LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ significance of PCI for better business environment in vietnam period of 2016 2018 issues and policy implication

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN HOANG LONG SIGNIFICANCE OF PCI FOR BETTER BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN VIETNAM PERIOD OF 2016-2018: ISSUES AND POLICY IMPLICATION MAJOR: PUBLIC POLICY CODE: PILOT RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Prof YUTAKA TSUJINAKA Assoc Prof TRAN THI THANH THUY Hanoi, 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Contents LIST OF TABLE iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRACT v CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 2.1 Research background .1 2.2 Research statement 2.3 Research questions 2.4 Scope of the study 2.5 Significance of the study .3 2.6 Structure of the study CHAPTER 3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW AND FRAMEWORK Business environment 3.1.1 Definition and components .5 3.1.2 Impact on economics 3.1.3 Influences of policies on business environment .8 3.2 Facilitating government 3.2.1 Definition of facilitating government .9 3.2.2 Characteristics of facilitating government 11 3.2.3 Factors affecting the construction of facilitating government 12 i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 3.3 Provincial competitiveness index (PCI) 13 3.3.1 Research methodology of PCI 13 3.3.2 Result and impact 15 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 17 4.1 Research design 17 4.2 Research approach .17 4.3 Research strategy 17 4.4 Research method 18 4.5 Data collection .19 4.6 Data analysis technique .20 CHAPTER FINDING AND IMPLICATION 22 5.1 The impacts of Vietnam business environment on the economy 22 5.2 PCI as a business environmental measurement 26 5.2.1 Evaluation of business environment on economic development 27 5.2.2 Correlation between PCI and DBS Index .30 5.3 Hindrances of PCI .34 5.4 Policy implication 44 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 49 REFERENCE 51 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLE Table 2.1: Sub-indices of PCI 14 Table 4.1: Vietnam‟s GDP growth, GDP per capita growth, and inflation 22 Table 4.2: The contribution of sectors into GDP 23 Table 4.3: Vietnam‟s GDP growth and GDP per capita growth .24 Table 4.4: Business operations of enterprises in Vietnam 25 Table 4.5: Investment in Vietnam .26 Table 4.6: Correlation between PCI score and some economic indicators .27 Table 4.7: Correlation between PCI‟s components and some economic indicators 28 Table 4.8: Variable coding 31 Table 4.9: Pearson correlation result 33 Table 4.10: The provinces with decreasing PCI score 34 Table 4.11: Top and Bottom Ranks 35 Table 4.12: Some socio-economic development of selected provinces 40 Table 4.13: SIPAS 2018 42 Table 4.14: PAR 2018 .43 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my research supervisors Prof Yutaka Tsujinaka and Assoc Prof Tran Thi Thu Thuy for their support on my Master thesis research Thanks to their patience, motivation and knowledge, I could carry out this research successfully Beside my supervisors, I would like to thank to Dr Mai Chi Thuy Anh and Dr Vu Hoang Linh for giving advises to me during the interim thesis defense and support me with the thesis related documents process My sincere thanks also goes to my thesis committee: Prof Naohisa Okamoto, Assoc Prof Dao Thanh Truong, Dr Ho Hong Hai, and Dr Nguyen Cam Nhung for their insightful question and precious comments which help me to develop and finalize my thesis Last but not least, I would like to say thanks to my families, my friends and all VJU staff for their encouragement and support during my research iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT Since 2016, the new administration of Prime Minister, Nguyen Xuan Phuc, has launched the campaign of “Facilitating government”, in which the government might promulgate frameworks and policies along with building appropriate manpower and management mechanisms to create favorable environment and conditions for people of all economic components can fully develop and achieve their potential One of the key indicators mentioned in “facilitating government” is business environment In order to improve business environment, not only the determination of government is needed but also the voice of businesses and enterprises from all level should be acknowledged to construct a better business environment Provincial Competitiveness Index, as an objectively indicator, including the voice of thousands business and enterprise from variety scale, is an important measurement for government to understand the real situation as well as aspirations of businesses across the country From that point of view, doing research about the significance of PCI for better business environment in Vietnam is essential v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research background Vietnam is an emerging country in Southeast Asia which achieving significant changes and growth since the Renovation (or “Doi Moi” in Vietnamese) campaign introduced to public Its gross domestic product (GDP) per capita had grown rapidly since 1990, from only 6.4 billion in 1990 to 205.27 billion in 2016 Along with the thriving of economics, Vietnamese government also have to keep the sustainable of development using policy instrument In 2016, after Mr Nguyen Xuan Phuc took over as Prime Minister, his new administrations had introduced the term of “facilitating government” (or “developmental government”) in which the government might promulgate frameworks and policies along with building appropriate manpower and management mechanisms to create favorable environment and conditions for people of all economic components can fully develop and achieve their potential During the question and answer session before National Assembly on November 18, 2017, Mr Prime Minister stated four main indicators of facilitating government, emphasized that government have to create a favorable business environment, not only in the top among ASEAN countries, but also to strive and become one of those Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) developed countries 1.2 Research statement In the view of improving business environment, we have to assess the current situation of the business environment, find out the weaknesses need to be addressed, then from these points, issue appropriate policies to improve the situation Since 2005, under the research collaboration between the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) and the United States Agency for International LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Development (USAID), Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) had been introduced to public This set of index was designed to measure and evaluate the ease of doing business, economic governance and administrative reform efforts by local governments, through which to promote the development of the private sector in 63 provinces and cities in Vietnam During more than 10 years of operation, through PCI, the voice of enterprises has been heard, government has introduced many policies to satisfy the need of people In order to further develop business environment as the facilitating government campaign, PCI is a very important instrument in the process of collecting feedbacks and ideas for policy formulation and evaluation process This research will analyze the situation of business environment in the period of 2016-2018, the beginning of Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc‟s administration as well as the start of facilitating government campaign, along with analyzing the PCI in order to find the correlation between the progress in the business environment and the evaluation function of the mentioned indicators 1.3 Research questions This research will seek for the answer of following questions: Main research question: - Can the PCI contribute to better business environment in Vietnam? Sub research questions: - Can PCI reflect real situation of business environment in Vietnam? - Does Vietnamese government acknowledge and formulate policy regarding to better business environment based on PCI research? - What is the hindrance of PCI research? 1.4 Scope of the study This study is developed with specific scope of work The scope of a research consists of the study‟s location, time when the study is developed, and the object of LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com the study It is denoted that the study is about business environment in Vietnam which is measured throughout comprehensive index, namely provincial competitiveness index (PCI) Location of the study is in Vietnam and the assessment will cover 63 cities and provinces of the country Time of developing this study is during May 2019 1.5 Significance of the study By developing this study, the researcher believes that provincial authorities in Vietnam will understand the importance of using provincial competitiveness index (PCI) in reviewing current policy schemes and the issues which are being faced by the companies located the provinces Moreover, this study evaluates the change in PCI by provinces so that it helps the governmental officers and managers to determine the provinces with lower PCI compared to others 1.6 Structure of the study This study is developed with five chapters Chapter 1: Introduction In this chapter, the researcher provides research background and research problems The establishment of these two contexts enables the researcher to propose right research objectives and research questions Chapter 2: Literature Review and Framework In this chapter, the researcher will explore the concept of business environment and facilitating government Moreover, this chapter goes to PCI and how this index is generated i.e methodology and results Chapter 3: Research Methodology In this chapter, the researcher proposes the choices of research methodology components, including research design, research strategy, research approach, and LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com research method Data collection is presented along with how to process the data in order to generate findings Chapter 4: Finding and Implication In this chapter, the researcher firstly explores Vietnamese business environment during the period of 2016-2018 Then, it evaluates the correlation between PCI and effectiveness of governmental policies Key hindrances of PCI application are identified in this chapter After that, a set of policy recommendation is developed to increase the effectiveness of using PCI as macro-management tools in provinces Chapter 5: Conclusion In this chapter, the researcher summarizes key findings from previous chapters It generates the conclusions of the study as how research objectives and research questions are fulfilled Limitations of the researcher and future research recommendations are presented in this chapter LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com and Dak Nong had low score in organizational reforms while Long An, Quang Ninh, and Dong Thap were top performers PAR index also evaluates the quality of administrative officers in the province and obtained result shows that Quang Ninh, Da Nang, and Ben Tre had score more than 11.0 while Dong Thap and Long An had medium scores at 10.05 and 10.26 Lai Cau and Dak Nong had lowest score, meaning these provinces have lowest staff quality compared to other provinces In term of public financial reforms, it is identified that Lai Chai had lowest score of 6.50 Dak Nong had score of 8.25 which was much higher than Lai Chau but it was still lower than other provinces Dank Nong and Lai Chau, again, recorded lowest score in modernization of their administrations Finally, PAR provides the evaluation towards the impact of public administration reforms to socio-economic development of the province Quang Ninh had highest score of 14.47, followed by Da Nang (13.90), Dong Thap (13.75), Ben Tre (13.44), Dak Nong (12.94), Long An (12,84), and Lai Chau (12.58) In this section, the researcher relies on above analyzed results to determine the hindrances of PCI in particular and all measuring instruments in general on improving business environment in Vietnam It is identified that one of the main hindrances of PCI refers to the lack of awareness about this index in provincial level Quang Ninh is the province with highest PCI score in 2018 and the role of PCI has been communicated widely to each department or level of provincial administration units On the other hand, PCI is more helpful if it can be communicated clearly and efficiently to each level Another hindrance of applying PCI refers to the lack of coordination between the provincial government and the enterprises located in the provinces 4.4 Policy implication Throughout the analyses in previous sections, the researcher proposes some policy implications to further improve the contribution of PCI into the business environment improvement in provincial level These policies are described as below: 44 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com First, the provincial governments should establish Investment Promotion Agency (IPA) This organization should be organized under trade promotion department of People Committee in each province IPA should coordinate with state agencies such as VCCI, Ministry of Trade, Ministry of Transportation, Vietnam Customs Department, Ministry of Finance, etc in order to approve the policies related to trade promotion in the provinces Through IPA, general information about provincial business environment can be provided by using PCI as well as the process of doing business Moreover, IPA will be the contract point at provincial level in meeting and assisting the investors when they come to the provinces and seek for investment opportunities It is also recommended that investment projects must be published online through the website of provincial IPA The benefit of this action is to widely inform to foreign and local investors about the availability of projects so that the investors can visit the provinces or contact with IPA agents to get more projects‟ details Second, provincial governments should develop a plan to apply new and advanced technologies The case studies of Long An and Ben Tre explored that these two provinces were successfully attracting the investments to new energy solutions such as wind turbine and solar power plant Some provinces like Lai Chau and Dak Nong are still relying on traditional energy generation such as hydro-electric power plant which is costly and creates the damage to external environment On the other hand, it is recommended that provincial governments must develop long-term plan of developing sustainable energy usage and generation and call out the foreign and domestic investors to participate into these projects Moreover, the investment is not only limited into energy sector but also to other sectors, depending on the competitive advantages of each province For example, Lao Cai has rich aluminum and provincial government should develop long term plan to develop the aluminum production plant to produce more value added products rather than raw aluminum By doing that, provincial government can earn higher industrial values and therefore contributing to higher GDP and GDP growth rate 45 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Third, provincial government should apply Department and District Competitiveness Index (DDCI) with the objective of providing the evaluation towards the provincial departments to further improve the effectiveness and efficiency of administration system Currently, individuals and enterprises are able to access into many measurements to understand how the government efforts in improving business environment, such as Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI), Public Administration Reform Index (PAR), and Satisfaction Index of Public Administrative Services (SIPAS) However, all these indexes share the limitations of data is collected from survey on a sample of citizens or enterprises and each index is only generated in annual basis To further improve the business environment, provincial governments must increase the frequency of assessment to their belonged departments For instance, provincial governments can apply computerized programs in which the enterprises and the citizens are able to provide the assessment after using administration services and the evaluation will be consolidated and published into a monthly report It is recommended that provincial government should establish a team to monitor this monthly report to capture the trends in business environment and to identify the issues and to develop respective solutions The report results can also be used as input data for further improvement of PCI and other measurements Fourth, strengthening business environment through facilitating government can be applied through the application of information technologies Currently, the concept of Government 2.0 or Government 4.0 are very populated in developed and emerging countries where information technologies have been developing rapidly and it creates a dramatically change in the socio-economic development of these countries Vietnam is also not in the exceptional list Business environment is achieved only when provincial governments conduct the administrative activities transparently and effectively The application of information technologies in which the enterprises and the citizens can use administration services online For example, an enterprise can submit the documents for newly registration or dissolution without 46 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com going to the administration units Clearly, this kind of system will reduce the informal charges from unethical workers in provincial units and it contributes to the less corruption and the increases of transparency Fifth, PCI score of a province will be improved when provincial governments can develop sustainable development plans for socio-economic development as well as the commitment to implement this plan in time and in quality manners One of the important aspect in infrastructure development in the provinces is Private-Public Partnership (PPP) which is determined as the coordination between private sectors and provincial governments in order to upgrade the infrastructures in the provinces It is perceived that there have not been clear legal documents related to PPP investment and therefore, it is recommended that National Congress should assign relevant units to develop PPP laws and submit to the congress for approval It is believed that PPP laws will provide clear guidance to PPP investment and to reduce the conflicts during the implementation process Other benefit of PPP laws is that it ensures the legal commitment from the State to private enterprises in term of minimizing the investment risks as well as the costs for the project, leading to higher attraction to the investors The promulgation of PPP laws contributes to attracting investment, developing a synchronous and modern infrastructure system, overcoming difficulties in mobilizing capital from investment projects in the form of public-private partnerships, especially removing difficulties in using state capital Beside of that, an alternative solution for PPP projects must be identified It is recommended that the provinces must look for foreign credit capital is a solution to offset the shortage of resources for PPP projects in the coming period In addition, building a system of strong and attractive investment incentives of PPP projects is required to attract domestic and foreign investors and commercial banks to create the practicality of PPP projects in the developing and mobilizing capital for infrastructure projects: a mechanism that allows investors to extend the time of capital recovery and exemption of some related taxes, consider applying a common standard in management, enabling banks and foreign businesses to lend or 47 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com contribute capital to banks and the private sector to strengthen financial capacity, project management and risk sharing with Vietnamese enterprises Sixth, the role of provincial government is very important in attracting investment, the dynamics of leaders in provincial government help the enterprises and the investors to access land and property resources as well as quickly fulfilling the business procedures Frequently, provincial government should develop conferences with the enterprises in every months During this meeting, provincial department of planning and investment needs to coordinate with different provincial units to synthesize difficulties and problems related to enterprises in order to deliver effective solutions Provincial department of natural resources and environment should regularly publishes land use planning guide and it must ensure easy procedures and access to land of businesses and investors The planning of land use, land fund for attracting investment should be publicized on the websites of the provincial government It also recommends that provincial government should review the needs of human resources and areas to attract labor and continuously improving the quality of education and training for the employees in different unit as the important and core requirements in the process of training human resources Provincial governments need to build education plans with vocational training institutions in adjacent provinces and cities Furthermore, provincial government should attract skilled workers throughout the higher base salary or non-salary benefits such as homes for talent staffs 48 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER CONCLUSION PCI is defined as an indicator to measure the competitiveness level of a province throughout 10 sub-indices, namely the entry-cost for startup enterprises, the easiness to use land and security in the premises of enterprises, the transparency level of business environment where the enterprises are located, informal charges in the business environment, required times for bureaucratic process and inspections, policy biased towards the government, proactive and creative provincial leadership, business supports from the government authorities, labor trainings, and legal framework and dispute resolutions PCI was introduced in 2005 and it was developed for each province with provincial score is renewed every year This study was developed with the main research question of can the PCI contribute to better business environment in Vietnam To answer the main research question, the researcher proposed three sub-research questions The first sub-research question is to check PCI can reflect real situation of business environment in Vietnam To answer this sub-research question, the researcher conducted a correlation analysis between PCI and DBS index It is reemphasized about DBS index as economic indicator which is developed by World Bank in order to evaluate how ease of doing business in a country Correlation analysis was formulated for the data period of 2013-2018 and obtained results showed that DBS and PCI had high correlation with each other It is showing that PCI can be used to detect how ease of doing business in a province The lower score of PCI means the lower ease of doing business that lead to lower competitiveness level of this province The second sub-research question is to collect the understandings of Vietnamese government acknowledge and formulate policy regarding to better business environment based on PCI research This sub-research question was resolved through the exploration of case studies in Quang Ninh, Dong Thap, Long An, Ben Tre, Lai Chau, and Dak Nong Among these provinces, Lai Chau and Dak Nong 49 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com had worst performance in PCI score while Quang Ninh and Dong Thap had the best performance in PCI score Each province was examined in term of how their success or failures in marinating the business environment The lesson learnt from top performers was placed in line with the weaknesses in poor performers in a central of the analyses and it is the foundation of developing policy implications The last sub-research question is to identify hindrances of PCI research in Vietnam It is identified that PCI score only provided the insight of current business environment in a province The application of PCI score requires high attention from local governments in modernizing their administration activities, the development of favorable policies to attract the investment from foreign and domestic investors, the collaboration with other state‟s parties in order to generate PPP laws, the establishment of IPA office at provincial level, and the introduction and the application of new technologies to run economic activities in more sustainable ways This study has two limitations The first limitation is sourced from the choice of secondary data for further analyses There is no in-depth interviews to be conducted with the experts to identify core issues in the application of PCI indicator at provincial level The second limitation refers to the development of knowledge throughout the case study of top and bottom performers There are many other provinces with unique characteristics or business contexts but they were not evaluated in the study Therefore, future researchers should develop in-depth interviews to capture more underlying information related to PCI application 50 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com REFERENCE Agarwal, R., & Saksena, S (2005) Economic environment of India Excel Books Aisen, A., & Veiga, F J (2011) How does political instability affect economic growth? 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