GLUCOSE TOLERANCE pdf

GLUCOSE TOLERANCE Edited by Sureka Chackrewarthy Glucose Tolerance http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2916 Edited by Sureka Chackrewarthy Contributors Paul Ernsberger, Richard J. Koletsky, Merita Emini Sadiku, Ayfer Colak, Gulden Diniz, Haifei Shi, Shiva Priya Dharshan Senthil Kumar, Ketut Suastika, Pande Dwipayana, Made Siswadi Semadi, R.A. Tuty Kuswardhani, Sylwia Dzięgielewska-Gęsiak, Ewa Wysocka, Soo-Jeong Kim, Dai-Jin Kim, Annadie Krygsman, Kia Halschou Hansen, Klaus Bukhave, Jens Rikardt Andersen, Nitsa Mirsky, Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva Almeida, Grasielly Rocha Souza, Edigênia Cavalcante da Cruz Araújo, Fabrício Souza Silva, Julianeli Tolentino de Lima, Luciano Augusto de Araújo Ribeiro, Xirley Pereira Nunes, José Maria Barbosa Filho, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Márcio Roberto Viana dos Santos, Sureka Chackrewarthy, M.I. Thabrew, Yukihito Ishii, Takeshi Ohta, Tomohiko Sasase Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romina Skomersic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published December, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Glucose Tolerance, Edited by Sureka Chackrewarthy p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0891-7 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Impaired Glucose Tolerance: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment 1 Chapter 1 The Glucose Tolerance Test as a Laboratory Tool with Clinical Implications 3 Paul Ernsberger and Richard J. Koletsky Chapter 2 Can We Prevent or Delay Type 2 Diabetes? 15 Merita Emini Sadiku Section 2 Insights into Potential Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance 25 Chapter 3 Impaired Glucose Tolerance, Obesity and Inflammatory Mediators 27 Ayfer Colak and Gulden Diniz Chapter 4 Sex Differences in Obesity-Related Glucose Intolerance and Insulin Resistance 37 Haifei Shi and Shiva Priya Dharshan Senthil Kumar Chapter 5 Age is an Important Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Diseases 67 Ketut Suastika, Pande Dwipayana, Made Siswadi Semadi and R.A. Tuty Kuswardhani Chapter 6 Glucose Tolerance and Elders – Lessons We Have Learned and Challenges for the Future 81 Sylwia Dzięgielewska-Gęsiak and Ewa Wysocka Chapter 7 The Relationship Between Chronic Alcohol Use and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: New Insights into Mechanisms of Appetite-Regulating Peptides 101 Soo-Jeong Kim and Dai-Jin Kim VI Contents Section 3 Dietary Constituents and Insulin Resistance 123 Chapter 8 Importance of Dietary Fatty Acid Profile and Experimental Conditions in the Obese Insulin-Resistant Rodent Model of Metabolic Syndrome 125 Annadie Krygsman Chapter 9 Intestinal Disaccharidase Activity and Uptake of Glucose from Sucrose 149 Kia Halschou Hansen, Klaus Bukhave and Jens Rikardt Andersen Section 4 Novel Therapeutic Targets and Pharmacologic Compounds with Antidiabetic Potential 163 Chapter 10 Glucose Tolerance Factor – Insulin Mimetic and Potentiating Agent – A Source for a Novel Anti Diabetic Medication 165 Nitsa Mirsky Chapter 11 Medicinal Plants and Natural Compounds from the Genus Morus (Moraceae) with Hypoglycemic Activity: A Review 189 Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva Almeida, Grasielly Rocha Souza, Edigênia Cavalcante da Cruz Araújo, Fabrício Souza Silva, Julianeli Tolentino de Lima, Luciano Augusto de Araújo Ribeiro, Xirley Pereira Nunes, José Maria Barbosa Filho, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior and Márcio Roberto Viana dos Santos Chapter 12 Hypoglycaemic and Hypolipidaemic Effects of an Ethylacetate Fraction of Artocarpus heterophyllus Leaves 207 Sureka Chackrewarthy and M.I. Thabrew Chapter 13 Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetes Animals Models 223 Yukihito Ishii, Takeshi Ohta and Tomohiko Sasase Preface With the rapidly rising rates of diabetes has come refreshed research efforts to understand the biological process impacting glucose tolerance. Glucose tolerance depends on a complex interaction among insulin secretion from the β-cells, clearance of the hormone, and the actions of insulin to accelerate glucose disappearance and inhibit endogenous glucose production. The research approaches the topic from several directions including insights into mechanisms of action, development of screening methods and novel therapeutic targets and the effectiveness of lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions in improving glucose tolerance. This book summarises the recent advances in research relating to glucose tolerance. The book is divided into four sections and each section subdivided into individual chapters contributed by experts in that particular field. The progression from normal glucose tolerance to impaired glucose tolerance known as a prediabetic state, and then to overt diabetes is reviewed in the first section of this book. Usefulness of the oral glucose tolerance test in basic and clinical investigations and the effectiveness of interventions to prevent or delay the progression from a prediabetic to a diabetic state as demonstrated by findings of clinical trials are included in this section. The second section reviews the potential mechanisms associated with insulin resistance leading to impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Our knowledge of the molecular basis of the signaling pathways mediating the various physiologic effects of insulin is steadily advancing. New substrates and signaling molecules have been identified and potential mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of type II diabetes have been revealed. Each chapter in this section is an updated account of the advances in this field of research. Third section reviews current evidence on the role of dietary constituents on insulin resistance and glycaemic control. Type of dietary fat and fatty acid composition in the modern diets contributing to the development of obesity and altered insulin action are reviewed. Further, research findings which demonstrate the effects of dietary sugars on postprandial glucose uptake and insulin secretion are included in this section. Therapy of type 2 diabetes is also advancing and many new avenues of research have developed and established areas have taken new directions. The fourth section of this X Preface book includes several reviews on selected novel pharmacologic compounds with antidiabetic potential from natural sources. Their effectiveness in potentiating insulin action and improving glucose tolerance are discussed. In addition a review on experimental animal models extensively used in type 2 diabetes research and a mechanistic model of insulin dynamics with relevance to identifying new therapies is included to allow the reader to gain insights into potential new therapeutic targets. This book is a team product, combining input from many individuals whose contributions are much appreciated. Each chapter is written as a focused review accompanied by extensive and updated reference lists providing a resource for further in-depth researching of the area of interest. All the contributing authors and co- authors are acknowledged for their scholarly approach and willingness to participate in this endeavor. Without their contributions this book could not have been successfully completed. Sureka Chackrewarthy, PhD Department of Biochemistry & Clinical Chemistry Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka . may influence glucose tolerance (11), although this hormone is seldom considered in the context of oral glucose tolerance. Glucagon raises glucose levels,. Impaired Glucose Tolerance, Obesity and Inflammatory Mediators 27 Ayfer Colak and Gulden Diniz Chapter 4 Sex Differences in Obesity-Related Glucose Intolerance