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420 | Event-Driven Input and Output 8.9 Testing and Debugging Table 8.1 shows a partial test plan for the Calculator application.The first test case assumes that the calculator has an initial value of 0.0 Successive test cases use the preceding result as one of the two operands for a calculation To be more thorough, we should check that the application properly handles the closing of the window, and we should include both negative and positive values Testing and Debugging Hints AM FL Y Remember to label each input field with a prompting message Make certain that every field, label, and button follows the three basic steps: declare a variable, instantiate an object, and add it to the pane Remember to specify a layout manager for a pane or panel TE The value in a TextField is a string If you need to input a number, you must use getText to input the string, and then convert the string to a number using methods such as Integer.parseInt and Double.parseDouble Applying these methods to a nonnumeric value causes the application to halt with an error message such as Number Format Exception A button event listener declaration must follow the pattern of headings specified by the ActionListener interface You can choose the name of the class, and its modifiers, but the rest of the class heading and the method signature must appear as shown in the examples in this book Once you have declared the button action listener class, you must perform three steps to register the event listener: declare a variable of that class, instantiate an object of the class and assign its address to the variable, and register the listener by calling the button’s addActionListener method with the variable as its argument Confirm that every part of an event loop is present, especially the exit condition Reason for Test Case Input Values Expected Output Test add command 12.5, + 12.500 Test subtract command 2.5, - 10.000 Test clear command none, Clear 0.000 Test window closing none Window disappears Table 8.1 Test Plan for the Calculator Application Team-Fly® Observed Output 421 Summary Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) provide more convenient and intuitive input for users However, they also take more programming effort than the simple lineoriented I/O that we’ve used in the past Java is one of the first widely used languages to offer extensive support for GUI programming The basic window object is a JFrame; it provides a content pane in the form of a Container object that is returned by the getContentPane instance method We add user interface objects to the content pane with the add method, and we remove them with the remove method As part of creating a JFrame, we must specify its default closing operation, its size, and the layout manager to use for its content pane We use setVisible(true) to make the frame appear on the screen and dispose() to remove the frame Objects that we can place into a content pane include a JLabel, JTextField, and JButton We can change the contents of a JLabel or JTextField with setText, and we can retrieve the String value of a JTextField with getText A JPanel is another class, with similarities to a content pane, that we can use to preassemble groups of interface elements We can then add the whole JPanel as a unit to the content pane of a JFrame, so that the group of elements appears together We must register an event listener with an event source, such as a button, to handle events from the source The event listener is registered with a call to addActionListener An event handler is a method in a class definition that follows the specification of the ActionListener interface Event loops provide an implicit way of repeating actions in event-driven applications We must check that an event loop is designed properly and that all of its aspects are implemented correctly When a user interface includes multiple buttons, we can use the string associated with each button to determine which one was clicked The event handler is passed an ActionEvent value as a parameter, and we call its associated value-returning instance method, getActionCommand, to retrieve the string associated with the button Quick Check What contains a content pane, and what does a content pane contain? (pp 376–380) Where is an event sent when a user clicks a button with the mouse? (pp 385–393) Where does updating of the process within an event loop occur? (pp 393–394) What is the handler method to which button events are sent? (pp 385–393) Write statements that declare a private JTextField variable called dataField, instantiate a corresponding object, and add it to a content pane called outPane (pp 394–398) Write a statement that adds a label with the message "Quick Check" to outPane (pp 376–380) 422 When a dialog involves processing input from a field after a button has been clicked, what part of the code is responsible for reading the field and processing it? (pp 394–396) How you register an event listener with a button? (pp 387–390) What Java interface does an event listener implement, and in what package is the interface found? (pp 387–390) 10 What are the parts of an event loop? (pp 393–394) 11 Which method provides the string that we use to identify the source of an event? (pp 409–411) Answers A JFrame contains a content pane and the content pane contains user interface elements The button event handler In the user’s actions and in the event handler actionPerformed private static JTextField dataField; dataField = new JTextField(10); outPane.add(dataField); outPane.add(new JLabel("Quick Check")); The event handler With the addActionListener method ActionListener is found in java.awt.event 10 Initialization of the loop exit condition and the process, loop entry, exit condition update, process update, and exit 11 getActionCommand Exam Preparation Exercises If a and b are int variables with a = and b = 2, what output does each of the following statements produce? a outPane.add(new JLabel("a = " + a + "b = " + b)); b outPane.add(new JLabel("Sum:" + a + b)); c outPane.add(new JLabel("Sum: " + a + b)); d outPane.add(new JLabel(a / b + " feet")); What does the following application display? import java.awt.*; import javax.swing.*; public class ExamPrep { public static void main(String[] args) { JFrame out; Container outPane; final int LBS = 10; int price; int cost; char ch; out = new JFrame(); 423 outPane = out.getContentPane(); out.setSize(300, 200); out.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); outPane.setLayout(new GridLayout(0,1)); price = 30; cost = price * LBS; ch = 'A'; outPane.add(new JLabel("Cost is ")); outPane.add(new JLabel("" + cost)); outPane.add(new JLabel("Price is " + price + "Cost is " + cost)); outPane.add(new JLabel("Grade " + ch + " costs ")); outPane.add(new JLabel("" + cost)); out.setVisible(true); } } To use each of the following statements, a Java application must import which package(s)? a outPane.add(new JLabel("x")); b private static class ButtonHandler implements ActionListener c outPane.setLayout(new GridLayout(0, 2)); Given the statements String heading; String str; heading = "Exam Preparation Exercises"; what is the output of each of the following code segments? a outPane.add(new JLabel("" + heading.length())); b outPane.add(new JLabel(heading.substring(6, 16))); c outPane.add(new JLabel("" + heading.indexOf("Ex"))); Name three kinds of objects that can be contained in the content pane of a JFrame object What are the steps in adding a data entry field to the content pane of a JFrame object in Java? What determines the amount of information in a prompt? (True or False?) A JPanel can hold just one user interface element 424 Do we have to get a content pane from a JPanel as we with a JFrame? 10 What method would you use to change the value displayed in a JTextField object? 11 When giving a value to a label with new, what is passed to the constructor? 12 What method you use to change the text within an existing label? 13 What happens if you forget to include the statement dataFrame.setVisible(true);? 14 What are the three steps needed to add a button to a content pane? 15 What are the three parts of registering an event listener? 16 What happens when a user clicks a button but no listener is registered for the event? 17 How are normal classes and classes that implement the ActionListener interface different? 18 actionPerformed takes one argument of a Java class What is the name of the class? 19 What are the parts of an event loop? 20 Why you not have to write an event handler for window closing? 21 How you associate a string with a button event? 22 Describe the two ways that multiple buttons can be distinguished Programming Warm-Up Exercises a Declare a button variable called stop b Instantiate a button object, labeling it “Stop”, and assign its address to stop c Declare a button listener variable and instantiate a button listener object d Register the button listener with the button e Add the button to the content pane dataPane f Write the statements to declare a listener class Provide a user interface with two buttons, Enter and Quit a Write the statements that declare variables for the buttons and a single listener b Write the statements that instantiate the buttons and the listener c Write the statements that add the buttons to the content pane d Write the statements that register the listener with the buttons e Write the statement that accesses a button’s name from within an event handler f Code a class that implements ActionListener When each button is clicked, display its name on the screen 788 LIMITED WARRANTY The 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