the gravity on earth was suddenly turned off?; what would happen if there was no dust? Dreams can teach us things about ourselves that we are unaware of; what would happen if the gravity on earth was suddenly turned off?; we could magically turn off gravity; would buildings and other structures float away?; what happen would depend on how strongly the things were attached to the Earth; switching off the gravity would be like; would be letting go of the string; things not attached to the earth would fly off in a straight line; people in buildings would suddenly shoot upwards; most things would fly off into space; some things, which are rooted into the Earth, would not find it so easy to fly off; it can take five hours to go west to east from new York to London, but seven hours to travel east to west from London to New York; what would happen if there was no dust?; most of us who have ever cleaned the house would be much happier if there was less dust; there would be less rainfall and sunsets would be less beautiful; water vapor would be much less likely to turn to rain without the dust particles LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com UNIT 12 - IT’S NEVER TOO LATE Location in the book Description of process components Participants Language Used in the Lesson Animate (see the process, in underlined words) Inanimate (see the process, in bold words) Tell the story of Mary’s grandmother, matching a line from A with a line from C; use the correct article from B to connect the lines; tell the story to a partner; he retired; listen Material and check; what extra information you hear?; he decided to go on an ocean cruise; he enjoy the cruise very much; he sailed and it sounded like a great experience; well, my grandfather invited her to have dinner with him, and they got along really well with one 227 Page 98 Lines 1-13 another; my grandfather fell in love?; he’d asked her to marry him Process Mental I think; and the next thing we knew; I just hope My grandfather used to be a judge; my grandfather, who’s a widower, used to be a judge, Test your the most interesting thing about this cruise was that he met an attractive widow; she’s grammar Relational pretty rich, too; she’s from California; No kidding!; apparently, they were married by the captain of the ship; it’s so romantic; the whole family’s amazed, but we’re all very happy for him Verbal Time and when he retired the year before last; Circumsta- Place all around the world nces Others Anyway; ‘cause he’s been pretty lonely since my grandmother died; like Grandpa Modal auxiliaries Page 98- 99 he says that Participants Animate and would you believe it; you can find love at any age; I can can love one day, (see the process, in underlined words) LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Location in the book Description of process components Inanimate How well you use your time? Material Process Mental 228 Relational Existential Time Place Circumstances Others Modal auxiliaries Page 102 lines 1-46 & Participants Animate Language Used in the Lesson (see the process, in bold words) I just take life; but I leave enough time; but I like it that way; how you tackle all the things you have to do?; I the things I feel like doing; I prioritize; I the important things and put off all the other stuff; I find this difficult; I check off; how many things have you begun and not finished?; plenty of things; I begin; hardly any, just one or two minor things; several things; I get distracted and move; none; I see each of my projects; when you switch off your cell phone?; I haven’t gotten round to getting one yet; I don’t waste time worrying about it; being late is impolite and inefficient; I like to be on time, I’m often late; I’m always on time; how you spend your leisure time? doing a little of this and a little of that; I recharge my batteries; I keep trying different things that people suggest, but nothing really grabs me; I try to put all of my time to good use; how you keep in touch with friends?; I wait for them; but I also like to call them; and I realize I haven’t; seize the day I don’t know; I think Easy going; frantic, relaxed; I have a daily “to do” list that; most people have cell phones these days?; I have no patience with people who are late; I have few hobbies and little leisure time;– but it can be difficult; how punctual are you?; “I must contact X” but time passes; it’s quick and efficient; which of these is closet to your philosophy on life; whatever will be will be; life is not a dress rehearsal But there aren’t many of those; there’s either not enough time to every little things or too much time with nothing to do; there are no uncompleted projects in my life; there is a reason for everything each day; at times; at times; after each item is completed; in the last few years; but then get bored; sometimes; before I start the next; and when I need some peace and quiet in some public places; as it comes; pretty fast; for relaxation; nonstop the whole time; with a great deal of enthusiasm; through to the end; to get in touch with me; from one thing to another; only if I have to; not as often as I should; so I try to be punctual; in theory, but in practice; where my time goes; with a few hobbies and by by being with friends; in several ways – email, text messages; for a nice chat; in anyway I can; most of the time by e-mail How would you describe the pace of your life?; (see the process, in underlined words) Winner of the Pushkin gold medal for translation LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Location in the book Description of process components page 102 lines 1-38 A life in the day Mary Hobson Inanimate Material 229 Process Mental Relational Behavioral Verbal Existential Language Used in the Lesson (see the process, in bold words) Mary Hobson, 77, gain a degree, and a PhD at 74; a mother of four, she lives; I’ve started; it doesn’t urge you to communicate, only to learn, and I find the early hours of the morning the perfect time for that; I love ritual and routine; I wait to have tea; I phone my youngest daughter and we start a day; I make breakfast – All-Bran whole-meal toast, and a pot of black coffee – and I take it; I am a dedicated atheist; I regard religion as complete lunacy; don’t waste it waiting for an afterlife; I read Marcus Aurelius; it was his philosophy that got me through my son Matthew’s death; I spend the morning translating; but at 25 he developed a cerebral abscess, losing his speech and the use of the right side of his body; we lived on government assistance; I’d collected all china and give it to the children to smash out their frustration; I wrote my first novel; I used to sit and write and write; I was going down; I left and Matthew stayed; having snatched a bit of life back, I had to something; my daughter Emma gave me War and Peace, and I loved it; then it hit me: I hadn’t read it, I’d only read a translation, and I so longed to read the actual words; a marvelous elderly lady taught me the basics and I enrolled in the Russianlanguage degree course; don’t let anyone tell you your memory goes with age; gradually I forced it into action; I write poetry; I love London; give me the town over the country; I try to go; it hits minus 40 and they find it hellish; I adore lying in bed listening to snow being scraped from the pavements; I order my groceries; I make supper and get into bed; I can’t bear TV – it makes me feel; I get my news through the radio; I sleep rottenly; I much prefer the day I thought; my Russian friends think; how was he to know that; that I don’t want to waste any time I have an empowering feeling; you’ve got only one opportunity to be alive; Matthew’s death was such a waste; a special committee was convened; unpaid, of course; I’m an expert at working; poor old Pushkin: some of his letters were scandalous; really very rude indeed; I am what you might call a late developer; I was 40, 62; I was 40, 62; my husband, Neil, was a talented jazz musician; it was hell for him and a nightmare for us; we were so broke; that 50-minute session was all I had; Neil was terribly difficult; none of it was his fault; It’s not my fault either; I was very grateful for that; well, that was mine; it’s there; it was such an exhilarating experience; oh, the joy of learning!; I have such good friends; I am mad; I have an overpowering feeling; I don’t have a newspaper; dreams are horrendous; mine are all about anxiety and loss Aurelius said; people talk about “the time of their lives”; There’s so much; there’s so much LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Location in the book Description of process components Time 230 Page 102 lines 1-46 & page 102 lines 1-38 A life in the day Mary Hobson Place Circumstances Others Modal auxiliaries Language Used in the Lesson in her sixties; until a.m; at a.m; at 7:30; every day; four years ago; at first; after a bath; before I wrote my first novel; 200 years later; when I went to university; for ages; when things got really bad; while Neil had his weekly music therapy; in the ABC café in Earls Court; while couples had life-and-death quarrels around me; but after 28 years; after a late lunch; any day; every year; then I phone everyone I can think of in south London; out there; in a motorcycle accident; on the wall outside; at the University of London; on buses and trains; to Moscow; out there; on the Internet in Russian; to learn ancient Greek; but then I thought; for goodness’ sake; with a chat; back to bed along with the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius; to organize the translation of the works of Pushkin for his centenary; of course; with him; with him to stop me going back; with it; so much; at all; if you want it enough; en route; in the coldest weather; so when I can’t stagger down my front steps; so I have everything sent; as long as I have my books; for nothing; if I’m not going out; simply because my feet are awful; as if everyone is living and I’m only watching; so I have it on all night; at least you know you’re in charge I would rather have been dead too; “ what we cannot bear removes us from life”; “ No I mustn’t less I must more!”; some old bat would be poring over every line?; I might go and play Scrabble with a Russian lady; I won’t be able to get about forever; I’ll perfect my Greek; I’ll be happy LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ... about discourse analysis might be, therefore, helpful for the readers to understand the discourse analysis as its foundation 1.1.1 Discourse analysis Discourse analysis (DA) has been developing and... the studies of discourse analysis In other words, the advent of critical discourse analysis, regarding language uses, can be traced back to the analysis of discourses In this brief introduction... LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES –––––––––––––––––––––––– CAO DUY TRINH CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS IN EDUCATION: WHAT IDEOLOGICAL IMAGE DOES AN ENGLISH COURSE- BOOK