www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN received: 07 October 2016 accepted: 17 January 2017 Published: 17 February 2017 Proteomic analysis of urinary extracellular vesicles from high Gleason score prostate cancer Kazutoshi Fujita1, Hideaki Kume2, Kyosuke Matsuzaki1, Atsunari Kawashima1, Takeshi Ujike1, Akira Nagahara1, Motohide Uemura1, Yasushi Miyagawa1, Takeshi Tomonaga2 & Norio Nonomura1 Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are microvesicles secreted from various cell types We aimed to discover a new biomarker for high Gleason score (GS) prostate cancer (PCa) in urinary EVs via quantitative proteomics EVs were isolated from urine after massage from 18 men (negative biopsy [n = 6], GS PCa [n = 6], or GS 8–9 PCa [n = 6]) EV proteins were labeled with iTRAQ and analyzed by LC-MS/MS We identified 4710 proteins and quantified 3528 proteins in the urinary EVs Eleven proteins increased in patients with PCa compared to those with negative biopsy (ratio >1.5, p-value