Rationale
The study of metaphor has a long history and was first established by Aristotle who considers metaphors as a way of transferring names of two objects on a basis that they share some common features In other words, metaphors can be commonly seen as a way of referring to one thing under the name of another based on their similarities (Đỗ Hữu Châu, 2005) and the scope of study is limited to literature
Until recently, a new wave of studying metaphors has been proposed on the foundation of cognitive linguistics This views metaphors as a popular phenomenon permeating all aspects of languages, not only in poems and the likes The concept of conceptual metaphor has been introduced then In contrast to the previous view on literature metaphors, the system of conceptual metaphors is created automatically, unconsciously and understandably without much effort (Trần Văn Cơ,
Lakoff and Johnson‘s (1980) proposed a bright example of a conceptual metaphor, LOVE IS A JOURNEY This conceptual metaphor is made up of a fixed set of well-established mappings, which is illustrated in the table below:
Source domain: JOURNEY mappings Target domain: LOVE
JOURNEY EVENTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP
CHOICES ABOUT WHAT TO DO
Table 1: The mappings of conceptual metaphor LOVE IS A JOURNEY
Obviously, the more concrete domain of JOURNEY helps structure ideas belonging to the target domain of LOVE Furthermore, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) also argue that knowledge of the sort specified by the conceptual metaphor is necessary for the creation and comprehension of conceptual metaphors That is to say, without such knowledge and previous experience, one would not be able to understand some concepts of the more abstract domain LOVE (Lakoff &Johnson, 1980)
Similarly to the example proposed by Lakoff, many other cases of metaphors have been studied, contributing to the comparisons of metaphorical mechanism between two languages In Vietnam, Nguyễn Thị Kim Anh (2014) takes a deep look at the conceptual metaphor MARRIAGE IS A JOURNEY, which aims at facilitating the teaching of cultural aspects in foreign language teaching
With the same purpose, an investigation into conceptual metaphors for life, death, and time in Vietnamese and English has been conducted by Nguyễn Thị Tú Trinh (2010)
One of the most favored target domains to be described through source domains is economy It is admitted that, the world economy has never failed to win people‘s attention though it has undergone numerous ups and downs in the last few decades Hence, the economic reports in newspapers, journals and magazines have proved themselves to be an essential part of the daily life For this reason, certain linguistic features are taken into great consideration in the production of reports and articles so that ideas can be effortlessly perceived in such an abstract and abstruse field Metaphor, one of the linguistics features, commonly occurs in economic reports for the reason that metaphors facilitate readers‘ understanding of the abstract domains by means of the concrete domains (Kửveces, 2002)
Within the business domain, conceptual metaphors are supposed to be of great popularity since the more abstract domain of economy should be conceptualized by a number of more concrete domains For example, we usually see such a metaphoric expression as seeing just one way for Greece to go: up (The New York Times, 2014) The example illustrates the use of the concrete domain of JOURNEY to structure ideas belonging to the domain of ECONOMY Studies on such use of metaphoric expressions have been of certain extensiveness Silva Bratož (2004) conducts a comparative study of metaphor in English and Slovene used in popular economic discourse The study aims to figure out the domains used business reports in both languages to conceptualize the domain of economy Similarly, Black and Ennis (2001) carry out another study of conceptual metaphors between English and Spanish in financial reporting mainly about stock market crash According to the findings, there are not only many similarities but also differences in frequently used metaphors between two languages Bai Jinhong (2010) also carries out a study on conceptual metaphor exploited in the journal Business Week and the newspaper The New York Times although the study is confined to the headlines only
The review of previous studies has encouraged the writer to conduct further research on conceptual metaphors used in English articles so that the source domains can be found, and the most frequently used domain can be identified In short, it is worth analyzing metaphors in economic reports to figure out how they work in this field and to categorize other concrete source domains that are normally used to conceptualize the target domain of economy.
Objectives and scope of the study
Objectives of the study
This study primarily concentrates on the metaphors used in economic reports Its aim is to have an insight into how metaphors are correlated to human physical experience and constructed in economic reports In addition, the analysis of this correlation will set foundation for later categorization of the source domains which are exploited in the metaphors in these economic reports.
Scope of the study
The research on metaphoric expressions has a long history with different standpoints In the traditional view, metaphors should be regarded as a figure of speech and those metaphoric expressions are expected to appear in poetry and literary works for rhetorical aims and are far from use in communication The second view on metaphor emerged in
1980 and was marked by the publication of Metaphors, We Live By , written by Lakoff and Johnson The approach they suggested, known as the cognitive linguistics view of metaphors, posed a real challenge to the traditional view since they propose that metaphor exists not only in language but also in action and thought (2003) Among two views briefly discussed above, this study takes the latter since economic reports, the subject of this study, should not be treated as literary works but part of human communication
Since its introduction, many cognitive studies of metaphor have been conducted in politics, sports, economy and many other aspects This paper does not expect to cover all those aspects of life, and only conceptual metaphors found in economic reports are analyzed Despite the abundance of economic magazines and journals, this paper focuses only on the articles from the New York Times posted in 2013.
Significance of the study
With this study, the writer strives to make a little theoretical and practical contribution Firstly, as part of his endeavor, this paper is expected to provide an insight into how metaphor works in the field of economy, which is to add some value to the theory of metaphor from the perspective of cognitive linguistics The findings and analysis of metaphors in economic reports also prove the statement made by Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 1999) that metaphors are conceptual as many of the ways in which we think and act are basically metaphorical and that metaphors are not confined to literal works only
Secondly, for writers of journals, newspapers and magazines, this study is to provide a practical analysis on how metaphors work and how they are constructed in economic reports They are, hence, encouraged to exploit this linguistic feature so that ideas can be presented in a comprehensible manner That is to say, the writer looks forward to bringing something beneficial to economic reporters in their attempts to win readers‘ interest
Finally, this research is also expected to prove the significance of conceptual metaphors in business reports and to come up with a system of common domains used to describe the abstract domain of economy
Hence, translators, teachers, and students of English will be provided with one of the guideline aiming at native-like use of language in a specific discourse
Research methodology
Research questions
An investigation into metaphors in business reports aims at shedding light on these three questions:
Question 1: How frequently is conceptual metaphor exploited in business reports in The New York Times?
Question 2: What are the most frequently used source domains used to conceptualize the target domain of economy?
Question 3: What is the value that metaphors used in business reports in The New York Times adding to the reports?
Research approach
This research approaches metaphor from the perspective of cognitive linguistics In this view, metaphors are conceptual and many of the ways in which we perceive and act are basically metaphorical (Evans and Green,
2006), and the source domain serves as the background for structuring and understanding the target domain (Langacker, 1987)
The study is of both qualitative and quantitative approaches Firstly, the study involves the collecting, categorizing and counting metaphorical expressions quantitatively in the articles Secondly, the additional value of metaphoric expressions will be analyzed qualitatively Furthermore, the method of direct interview is also applied among economists to decide the value added by conceptual metaphors.
Data collection and analysis
This research is conducted mainly based on the primary data collected from economic reports of The New York Times and can be divided into three stages
The first stage involves the collection of reports, which is to provide some data for the next stage To ensure the up-to-date-requirements, the chosen reports should be released in 2013 and 2014 including such fields as banking and finance, marketing, investment, human resources, financial public management and so on The reports should be varied in terms of topics and authors so that a complete investigation can be achieved
The second stage develops on the data from the first step and is to answer the first two research questions In this stage, metaphors are identified from those reports Afterwards, those metaphors will be categorized and the frequency of metaphors will be determined First, the frequency of metaphors in English articles will be the average frequency of metaphors in each article The frequency of metaphors in each article is determined by dividing the number of metaphors by the number of words per article Secondly, the frequency of different domains will be determined by dividing the number of metaphorical expressions of each domain by the total number of metaphorical expressions identified from the articles
The third stage involves the qualitative analysis of additional value of using metaphorical expressions The analysis should base on comparisons between the texts with and without metaphorical expressions
This analysis should be based on specific cases of metaphorical expressions taken from the articles.
Design of the study
The study will be constructed as follow:
In this part, rationale, aims and objectives of the study, scope of the study are expected to be presented.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Cognitive linguistics
Cognitive Linguistics discussed in this paper refers to the approach to the study of language that started its emergence in the 1970s and has gain most of its increasing popularity since the 1980s More than a quarter century later, a massive amount of study has been generated under the light of cognitive linguistics, most of which has a strong focus on semantics However, a considerable proportion is also devoted to syntax and morphology, and other areas of linguistics are also researched into under the view of cognitive linguistics, such as language acquisition, phonology, and historical linguistics
One of the important assumptions shared by all of these scholars is that meaning is so central to language that it must be a primary focus of study Three major hypotheses as guiding the cognitive linguistic approach to language are pointed out (Croft, W & Cruise, D A., 2004):
Language is not an autonomous cognitive faculty
Knowledge of language emerges from language use
The first hypothesis is that language is not an autonomous cognitive faculty Consequently, the representation of linguistic knowledge is essentially the same as the presentation of other conceptual structures, and that the processes in which that knowledge is used are not fundamentally different from cognitive abilities that human beings use outside the domain of language
The second major hypothesis of the cognitive linguistic approach is embodied in Langacker‘s slogan (1987) ‗grammar is conceptualization.‘ A major aspect of human cognitive ability is the conceptualization of the experience to be communicated
The third major hypothesis of the cognitive linguistic approach is that knowledge of language emerges from language use That is to say, categories and structures in semantics, syntax, morphology and phonology are built up from our cognition of specific utterances on specific occasions of use.
Metaphors
There have been a number of linguistic scholars making a real attempt to provide a definition of metaphors This part is to review several noticeable definitions of linguistic metaphors according to traditional views
Firstly, Aristotle (1954) should be first mentioned since he provides us with the first extant definition of metaphors, which states that
‗metaphor is the application of a word that belongs to another thing.‘ In other words, metaphor is an instance in which the name customarily used to signify one thing is used in reference to a thing that is customarily signified by another name As Aristotle (1954) goes on to indicate, this transference of the name of one thing to another can take place in four principle ways: ‗either from genus to species, species to genus, species to species, or by analogy.‘
Similarly, Murray Knowles (2005) considers metaphors as ‗the use of language to refer to something other than what it was originally applied to, or what it literally means, in order to suggest some resemblance or make a connection between the two things.‘ Furthermore, Murray also associates metaphors with ‗creative, poetic expression and idea‘ which are typical of literature in a way that they are non-literal and figurative uses of languages
The idea that metaphors are only used and considered ‗as a mere ornament or embellishment‘ is also shared by a number of previous language researchers (Cassirer, 1946)
Likewise, from his study in both Vietnamese and English discourse, Đỗ Hữu Châu (1966) mentions the traditional view on metaphor that
‗Metaphor is the transference of meaning (name) from one object to another, based on similarity between two objects.‘ Accordingly, the resemblance of two objects makes a great contribution to the comprehension of metaphorical meaning Metaphor may never be feasible to function without the similarity among objects under human observation
Lakoff (1980), who is among influential cognitive linguists, admit that traditionally and ‗for most people‘, metaphor is ‗a device of poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish.‘ That is to say, metaphor is conventionally considered to be a matter of ‗extraordinary language rather than ordinary language.‘
All in all, it can be seen that most tradition views on metaphors center around the following points Firstly, metaphor is a figurative usage of speech which can be frequently found in literature although quite limited in everyday communication Second, metaphor functions properly thanks to the similarity among objects under the figuration of writers That is to say, metaphors have been isolated from daily use of language, and the cognitive mechanism for the receivers of the massage to understand the underlining meaning of metaphor has been ignored
1.2.2 Conceptual metaphors under the light of cognitive linguistics
Since it was first introduced in the 1970s, cognitive linguistics has provided a new approach to the study of metaphors with valuable findings
Lakoff (1987, 2003) has found that, on the contrary to the view held by most people, ‗metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action.‘ Accordingly, metaphor is actually metaphoric concept; our conceptual system, in terms of what we think or act, is basically metaphorical in nature To be more specific, conceptual metaphor (or cognitive metaphor) in cognitive linguistics refers to the understanding of one conceptual domain (target) in terms of another domain (source domain) On other words, the abstract domain is interpreted or conceptualized by a more concrete source domain
Lakoff and his colleagues (1987, 1980, 1999) make a number of specific claims about conceptual metaphors One important among which is that conceptual metaphors usually build a linkage between a concrete domain and an abstract domain in such a way that the former normally gives metaphorical structure to the latter A similar perspective is shared by Barceloiia (2000:3) who believes that ―metaphor is the cognitive mechanism whereby one experiential domain is partially ―mapped‖, i.e projected onto a different experiential domain so that the second domain is partially understood in terms of another experiential domain‖
Similarly, Radden (2007) use difference words to the so-called
―experiential domain‖ He defines conceptual metaphor as "a means of understanding abstract domains by relating them to better-known domains and experiences in the physical world"
In Vietnam, Trần Văn Cơ (2009,86-87) explains that conceptual metaphor is viewed as when we think one object in terms of another one Thereby, in the process of normal perception, complex and abstract notions, through metaphor, establish a correlation with more concrete or observable notions
By studying various definitions of conceptual metaphors under the light of cognitive linguistics, some of the following points should be agreed upon: firstly, conceptual metaphor is a matter of ordinary use of language that can be noticed in every case of communication; Second, conceptual metaphor functions properly thanks to the association of target domain (which is supposed to be abstract) with source domain (which is supposed to be concrete); Thirdly, conceptual metaphor plays a vital role in the human‘s process of understanding phenomenon in the world, without which the human being‘s exploration of the world will be considerably limited
1.2.2.2 Analysis conceptual metaphors Source domain and Target domain
Croft (2004) studying Lakoff and Johnson‘s theory of metaphor suggests that the metaphor should not be treated as an attribute of individual linguistic expressions and their meanings, but of whole conceptual domains He defines source domain as ‗the domain supporting the literal meaning of the expression‘, and target domain as ‗the domain which the sentence is actually about‘ In principle, any concept from the source domain can be used to describe a concept in the target domain
Similarly, according to Knowles and Moon (2005), it must be noted that conceptual metaphors equate two concept areas The term source domain is used for the concept area from which the metaphor is drawn
Target domain is used for the concept area to which the metaphor is applied
As in the following statements:
He attacked every weak point in my argument His criticism were right on the target
I demolished his argument I‘ve never won an argument with him You disagree? Ok! Shoot!
He shot down all of my argument
WAR is the source domain, and ARGUMENT is the target domain in the metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR
Lakoff and Johnson use a formula A (target domain) IS B (source domain) to describe the metaphorical link between the two domains
Conceptual metaphor theory sees the connection between concept areas in terms of correspondences or mappings between elements within source and target domain (Knowles, M and Moon, R., 2005) A typical feature in the concept area or source domain responds to or maps onto one typical feature in the target domain A metaphor is therefore a conceptual mapping between two domains However, it should be noted that not all aspects of a source necessarily map onto the target since some mappings are much more extensive than others
The mapping between source and target domains involves two sorts of correspondences, epistemic and ontological
Ontological correspondences: relations between elements of one domain and elements of the other domain
Source: HEAT OF FLUID Target: ANGER
Pressure in container Experienced pressure Agitation of boiling fluid Experienced agitation
Limit of container‘s resistance Limit of person‘s ability to suppress anger
Epistemic correspondences demonstrate relations holding between elements in one domain and relations between elements in the other domain
When fluid in a container is heated beyond a certain limit, pressure increases to point at which container explodes
When anger increases beyond a certain
An explosion is damaging to container and dangerous to bystanders
Loss of control is damaging to person and dangerous to others
Explosion can be prevented by applying sufficient force and counter-pressure
Anger can be suppressed by force of will
Controlled release of pressure may occur, which reduces danger of explosion
Anger can be released in a controlled way, or vented harmlessness, thus reducing level
It should also be noted that correspondences, or mapping, between two domains are presented in conceptual system, and therefore are fully conventionalized among members of a speech community That is also a requirement for a conceptual metaphor to function properly
In the 1980 edition of Metaphor We Like By, Lakoff G and Johnson
G identify three categories of conceptual metaphors, including structural, orientational, ontological
Firstly, structural metaphors are ―cases where one concept is metaphorically structured in terms of another.‖ Therefore, framework for target domains is provided by source domain These frameworks determine the way we talk about entities and activities which the target domains refer to (Knowles, M and Moon, R., 2005)
LITERATURE REVIEW
Study on conceptual metaphors
From the foundation laid by cognitive linguists mentioned in the previous part, a huge amount of research has been conducted with encouraging achievement This part of the paper is to provide a critical review on previous research of conceptual metaphors in several different contexts, together with achievements in the study of conceptual metaphor in economic newspapers
Phan Thế Hưng (2012) has been successful in identify 13 common source domains and 11 common target domains with specific illustrations
Common sources domains include: o Human body o Health and disease o Animals o Plants o Houses and construction o Machines and tools o Games and sports o Money and trade transactions o Cooking and food o Hot and cold (temperature) o Light and darkness o Force and strength o Move and direction
Common target domains include: o Emotion o Desire o Ethics o Thoughts o Society and country o Politics o Economy o Human relationship o Communication o Death and life o Events and actions
As for him, the identification of such common source and target domains has a big implication for students and other researchers in the field of conceptual metaphors Firstly, with specific examples and a detailed list, the writer definitely facilitates others‘ understanding of conceptual metaphors and its distinction from linguistic metaphors
Secondly, it functions as a guideline for other researchers to a potential field for their cultivation In fact, many researchers may find some ideas for their work when studying this list of common domains
However, the research also poses some questions to other linguistics researchers Firstly, when it comes to a specific context, is the list still the same? It is assumable that the common domains used in the context of economy may be different from ones applied in literature, for example
Furthermore, there is also a doubt that whether the list completely covers all domains used in a specific context That is to say, it is highly possible that the list of common domains in various contexts can, to some extent, vary Thirdly, it is likely that less common domains should also be studied since they may somehow affect the comprehension of the message Those questions definitely lead to further study on the topic of conceptual metaphor
Nguyễn Thị Bích Hạnh (2014) also conducts research on Trịnh Công Sơn‘s songs In particular, the researcher investigates the use of two kinds of conceptual metaphor: structural and orientational metaphors (UP/DOWN) What is encouraging from the research is that the writer looks into a rather new research objective Conceptual metaphors in music and song lyrics have not been often studied previously, and this greatly consolidates the prevailing of conceptual metaphors in various fields
Another success of the writer is to contribute to the analysis of conceptual metaphors in Vietnamese
Issac Machakanja (2006) also makes a comparison between English and Shona in terms of conceptual metaphors The value of the research lies in the collaborate description of container metaphors, in which activities, states, and events have been recognized as the most common source domains
A number of other researchers studying conceptual metaphors should be credited Nguyễn Thị Thanh Bình (2012) explores conceptual metaphors in the Declaration of Independence of the US presidents Trần
Thị Minh Yến (2014) particularly looks at conceptual metaphors denoting
―anger‖ in the daily star.co.uk In comparison between Vietnamese and English, Lưu Thị Hải Vân (2012) conducts a contrastive analysis of the metaphor ―ANGER IS HEAT.‖
All the research reviewed above is to prove the nature of conceptual metaphor, which is a matter of ordinary language that can be found in every language with its value in conceptualizing and facilitating the process people perceive the world
In fact, there have been a great number of linguistics researchers trying to answer the questions mentioned above
Similarly, during the last few decades, study on conceptual metaphors in different languages and in different fields has been prosperous.
Study on conceptual metaphor in economic discourse
In the field of economy and economic reports, study of conceptual metaphor is not a new trend Their research has been carried out in different languages and in various contexts Fahad (2007) conducts a comparative study of metaphor in Arabic and English Analyzing mostly students‘ writing and conversation meetings, the author has identified two most popular conceptual metaphors: LIFE IS A JOURNEY and TIME IS COMMODITY Admittedly, the research has made some contributions to proving the power of conceptual metaphors in the use of language and in the context of business writing In addition, his research has an essential implication when it comes to business writing teaching
With regards to the topic discussed in this paper, conceptual metaphors in economical reports, a number of researches on the same topic have been collected and studied Internationally, Silva Bratoz (2004) conducts a comparative study of conceptual metaphor in English and Slovene popular economic discourse The research identifies that the two organism and downward market movements as natural disasters However, the study of common domains and the value of conceptual metaphors in communication tend to be ignored
With a view to shedding light on the use of conceptual metaphors in popular economic discourse, Eva Kovacz (2000) has been successful in identifying five major conceptual metaphors: o BUSINESS/ECONOMY IS A HUMAN BEING o BUSINESS IS WAR o BUSINESS IS A GAME AND A SPORT o BUSINESS IS MARRIAGE o BUSINESS IS ACTING IN A THEATER/ CONCERT
The writer provides a careful analysis of each conceptual metaphor, which is definitely to lay a foundation for further study on the same field
However, the frequency of each conceptual metaphors is not mentioned in the study
Vương Thị Kim Thanh (2011) does a survey on conceptual metaphor in economic report titles in Vietnamese, which analyses two conceptual metaphors MARKET IS WAR and MARKET IS WEATHER The research has made some contributions in that it proves the existence of conceptual metaphors in economic discourse However, the number of conceptual metaphors noted in the research is still limited
Likewise, Hồ Thị Hải Yến (2014) also examines conceptual metaphors denoting ―ECONOMY‘ as ―HUMAN BODY‖ in New York Times This paper particularly looks at a specific conceptual metaphor
That is to say, it is likely that a number of other conceptual metaphors have been ignored in the research
Phạm Thị Hằng (2012) also analyses the use of conceptual metaphors in advertising slogans of several cell phone brands Mostly, the research aims at providing a classification of conceptual metaphors in advertising slogans Hence, a comprehensive look into the use of source domains is still questioned after the research
It can be inferred from the study of conceptual metaphors mentioned above that conceptual metaphor research in economy and newspaper discourse is not a new trend in linguistics However, most previous study has a tendency to focus on several specific domains That is to say, it is still an open question that what domains are commonly used when it comes to economic articles Furthermore, the value added to the discourse has not been investigated in this context To answer these questions is necessary since they have a big implication for not only translators but only teachers and students of English.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research questions
From the analysis of previous research, it can be suggested that conceptual metaphors play an indispensible roles in language The theoretical background also poses several questions for other research to be done
In this paper, the writer has a particular look at the discourse of economic reports in New York Times in his attempt to answer the following questions:
Question 1: How frequently is conceptual metaphor exploited in economic reports in The New York Times?
Question 2: What are the most frequently used source domains used to conceptualize the target domain of economy?
Question 3: What is the value that metaphors used in economic reports in The New York Times adding to the reports?
Firstly, the writer attempts to find out the frequency of conceptual metaphors in economic reports This is an effort to prove the overwhelming of conceptual metaphors in a specific context, economic reports in New York Times Secondly, the writer attempts to identify the most commonly used source domains among the conceptual metaphors specified in the first research question Finally, the writer continues to discuss the value that conceptual metaphors bring to the language and the process of communication.
Research methodology
To find out the answer to three questions suggested in the previous part, a process involving data collection and data analysis has been conducted, which is collaborated as follows
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated to NYT) is an
American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851, by The New York Times Company The New York Times has won 117 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other news organization
In 2015, With more than 1 million digital-only subscribers and 1.1 million print-and-digital subscribers, the Times says it has more subscribers than ever before in its 164-year history With a huge number of subscribers, the New York Times proves itself one of the noticeable representatives of language used in media That is also the reason for the writer to choose economic reports on this newspaper as objective of the research
The newspaper is organized in three sections, including:
News: Includes International, National, Washington, Business and Economy, Technology, Science, Health, Sports, The Metro Section, Education, Weather, and Obituaries
Opinion: Includes Editorials, Op-Eds and Letters to the Editor
Features: Includes Arts, Movies, Theater, Travel, NYC Guide, Food, Home & Garden, Fashion & Style, Crossword, The New
York Times Book Review, T: The New York Times Style
Magazine, The New York Times Magazine, and Sunday Review
Considered to be good representatives of language used in media discourse, 40 economic reports are chosen from www.nytimes.comdated from 2013 to 2014 Firstly, the choice of these 40 reports is totally random among the reports of 300 to 2000 words Therefore, totally 38.658 words will be analyzed in this research The number is believed to be adequate for most conceptual metaphors to be covered Secondly, all the reports are from online-sources because of its accessibility and the fact that there is little difference between digital and print reports in terms of language
The process of collected data is fundamentally based on some of the following methods:
This method analyses the language including an extensive variety of discourses in its natural use It excludes any linguistic phenomenon created for a specific model, and the data collected must be representative The process of CMA undergoes three stages: identification, comprehension, and explanation (Phan Thế Hưng, 2012)
Firstly, the first stage of identification of conceptual metaphors undergoes two main steps: (1) reading the text carefully and notice potential metaphors under given characteristics, (2) studying the context to decide whether the metaphors have a ordinary of a metaphoric conceptualization
Secondly, the comprehension of metaphors involves the establishment of the relationship between the metaphors and other cognitive elements in the metaphors
Thirdly, the explanation of metaphors involves the realization of elements of society, culture, emotion, and even the embodiment of creating and using conceptual metaphors
In the research, the writer will determine the total number of metaphors used in the collected materials After that, calculation will be carried out to determine how many conceptual metaphors are used in an average article, and the density of conceptual metaphors in consideration with the length of collected articles can be figured out This attempt is to evaluate the frequency of conceptual metaphors in economic discourses
In the next step, the specified metaphors will be grouped together based on the same domains they belong to This is to decide the frequency of source domains and to find out the most popular domains applied in this kind of discourse The less common domains can also be noted
Qualitative research is conducted in this research when the writer strives to analyze the contribution of conceptual metaphors in the text To decide the value that metaphor brings to the communication process, the writer tries substituting the metaphorical expression with a different non- metaphorical one with the same meaning Then the difference will be noted to determine the functions of conceptual metaphors
With a view to clarifying the values added by the use of conceptual metaphors, the writer conducts a survey which includes pairs of sentences, one with metaphorical expressions and the other without those expressions After that, the interviewees are asked to explain their choice, which is to identify the difference between sentences.
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
Frequency of different source domains in conceptual metaphors denoting ECONOMY in
After identifying conceptual metaphors in each text, those with the same source domain are grouped together This attempt is to decide the frequency of each source domain and to identify any new domains that have been neglected in previous study
This quantitative research has led to some of the following conclusions First of all, it should be highlighted that up to 642 conceptual metaphors are recognized in totally 40 articles, including their titles as well as their main parts, and all of which fall into 17 categories of source domains, which will be elaborated further in the next part
Secondly, the distribution of different source domains varies greatly
That is to say, there are a small number of frequently used source domains preferred The aim of this part is to point out which source domains are more prioritized
Among the 17 source domains identified, ECONOMY IS A JOURNEY and ECONOMY IS WAR metaphors prove to be the dominant ones with the proportion of 17% Similarly, ECONOMY IS A GAME AND SPORT (13%), and ECONOMY IS A HUMAN BODY (11%), are of high frequency These four conceptual metaphors constitute up to just under 60% of the conceptual metaphors in investigated economic reports
This figure is impressive, especially when compared with the aggregated share of the other 13 with only 40%
ECONOMY IS A GAME AND SPORT 84 13%
ECONOMY IS ACTING IN A THEATRE/ CINEMA/ CONCERT 24 4%
ECONOMY IS WEATHER/ NATURAL PHENOMENON 23 4%
ECONOMY IS A RIVER/ LAKE/ STREAM 9 1%
Table: The number and percentage of conceptual metaphors denoting
ECONOMY with different source domains
It is clear that in a striking contrast, four conceptual metaphors:
ECONOMY IS A PARTY/ MEAL, ECONOMY IS A RIVER/ LAKE/
STREAM, ECONOMY IS FOOD/DIGESTION, ECONOMY IS ART are of noticeable scarcity and rarely noted in the corpus Each of them takes up only marginal 1% of the total conceptual metaphors
The noticeable popularity of several domains in comparison with others can partly reflect the nature of business and economy This domain has always been featured by three main characteristics: schedule, competition, and lifespan Hence, it is understandable why writers of these articles have a tendency to associate ECONOMY with A JOURNEY, WAR, A GAME, SPORT, and A HUMAN BODY
In brief, the previous part has shed light on the second research question with a view to figuring out the source domains applied in conceptual metaphors in English economic reports and identifying the most frequently used among them
In the following part of this chapter, the writer attempts to collaborate on different source domains, to provide several illustrations and to discuss on their features realized in the texts
ECONOMY IS A JOURNEY metaphor is the most popular one that the writer can identify from the text Up to 111 realizations of this conceptual metaphor are noted in the articles, which means that every nearly 350 words, one conceptual metaphor with the source domain of A JOURNEY is used
When it comes to a journey, we normally think of such aspects as vehicle, driver, path, speed, and goal These categories are conceptualized in ECONOMY IS A JOURNEY metaphors, which can be realized in the following mappings
THE COMPANY IS A VEHICAL/ THE LEADER IS A DRIVER
- For those entrepreneurs who think they will be the next Mark Zuckerberg and ride their company to riches, think again [14]
- She is less adept at setting expectations and directing her office staff.[21]
MEASURES IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ARE PATHS/STEPS IN
- If it succeeded with Chrysler, Fiat wanted a clear path to acquire all of the company [2]
- Those steps helped the bank‘s first quarter result [12]
- The New York attorney general‘s office is taking an unusual step
- The hackers found what they had been looking for — a wide path into Target and beyond [31]
IMPEDIMENTS IN ECONOMY ACTIVITIES ARE OBSTACLES
- The bank faces uncertainty over the European economy, which is stuck in recession [13]
- When the Internet bubble burst, the company underwent rocky times [14]
- The deal to take Dell private faces a major roadblock [26]
- It is unclear whether any of the projects would encounter legal obstacles in disrupting the traditional dealer network [32]
ECONOMIC PROGRESS IS FORWARD/UPWARD MOVEMENT
- But going forward we now have the issue of where the growth is going to come from [12]
- We‘ve gotten back to where we were before the winter slowdown in terms of job creation — as well as where we expect to be going forward [33]
- It has zero cachet and no discernible way forward [34]
ECONOMIC DEPRESSION IS BACKWARD/DOWNWARD
- This gets us back on trend [33]
- The labor market returned to the level of robustness that prevailed in the mid-2000s, let alone the 1990s [33]
- We‘ve gotten back to where we were before the winter slowdown in terms of job creation [33]
- The downturn began in early 2008, the Labor Department reported on Friday [33]
ECONOMIC CHANGES ARE CHANGES IN DIRECTION
- Ms Mayer, Yahoo‘s chief executive, has said that attracting talented workers is crucial for the company‘s turnaround [5]
- Mr Jain and Stefan Krause, the bank‘s chief financial officer, portrayed the share issue as a turning point [13]
THE SPEED OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IS THE SPEED OF MOVEMENT IN A JOURNEY
- He believed that in the June quarter, slowing sales of the iPhone combined with strong sales of Samsung‘s new flagship phone, the Galaxy S4, may catapult Samsung to the top spot [1]
- The challenge, Dr Goodall said, will be watching whether the pay of those women continues to keep pace with their male colleagues‘ as they climb to more senior ranks.[19]
- Analysts say sellers are still demanding high prices for unwanted businesses, despite the economic slowdown.[26]
GOALS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ARE THE DESTINATIONS
- He says the goal is for the company to get 80 percent of its online traffic and half of its online sales with its content marketing efforts [38]
- Even before talking about goals or building a personal balance sheet, you might find it helpful to ask yourself this question.[6]
From the analysis above, we find that our physical experience can be well mapped on the economic domain The mapping is so natural and systematical that the domain of a journey is the most favorite among conceptual metaphors applied in the investigated corpora
Only exceeded by the domain of a journey, ECONOMY IS WAR metaphor is the second-ranked in terms of frequency although the difference is unpronounceable 106 realizations of the conceptual metaphor ECONOMY IS WAR are discovered within the text
When the topic of war is suggested, such categories as battles, soldiers, weapons, strategies and victory are normally visualized In the construction of conceptual metaphors, they function as the source domain while the target domain involving economy is cognitively associated with markets, negotiations, business partners, business advantages, methods of doing business, and outcome of business activities
This metaphorical concept can be illustrated as follows:
- Fiat and the union workers‘ health care trust are fighting over that yawning gulf in a court in Delaware [2]
- The battle between the two financial giants had its beginnings [3]
- Lavish benefits area ubiquitous weapon in Silicon Valley‘s talent wars, and since she arrived at Yahoo last year [5]
- Which handily beat analysts' forecasts [11]
- They‘ve made the easier and less morally defensible position [28]
- Tencent, announcing an investment that pushes it further into e- commerce — territory long controlled by its rival, Alibaba [30]
- Mr Cohen‘s letter comes as he fights to hold on to his investors
- I‘m still struggling with this puzzling fact [35]
- Benefits are a ubiquitous weapon in Silicon Valley‘s talent [5]
- The agency‘s other large loan program, facilitated by nonprofit development companies and geared toward bigger capital investments, is similarly stymied [20]
- The greatest enemy of good aircraft is people who interfere with the freedom to shop for the highest quality [25]
BUSINESS STRATEGIES ARE WAR STRATEGIES
- The new plan will ―leave the bank‘s strategy largely intact [26]
- The invasive hack at Target was part of a broader campaign aimed at least half a dozen major retailers [31]
THE SUCCESS OF BUSINESS IS THE VICTORY OF WAR
- In addition, the bank will surrender to MBIA about $130 million in MBIA bonds [3]
- Sergio P Ermotti, the chief executive, cautioned that it was ―too early to declare victory,‖ but said the earnings showed the company‘s ―business model works in practice.‖[8]
- But Alibaba is not resting on its laurels [30]
The above analysis with specific illustration has prove that the domain of WAR and the domain of ECONOMY share a great number of common features, which facilitate the mappings between these two domains and construct the second-ranked metaphor ECONOMY IS WAR in economic reports
4.2.3 ECONOMY IS A GAME AND SPORT
Results from quantitative research suggest that games and especially sports are commonly applied for metaphorical conceptualization, and it is noticeable that the language of business and finance is also flooded with metaphorical expressions based on these source domains In fact, the use of ECONOMY IS A GAME AND SPORT takes up 13% of the total
Discussion on the value added by conceptual metaphors in business reports on New York
It is now undeniable that conceptual metaphors are used in a natural and systematical way in all economic reports That may lead us to the curiosity about the contribution it makes to the discourse This part of the paper is to look deeply into the value that conceptual metaphors add to the articles
As stated in the part of methodology, the values added by conceptual metaphors are determined in two ways Firstly, the writer replaces the metaphorical expressions with the non-metaphorical ones, and a comparison between the two sentences is conducted Secondly, a questionnaire providing ten pairs of sentences, one of which contains metaphorical expressions while the other is with non-metaphorical expressions Inquiry about the reasons for their choices suggests the following three functions that a conceptual metaphor brings about
In the survey, among totally 30 interviewees, 278 out of 300 sentences with metaphorical expressions are chosen Then, the interviewees are required to choose the best reasons for their choice The table below shows the results of the investigation into its data:
Reasons for preference of sentences with metaphorical expressions
It makes the sentence artistic/ decorated 92 33%
It is something out of my language habit 87 31%
Table 5: Reasons for preference of the sentences with metaphorical expressions
First of all, a large number of conceptual metaphors have the decorative functions as they are felt to make the articles more vivid and impressive Compared to the use of plain expression, the use of conceptual metaphors makes the articles closer to a work of art This finding is strengthened by results from direct interview It can be seen that nearly a third of the explanations refers to the decorative function of the conceptual metaphors
The following examples clarify the view that considers metaphorical expressions as decorative
- In the gloomy European market, Fiat is struggling [2]
- Instead, pension funds and other institutional investors flooded into the debt markets [20]
The two examples above take the weather and natural phenomenon as the source target do describe the economy In the first example, The word gloomy and flooded used in the context of the economy created the so-called figure of speech The use of similar words definitely makes the article remarkably picturesque
Actually, the first function of conceptual metaphors has long been suggested by even traditional metaphor researchers That is also the reason why metaphors have long been considered as a unique feature of literature rather than an ordinary use of the language This function normally arises from the skillful language use of the reporters since it shows the elaborate choice of words in the expressions of ideas
Besides, conceptual metaphors can also carry emotional function
That is to say, the use of metaphorical expressions evokes strong feeling among readers 30% of the explanations for the choice of sentences with metaphorical expressions relates to the emotional functions of the interview
- Yahoo Rolls the Dice on TV [34]
- After Years of Battling, Bank of America and MBIA Settle
- Benefits are a ubiquitous weapon in Silicon Valley‘s talent [5]
In the examples above, the writer exploits the source domain of game (roll the dice) and war (battling, weapon) These conceptual metaphors result in some visualizations in readers‘ mind, and give rise to feeling of some kinds In the first example, for example, rolls the dice makes people imagine a gambling and create the sense of excitement
Secondly, battling and weapon lead readers‘ to the imagination of war
Hence, the readers are highly likely to be aroused or get aggressive easily
In the discourse of economic reports, the emotional function is admittedly number one priority in the field when it is expected to catch readers‘ attention right from the title of the reading It is highly likely that readers may spend only few second to decide on reading the article or not
Therefore, strong feelings will definitely arouse interest among readers
The third benefit that conceptual metaphors bring about relates to the process of conceptualization With the aid of metaphoric expressions, the writers can make the abstract concepts understandable and manageable to the readers who are of little expertise about the field of economy To illustrate this, let‘s look at this example:
- The battle between the two financial giants had its beginnings [3]
- Under the current rules, large banks have to hold a pool of assets they can theoretically sell quickly to cover any outflows that occur in a turbulent period in the markets [8]
In the first example, the writer uses the conceptual metaphors ECONOMY IS WAR to describe competition between two big companies
The expressions battle and financial giants are used instead of competitions and financial consortiums/ corporations Obviously, the abstract domain is described and understood through its similarity with a more concrete domain
Similarly, in the second example, the total amount of assets is presented through the image of a pool and the amount of money that the company spends is presented through the image of a flow of a water running out (outflow) of the company This makes it easy for readers to perceive these economic phenomena
This third function is considered to be crucial the feature that distinguish traditional and modern views on conceptual metaphors Since its function in conceptualize concept, it plays an indispensible role in our conception of the world In this process, conceptual metaphors help to build a linkage between an abstract and a concrete domain based on its similarity It can be stated that without conceptual metaphor, the human mental process of learning about the world will be greatly hindered
Finally, it can be suggested that the conceptual metaphors are undeniable an essential part of economic reports since it makes artistic, emotional, and conceptual contribution Without conceptual metaphors, the articles will surely lose readers‘ attention and several terms will be tiresome and incomprehensible
To conclude, there are several points that should be agreed in this chapter Firstly, it has been proven that conceptual metaphors are of high frequency in both titles and main contents of any articles This strengthens the view point that conceptual metaphors should be an ordinary matter of language rather than an extraordinary aspect Secondly, the conceptual metaphors in economic reports are featured by seventeen different source domains identified form the research, each with different rates of frequency Finally, comparisons between metaphorical expressions and non-metaphorical expressions suggest that the use of conceptual metaphors improves the attractiveness of the articles and is necessary in our comprehension of a great number of terms in the field of economy
In the final chapter of the paper, the writer is going to summarize the main points of the discussion above, and then discuss its implications
After that, several limitations can be identified, giving rise to a number of suggestions for further study.
Research findings
After investigating a number of economic reports on the New York Times (2013-2014), the researcher comes up with some of the following conclusions, which are also the answer to three research questions posed at the beginning of the paper
First of all, it must be widely accepted that conceptual metaphors are indispensable in economic reports In other words, it is undeniable that any business article can partly characterized by metaphoric expressions With the rate of roughly one metaphorical expression every 60 words in an article, conceptual metaphors prove their significance, at least in journalism discourse
Furthermore, the pervasion of conceptual metaphors can not only noticed in the titles of the articles but also more remarkably in their main content This strongly suggests that conceptual metaphors do not merely function as a hook to attract readers to the text If attraction were the sole function of conceptual metaphor, their rate of frequency in the main content of the article would be much slower On the other words, this highlights the fact that metaphors play an indispensable role in human conception of the world Therefore, conceptual metaphors can be used frequently during the article with a view to facilitating the process of conception in readers‘ mind
The second conclusion that needs to be emphasized relates to the identification of source domains in these conceptual metaphors Totally, there are 17 source domains identified in the economic reports to denote the target domain ECONOMY These source domains include: A
JOURNEY, WAR, A GAME AND SPORT, A HUMAN BODY, A MACHINE OR TOOL, A PLANT, ACTING, A BUILDING, A MARRIAGE, WEATHER AND NETURAL PHENOMENON, A LEGAL COURT, HUNTING, A PARTY AND MEAL, A BUBBLE, A RIVER
OR LAKE OR STREAM, FOOD AND DIGESTION, and ART This is in accordance with previous research, suggesting several common source domains used in metaphoric expressions in economic reports However, it should also be emphasized that previous research tends to ignore several source domains although their frequency is noticeably marginal
Referring to different source domain, it is proved that different conceptual metaphors with different source domains can be identified at different frequency That is to say, several domains, such as A JOURNEY,
A WAR, A GAME OR SPORT, and A HUMAN BEING are among the most commonly made used of, In contrast, many other domains including
A PARTY AND MEAL, A BUBBLE, A RIVER OR LAKE OR STREAM, FOOD AND DIGESTION, and ART are of some scarcity
The gap among frequency of different conceptual metaphors can partly explained by the characteristics of each source domain
Understandably, if the source domain and the target domain of economy share a great number of similarities, that target domain will be more preferred Then reporters are prone to using it in their presentation of economic terms On the other hand, if the source domain shares fewer common characteristics, it will be a less favorite domain for the reporters to choose
However, emphasis on the role of several source domains does not mean that other less frequent domains can be omitted Even the most frequently used source domain can never perfectly conceptualize the domain of ECONOMY That is to say, the ECONOMY should be best described only when a flexible application of all source domains is ensured
The final conclusion can be made referring to the contribution of conceptual metaphors to the texts Initially, in accordance with previous research on linguistic metaphors applied in literature, in which metaphors are considered as a figure of speech That is to say, without conceptual metaphors, the article would be much less impressive
Furthermore, conceptual metaphors also play a vital role in human conception of the world In fact, the mapping between the source domain and the target domain greatly facilitate the process someone perceives an abstract concept This process is based, on the one hand, on human background experience of the source domain and, on the other hand, on the perceived similarity between the two domains That is to say, conceptual metaphors have the power that human beings are supposed to rely on if they want to perceive new abstract domains.
Implications
The finding of this research is expected to make some contributions to the practice of article translation, together with teachers and students of English
2.1 Implications for translation and teaching translation
A translator mentioned in this part of the paper refers to one whose work involves English as the target language
A requirement of a translator is to convey the meaning of a source language to a domain language as clearly as possible, and the product of translation process must sound native to the reader or the audience of the target language To fulfill this requirement, it is necessary that the translator master the use of conceptual metaphor in both source and target languages
First and foremost, a translator needs to appreciate the value of conceptual metaphors which are to make their work more native to the readers or audience and to facilitate the process of perceiving the world
Hence, the use of conceptual metaphors should be ticked as a required item in the criteria to appraise a piece of translated work In other word, conceptual metaphors should hold a significant position in the process of translating articles
Secondly, translators need to construct a system of commonly used conceptual metaphors in the target language This paper is to provide translators with a list of frequent source domains denoting the target domain of economy This serves as a guideline for translator to accumulate vocabulary with a specific aim of constructing conceptual metaphors in English
Finally, the practice of applying metaphors is hugely essential since the metaphoric meaning heavily depends on the context Hence, the use of a conceptual metaphor in an inappropriate context can lead to negative awkward effects
2.2 Implications for teachers and students
Teachers of a foreign language should also appreciate the value of conceptual metaphors together with their significance It should be understood that to use a language is also to be involved in the process of conceptualization in that language, which is not a simple process for the language learners Therefore, it is the teachers‘ role to instruct students to conceptualize ideas in the target language, and it would be a big mistake if practicing conceptual metaphors was ignored
Furthermore, the finding of this paper provides a range of source domains with clear illustrations for reference, and this can be included in their English lessons by the teachers with a view to providing more practice on this necessary aspect of language The finding also emphasizes the necessity to develop student‘s imagination by means of including visual aids during the lessons and encouraging students to contemplate on the provided visual aids
Finally, the frequency of conceptual metaphors suggested in this paper can serve as one of the standards in assessment of students‘ ability to use the language That is to say, the teachers can rely on the number of conceptual metaphors that students create in their writing and speaking as a standard to evaluate students‘ progress in that language
The above analysis has emphasized the significance of conceptual metaphors in business discourse Therefore, students of a language are supposed to appreciate the use functions of conceptual metaphors, not only in the process of creating figurative meaning but also in conceptualize new abstract ideas in the world
In addition, the finding suggested in this paper, including the frequency of conceptual metaphors together with a clear description of frequently used metaphors, is to provide some sorts of instruction in using conceptual metaphors
Finally, the frequency rate of conceptual metaphors in a text is also a suggested criterion for students to self-evaluate their improvement in language skills.
Limitations and suggestions for further study
Despite the writer‘s effort, there are several admitted limitations in this paper The first drawback of this paper relates to its objective, which is restricted to investigating the use of conceptual metaphors in economy- themed articles As a result, the finding is rather limited and fail to satisfy all readers whose curiosity is about how conceptual metaphors functions in various discourses, such as political campaigns, sports news, and the forth, which are also matters of great concern
The second limitation stems from the requirement to provide English learners with complete materials related to practicing conceptual metaphors Although this paper has suggested a list of commonly used conceptual metaphors with its frequency, learners of English as a second language still need further details Especially, practicing conceptual metaphors requires a good source of vocabulary, including words and phrases, which can often be used as realization of a conceptual metaphor
That is to say, it would be more useful if the writer could provide a system of commonly used words or phrases in each conceptual metaphor
The third limitation relates to the data collection of 40 corpora with totally 38650 words Though the articles are chosen randomly, it is not expected that the finding can paint a complete picture of how conceptual metaphors are used economic reports In other words, it is possible that there are a number of other conceptual metaphors Therefore, it is obvious that a thorough study should be encouraged with an aim to shed better light on the picture of conceptual metaphors This is essential since it is doubted that there still exist a number of source domains that can be used in the illustration of the target domain of ECONOMY
In the realization of several limitations, some of the following suggestions can be made for further study
First of all, other researchers should focus on conceptual metaphors in various fields If this expectation is fulfilled, a better and comprehensive appreciation of how conceptual metaphors work can be achieved
Furthermore, the use of conceptual metaphors in different fields can be compared and contrasted, which is expected to provide a better look into some features of conceptual metaphors
Secondly, in a specific field, researchers should focus intensively on several commonly used conceptual metaphors and strive to find out the frequency of words and phrases, which are supposed to be of great usefulness in construction of the conceptual metaphors This attempt is to provide English learners with a set of target vocabulary that they can use when they want to create a conceptual metaphors In other word, the bank of useful expressions for economic reports can be suggested as a guideline for students
It can also be noted that the results of investigation into frequency of expressions in each conceptual metaphors can lead to the construction of word-cloud, which is a way to present frequency of expressions in a specific domain
Finally, contrastive analysis of how conceptual metaphors work in both Vietnamese and English should also be encouraged with the aim of figuring out the difference between the systems of commonly used domains in the construction of conceptual metaphors in two languages
This definitely benefits not only language learners and teachers but also those working as translators
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List of economic reports from the New York Times
No Article title Author Date of issue Word count
1 Samsung Nears Apple Profit Level Brian X Chen May 23,
2 Hasty Arrangements in Depths of Crisis Return to Haunt Chrysler
3 After Years of Battling, Bank of America and MBIA Settle Mortgage Dispute
4 Amazon‘s Boom In the Cloud Quentin Hardy April 29,
5 Yahoo Sweetens Leave Benefits For New Parents
6 What is Important about Money to You? Carl Richards April 29,
7 JP Morgan‘s Directors Feel Heat In a Vote Susanne Craig
8 A New Fed Thought for ‗Too Big to Fail‘
9 SAC Says It Will Begin Clawing Bank Compensation in Insider Trading Cases
10 A Box of Tools for Start-ups Adriana Herrera May 2, 2013 925
11 Shell Makes a Heavy Bet On a Boom in Natural Gas
12 European Banks show Signs of Health Despite the Broader Malaise
13 Looking Beyond Crisis, Deutsche Bank Issues Shares to Shore Up Its Books
14 In Venture Capital Deals, Not Every Founder Will Be a Zuckerberg
15 Deutsche Bank Posts a Profit and Agrees to Raise Its Capital Reserves
16 Kodak Sponoffs Clear Path For Exit From Bankruptcy
17 New York Seeks to Press Trial of A.I.G‘s Ex-Chief
18 Down Payment Rules Are at Heart of Mortgage Debate
19 Research Suggests Women Are Asking for Raises, but Men Get Them More
20 At the S.B.A., Disaster Loans Continue, but Little Else
21 More Thoughts on Growing Your Business
22 Finance Magnates Among Top Donors in
23 US Steel Producers Win Anti-dumping Case Elvina
24 Chinese Graduates Say No Thanks to Factory Jobs
25 Japan‘s Role in Making Batteries for Boeing James B
26 Challenging the deal for dell Steven Davidoff
27 In Europe, Mounting Debt May Push Companies to Public Markets
28 Why More Start-Ups Are Sharing Ideas Without Legal Protection
29 Chrysler Expected to Post Strong Profit for Quarter
30 E-Commerce Competition Intensifies in China
31 A Sneaky Path Into Target Customers‘
32 Dreams of a More Streamlined Car-Buying Process, With Technology as Facilitator
33 Hiring Rises, but Number of Jobless Stays High
34 Yahoo Rolls the Dice on TV David Carr April 14,
35 Concentrated Markets Take Big Toll on Economy
36 Amazon Absorbing Price Fight Punches David Carr June 2, 2014 1332
37 Alibaba to Buy Remaining UCWeb Shares Reuters June 11,
38 Retailers Try Offering Expertise Online Along With Products
39 Wall Street Banks and Private Equity Firms Compete for Young Talent
40 China Builds Financial Ties to Neighbors Keith Bradsher November