investigation of the adhesion properties of direct 3d printing of polymers and nanocomposites on textiles effect of fdm printing process parameters

Accepted Manuscript Title: Investigation of the adhesion properties of direct 3D printing of polymers and nanocomposites on textiles: Effect of FDM printing process parameters Authors: Razieh Hashemi Sanatgar, Christine Campagne, Vincent Nierstrasz PII: DOI: Reference: S0169-4332(17)30113-7 http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.01.112 APSUSC 34907 To appear in: APSUSC Received date: Revised date: Accepted date: 22-11-2016 10-1-2017 12-1-2017 Please cite this article as: Razieh Hashemi Sanatgar, Christine Campagne, Vincent Nierstrasz, Investigation of the adhesion properties of direct 3D printing of polymers and nanocomposites on textiles: Effect of FDM printing process parameters, Applied Surface Science http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.01.112 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain Investigation of the adhesion properties of direct 3D printing of polymers and nanocomposites on textiles: Effect of FDM printing process parameters Razieh Hashemi Sanatgar a,b,c,d, Christine Campagne b,c, Vincent Nierstrasz a a Textile Materials Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business, University of Borås, SE-501 90, Borås, Sweden b ENSAIT, GEMTEX, F-59100, Roubaix, France c Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France d Soochow University, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China Graphical abstract Highlights  Applying 3D printing as a novel printing process for deposition of polymers on fabrics  Possible use of proposed method for developing innovative smart textiles by integrating functional polymers with textiles without compromising on quality and flexibility of the fabric  Significant effect of different 3D printing processing parameters on the adhesion of polymers to fabrics  High adhesion force of deposited PLA and PLA nanocomposites on PLA fabrics Abstract In this paper, 3D printing as a novel printing process was considered for deposition of polymers on synthetic fabrics to introduce more flexible, resource-efficient and cost effective textile functionalization processes than conventional printing process like screen and inkjet printing The aim is to develop an integrated or tailored production process for smart and functional textiles which avoid unnecessary use of water, energy, chemicals and minimize the waste to improve ecological footprint and productivity Adhesion of polymer and nanocomposite layers which were 3D printed directly onto the textile fabrics using fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique was investigated Different variables which may affect the adhesion properties including 3D printing process parameters, fabric type and filler type incorporated in polymer were considered A rectangular shape according to the peeling standard was designed as 3D computer-aided design (CAD) to find out the effect of the different variables The polymers were printed in different series of experimental design: nylon on polyamide 66 (PA66) fabrics, polylactic acid (PLA) on PA66 fabric, PLA on PLA fabric, and finally nanosize carbon black/PLA (CB/PLA) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes/PLA (CNT/PLA) nanocomposites on PLA fabrics The adhesion forces were quantified using the innovative sample preparing method combining with the peeling standard method Results showed that different variables of 3D printing process like extruder temperature, platform temperature and printing speed can have significant effect on adhesion force of polymers to fabrics while direct 3D printing A model was proposed specifically for deposition of a commercial 3D printer Nylon filament on PA66 fabrics In the following, among the printed polymers, PLA and its composites had high adhesion force to PLA fabrics Keyword Direct 3D printing, Adhesion, Deposition, Fused deposition modeling, CAD modeling Introduction There are several technologies applied for integration of functions within fabrics like surface mounting technology which is used in electronic industry and is the same as lamination technology in textile industry [1] Screen printing and inkjet printing are two appropriate surface techniques which are already used to produce functional and smart textiles Many attempts have been made to use screen printing for fabrication of wearable electronics and print layers with various functions on top of the fabric through a layer-by-layer process The proposed designs are mostly conductive silver tracks with different protective layers on textiles [2–8] which increase durability and conductivity of the silver This method has some advantages like use of low-cost patterning process at room temperature, high volume batch fabrication and applicability on any irregular textile surface [1] Although in comparison with traditional subtractive microfabrication processes, screen printing does not need extra photolithographic and chemical etching processes but it involves curing step [9] Compared to the screen printing technology, inkjet printing which is a conventional direct write deposition tool has the advantage of high precision of ink droplet, thin layer deposition capability, short run length as well as tailored/integrated production process This technology has already been used for graphene and graphene-based [10], silver-containing [11] and CNT inks [12] In addition, inkjet-printed elements such as conductors (antennas), dielectrics (capacitors) and sensors can be developed for wearable electronics applications [13] Although with this method, it is possible to print onto the fabric but multiple printing is needed to produce a desired functionality with a thin inkjet printed layer on the rough fabric which increase manufacturing time and cost [14] Additionally, inkjet printed layers on fabric are resilience to stretching and bending, besides, the major part of fabrics cannot resist curing temperatures above 150°C [15] A thin based coating or screen printing can be used to make an interface layer to reduce the surface roughness of the fabrics for inkjet printing Chauraya et al applied a screen printed interface layer to facilitate the printing of a continues conductive surface of antennas for wearable applications [15,16] However, there still exist many problems with these new technologies, though they provide conceivably low-cost alternatives to traditional technologies For example inkjet printers are expensive, screen printing has some pollution and waste during the process and the needed warehouse for screens as well as downtime of screen printing should be considered which increase manufacturing cost and time In addition, repairing the imperfect products produced by these methods is not easy [17] Therefore, the manufacturing techniques still need to be improved Introduction of 3D printing technology is proposed in this research to manufacture and improve these systems more easily and for integrated or tailored manufacturing processes 3D printing is a term to define a technology applied for the rapid prototyping or rapid manufacturing of 3D objects directly from digital computer aided design (CAD) files [18] The main differences between several 3D printing processes are in the way of layer deposition and used materials Some methods melt or soften the material to produce the layers like fused deposition modelling (FDM), some compact and form a solid mass of powdered material by laser such as selective laser sintering (SLS), while others cure liquid materials using technologies such as stereolithography based on photo-solidification, a process by which light causes chains of molecules to link together forming polymers Photo-solidification reactions are mostly chain-growth polymerizations which are initiated by the absorption of visible or ultraviolet light Since polymerization only occurs in regions which have been exposed to light, unreacted monomer can be removed from unexposed regions The most prolific technology used in low-cost 3D printers is FDM The method uses a plastic filament which is pushed the material through a heated extrusion nozzle melting The method begins with software which processes an STL (stereolithography) or CAD (computer-aided design) file, mathematically slicing and orienting the model for the building process FDM printing can be an alternative technology to other technologies including screen printing, gravure, flexography, inkjet printing, etc to functionalize and modify different types of textile substrates [19] It can be applied to develop functional or smart textiles based on the deposition of functional polymers or blends of functional compounds and polymers on textile fabrics [20] The deposited patterns follow the model without utilizing masks or subsequent etching processes It has the advantage of being able to process high-viscosity materials and print multiple layers to achieve e.g high-electrical conductivity For effective deposition of polymers onto fabrics, there are different areas which have to be considered: a) the binding and adhesion phenomena of polymer onto fabrics, b) drape ability of the printed fabric for free movement and c) ability to deform and recover when they are subjected to daily wear forces [21,22] and d) washability Brinks et al [20] performed deposition of polylactic acid (PLA) on PET bundles with pressure on the melt immediately after applying the melt to have some penetration and bonding between molten PLA and the PET bundle Pei [21] recently investigated the adhesion of a series of functional and decorative parts printed directly onto fabrics using an entry-level FDM machine For example he has printed orthopedic braces onto textile where the flex and breathability of the textile will provide comfort, and the rigid structures of the polymer will provide support He found that PLA has good adhesion with high quality of print and good flexural strength Sabantina [23] also examined the combination of different textile mesh structures with PLA printed matrices due to their mechanical properties They recognized that the connection between printed material and textile threads is sufficient for garment and technical textiles Polymer deposition depends strongly on the combination of textile and polymer and needs specific processes This area requires research into not only new, existing materials as well, polymer-textile adhesion and deposition/extrusion technology The technology can have potential benefits such as more flexible and cost-effective production of high end products Minimization of textile waste combined with reduced consumption of energy, water and chemicals can increase the productivity and improve the ecological footprint of this method Possible uses of this technology includes smart bandages, virtual reality gloves, wearables with sensor and heat properties, safety equipment for the defense industry, unique sportswear that manages body temperature, medical equipment, automotive, aviation and aerospace accessories, and more But, contrary to all other technologies mentioned above 3D printing is not yet in industrial scale This research focuses on how to optimize adhesion of deposited polymers and nanocomposites on textile fabrics using FDM technique in order to produce a fabric with a certain pattern The 3D printer filaments and fabrics were chosen from sustainable materials like PLA and polyamides (PAs), thereby enabling production of smart textiles with reduced ecological footprint PLA has the benefit of being biodegradable Its monomer, lactic acid, is derived from renewable plant sources, such as starch and sugar It is processed into polymers primarily by company NatureWorks LLC [24,25] Pure PLA can be degraded into carbon dioxide, water and methane over a period of several months to two years under specific environmental conditions which is a distinct advantage compared to other petroleum plastics that need much longer periods [26] On the other hand, easy degradation of fibers can go hand-in-hand with a shorter lifespan, so advanced industrial polymerization technologies have been developed to obtain high molecular weight pure PLA, which leads to a potential for structural materials with enough lifetime to maintain mechanical properties without rapid hydrolysis [26] PAs are also less easily harmed by sources of degradation responsible for reducing life expectancy include heat, light, and chemicals used in cleaning or maintaining fabrics which defeating one of the major benefits of PAs [27] Conductive polymer nanocomposites (CPCs) are insulating polymer matrices with conductive fillers - like carbon black, carbon nanotubes and metallic particles In the present work, the adhesion properties of two types of CPC including multi-wall carbon nanotubes/PLA (CNT/PLA) and a nanosize carbon black/PLA (CB/PLA) are reported Distinct advantages of high aspect ratio fillers based on carbon allotropes like carbon nanotubes in comparision with more traditional fillers like carbon black originate from their sheer size [28] Since carbon black is still a desirable filler in polymers which is generally UV absorbent, heat and chemical resistant, has a low density and low thermal expansion, and acts as an antiabrasive [29], a nanosize carbon black with high aspect ratio is favarable A nanosize or high-structured CB is made by fusion of the primary particles into an extended three dimensinal structure which the final dimension and density depends on the preparation method [30] Moreover, the conductivity of CB allows it to be applied in radiation shielding and static dissipative applications [31] The effect of 3D printing process parameters such as extruder temperature, construction platform temperature and printing speed on the adhesion of mentioned polymers and nanocomposites to fabric has been investigated with the aid of statistical design Materials and methods The 3D printer used was a two-head WANHAO Duplicator 4/4x purchased from Creative Tools AB (Halmstad, Sweden) The maximum printing size was 22.5x14.5x15 cm (length, width and height respectively) with a nozzle diameter of 0.4mm Fabrics were placed longitudinal in warp direction Natural white Nylon (Taulman 3D-618 Nylon, a copolymer of Polyamide 6,6) and orange PLA (ECO-PLA) printing filaments were also purchased from Creative Tools AB with the diameter of 1.75 mm and used as received Conductive filaments were formulated using two different fillers including a nanosize carbon black filler (Ketjenblack® EC-600JD) supplied by AKZO NOBEL (Amersfoort, The Netherlands) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) supplied by Nanocyl (Belgium) under the reference Nanocyl®-7000 in a matrix of a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polylactide (PLA) under the reference NatureWorks®-6201 D (Mn = 58300 g/mol; D-Isomer = 1.3%) CAD designs were drawn and visualized in Rhinoceros software (rectangular shape with 200 mm length, 25mm width and 0.1 mm thickness) and transferred to 3D printable format using the Simplify3D software supplied by Creative Tools AB Three different weave structures of PLA fabric (plain, twill and panama) prepared in Swedish School of Textiles and two PA66 fabrics with different number of threads per centimeter in warp and weft with different yarn count (type (1) 50×30 / 78×180 dtex, type (2) 39×27 / 180 ×180 dtex) purchased from FOV fabrics AB (Borås, Sweden) were applied 2.1 Conductive filament preparation In first step, fillers (MWCNs and CB separately) were incorporated into PLA with a weight percentage of 10% and dispersed using a Thermo Haake co-rotating, intermeshing twin-screw extruder (L/D=25) To facilitate the dispersion of nanofillers in a polymer, the applied shear stress to the molten polymer was optimized, because of the residence time within the barrel However, the screw rotational speed was fixed at 100 rpm The applied extruder subtends five heating zones in which the temperature was independently fixed at 160, 175, 175, 170 and 160° C In second step, the pelletized masterbatch (dried at 60°C for 12 hours) was diluted with PLA pellets to obtain concentration of 0.5-5 wt.% of MWCNs and 1-7% of CB in PLA To cool down the produced filaments more efficiently, a cooling bath (YVROUD, France) with closed circulation of water in room temperature was applied The produced monofilaments (rods) with wt.% of MWCNs and 5% of CB with almost equal conductivity of 0.04 S/cm were introduced to 3D printer 2.2 Statistical design of experiments To investigate the adhesion force of deposited polymers on fabrics by 3D printing, different series of experimental design was done There are three aspects of the process that were analyzed by a designed experiment [32]: (a) treatment factors or inputs to the process In this case, the controllable factors were 3D printing process parameters like extruder temperature, platform temperature and printing speed Fabric type and filler type could also be considered as factors of the process (b) levels or settings of each factor Examples included the temprature and speed settings of 3D printer and particular type of filler and fabric chosen for evaluation (c) response or output of the experiment Adhesion force which was measurable by tensile tester and potentially influenced by the factors and their levels was the output of the experiment The factors and levels considered for 3D printing onto fabrics are shown in Table Treatment factors were labeled F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 and levels were labled 1,2, Since each experiment (Nylon on PA, PLA on PA, PLA on PLA and nanocomposites (CB/PLA and CNT/PLA) on PLA) involved more than one treatment factor, every adhesion force measurement was on some combination of levels of the various treatment factors (Table 2) For example, if there were three treatment factors (extruder temperature, platform temperature and printig speed), whenever a measurement was taken at a certain extruder temprature, it must necessarily be taken at some platform temprature and printig speed and vice versa Suppose there were three levels of extruder temprature coded 1,2,3 and two levels of platform temprature coded 1,2 Then there were six combinations of levels coded 11, 12, , 32, where the first digit of each pair refers to the level of extruder temprature and the second digit to the level of platform temprature The combinations of the levels were called treatments combinations and an experiment involving two or more treatment factors was called a factorial experiment We will use the term treatment to mean a level of a treatment factor in a single factor experiment, or to mean a treatment combination in a factorial experiment [32] Adhesion force which was the output of the experiment is shown in Table for each treatment Each treatment was done with three replications 2.3 Adhesion test Adhesion tests were done according to standard test method SS-EN ISO 11339:2010 using a Zwick/Z010 tensile tester The separation rate was 100 mm/min The steps which applied for preparation and test the samples are shown in Fig Firstly a double sided tape was used for installing fabric on construction platform Then, a tape was placed on one side of the sample to avoid deposition of polymer on fabric while printing The positioned tape in one side was separated from the fabric after 3D printing to position the samples in test frame of tensile tester for peeling test Results and discussion Fig represents the adhesion force of deposited Nylon and PLA on PA fabric via 3D printing The treatment combination and adhesion force for each sample coded from to 26 can be found in detail in Table Apparently, different treatment combinations in 3D printing process can affect the adhesion force of deposited polymers to fabrics and can make different results 3.1 Effect of 3D printing process parameters on adhesion force of Nylon onto PA66 fabric Experiment was done for adhesion of Nylon on PA66 with three different factors and levels of extruder temperature (235, 250 and 260 °C), platform temperature (23, 50°C) and printing speed (18, 50 and 83 mm/min) which is in total 18 treatment combinations with three replications The detailed treatment combinations for samples to 18 and the results of related adhesion force can be found in Table Minitab software was used to regression analysis, specify the model, interpret the adhesion results and determine how well the model fits As it shown in Fig 3a, adhesion force versus extruder temperature has linear regression model and P-value is less than 0.05 which means there is significant linear effect of the factor extruder temperature on adhesion When the extruder temperature of Nylon is close to melting point of the PA66 fabric (268.6°C), diffusion of polymers in interfaces has happened which can make higher adhesion forces [33] Deposition of polymers directly on fabrics can be considered as a thermal welding method in which joining of the polymer as an adhesive and fabric as an adherent take place during the printing process Different theories have been applied to explain polymer-to-polymer adhesion [34] According to adsorption theory of McLaren the bonding formation is divided into two steps In first step micro Brownian motion causes the migration of large polymer molecules from adhesive to the surface of adherent, subsequently polar groups of the adhesive macromolecules approach the polar groups of adherent Applying pressure and lowering viscosity while heating can facilitate this step Sorption process is the second step which starts when the distance between molecules of adhesive and adherent become less than 5Å and intermolecular forces begin to have an effect This theory cannot explain the high adhesion between non-polar polymers and the low adhesion of too high polar polymer to very polar adherent Diffusion is more reasonable theory which explains the adhesion of polymers to each other by the diffusion of chainlike molecules which leads to formation of a strong bond between adhesive and adherent (Fig 4) Polymer diffusion has major effect on properties of the layers of polymers across the interface and is the function of temperature, composition, compatibility, molecular weight, orientation and molecular structure of polymers [35] Diffusion improves the adhesion between the two layers of the polymer and makes the interface stable In fact, the diffusion theory can easily explain the increase of adhesion force by the rise of extruder temperature for deposited 3D printed polymers on fabric Extruder temperature increase causes rise of thermal motion of macromolecules of polymer or their segments, and as a consequence diffusive penetration into the fabric increases Hence, the higher increase in the adhesion with increasing extruder temperature (consequently contact temperature) would be explained from a purely kinetic viewpoint by the greater intensity of micro-Brownian motion of their chains and by the fact that the increase of flexibility of molecular chains and the destruction of intermolecular links take place with increasing temperature more rapidly [34] 14 means they are more brittle (Fig 12a) The two filaments were chosen for 3D printing according to their same conductivity of 0.04 S/cm Fillers like carbon black which is spherical and has low aspect ratio in compare with CNTs with high aspect ratio, require higher filler concentrations to get conductive polymer based composite which make polymer more brittle In addition, higher extruder temperature causes lower deposited layer break strength which is compatible with above results on the effect of extruder temperature on brittleness of the deposited PLA (Fig 12b) Conclusion Polymer deposition onto textiles depends strongly on the polymer-textile combination which covers different aspects of material/polymer science, material/polymer compatibility, polymer-textile adhesion and polymer deposition technology This paper has contributed to new knowledge by using direct 3D printing with FDM technology on fabrics to provide better understanding of textile-polymer adhesion phenomena This method is proposed to the possibility of developing innovative smart textiles by integrating functional polymers with textiles without compromising on quality and flexibility of the fabric Different variables which may affect the adhesion properties including 3D printing process parameters, fabric type and filler type in composites were considered The polymers were printed in different series of experimental design: nylon on PA66 fabric, PLA on PA66 fabric, PLA on PLA fabric, and finally CB/PLA and CNT/PLA nanocomposites on PLA fabrics It is concluded that different 3D printing processing parameters can have significant effect on the adhesion of polymers to fabrics According to the best fitted model, there is significant linear effect of extruder temperature and significant quadratic effect of printing speed on adhesion force of Nylon on PA66 fabric Platform temperature does not have significant effect on adhesion force if the temperature is lower than the glass transition temperature of the applied fabric These phenomena can be explained by diffusion theory which explains the adhesion of polymers to each other by the diffusion of chainlike molecules which leads to formation of a strong bond between adhesive and adherent PLA deposited on PA fabric does not show high adhesion force since two polymers are not compatible; yet, it confirms our former results regarding the effect of extruder and platform temperature on adhesion force and shows that fabric surface structure as well can be effective Adhesion force of deposited PLA and PLA nanocomposites on PLA fabrics are completely high which in all samples according to strength of the deposited layer and fabric, tearing of 15 the fabric or breaking of the deposited layers happened which polar ester groups in both adhesive and adherent with the help of diffusion theory can explain this phenomenon 5% CB PLA nanocomposites in compare with 2% CNT 3D printed layers showed lower break strength which express it is more brittle In addition, higher extruder temperatures cause lower 3D printed layer break strength which denotes using high extruder temperatures can be the cause of higher brittleness Acknowledgements This work has been financially supported by Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Programme SMDTex – Sustainable Management and Design for Textile [grant number n°2014-0683/001001-EMJD] Authors are thankful to M Lundin at University of Boras in Sweden for helping in statistical design of experiments References [1] W Zeng, L 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Interaction plot for adhesion force versus different processing parameters of 3D printer for Nylon deposited on PA fabric a) 23 b) c) Fig Effect of different variables of 3D printing process on adhesion force of PLA deposited on PA fabric (a) extruder temperature (b) platform temperature (c) PA fabric type 24 a b _ Fig (a) fabric tearing (b) deposited layer breakage during adhesion test 25 N/100 mm width 20 Average of fabric tear strength Average of deposited layer break strength 15 10 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Sample coding Fig 10 Average of fabric tear strength and deposited layer break strength during adhesion test of PLA deposited on PLA a) b) c) Fig 11 (a,b) 2%CNT PLA 3D printer filament (c) FDM printing on PLA fabric 25 a) b) Fig 12 Effect of (a) filler type (b) extruder temperature on break strength of nanocomposite 3D printed layers 26 Table Factors and levels and the coding applied in different series of experiments Factor (code) Level (code) Extruder temperature (ºC) (F1) 190, 210, 230, 235, 240, 250, 260 (1,2,3,4,5,6,7) Platform temperature (ºC) (F2) 23, 50,70 (1,2,3) Printing speed (mm/ min) (F3) 18, 50, 83 (1,2,3) PA fabric type (F4) 50×30 / 78×180 dtex, 39×27 / 180 ×180 dtex (1,2) PLA fabric type (F5) Panama, Twill (1,2) Filler type (F6) 2% CNT, 5% CB (1,2) 41.3 412 S2 60 413 S3 50.7 611 S4 68 612 S5 93.3 613 S6 90.7 711 S7 66.7 712 S8 112 713 S9 108 421 S10 44 422 S11 50.7 423 S12 37.3 621 S13 49.3 622 S14 78.7 623 S15 58.7 721 S16 100 722 S17 118.7 723 S18 104 PLA on F1(1,2,3) S19 5.3 PA in constant S20 in platform constant temperature S21 12 printing of 23 °C speed of F2(1,2,3) 11 S21 12 83 F4(1,2) 21 S22 28 mm/min in constant 31 S23 41.3 experiment PA Factorial experiment coding S1 Nylon on experiment combination Average of F adhesion (N/100 mm width) 411 Factorial factor Treatment Sample (Considered combination Factor level) Single Material treatment Type Number of Experiment Table Statistical design of different series of adhesion test Considered F1(4,6,7) F2(1,2) 18 F3(1,2,3) 27 Factorial PLA on experiment PLA Factorial experiment PLA nanocomposites (CB/PLA, CNT/PLA) on PLA extruder 12 S24 30.7 temperature 22 S25 57.3 of 230 °C 32 S26 69.3 111 S27 Average of fabric tear strength (N/100 mm width) 21 Average of deposited layer break strength (N/100 mm width) - 112 S28 15.3 - 113 S29 - 5.7 211 S30 11.7 - 212 S31 14.5 - 213 S32 13.7 - 311 S33 - 15 312 S34 - 10.7 313 S35 12.3 - 121 S36 15 - 122 S37 14 - 123 S38 - 221 S39 14 - 222 S40 12.3 - 223 S41 12.3 - 321 S42 - 9.7 322 S43 - 16 323 S44 5111 S45 12.7 - 222 5121 S46 318 - 7111 S47 - 110 7121 S48 358 - 5211 S49 - 220 5221 S50 492 - 7211 S51 - 146 7221 S52 - 38 5112 S53 - 30 5122 S54 - 104 7112 S55 - 98 7122 S56 - 46 5212 S57 - 116 5222 S58 - 36 F1(1,2,3) F2(1,2) 18 F3(1,2,3) F1(5,7) F2(1,2) F5(1,2) F6(1,2) 16 28 7212 S59 - 22 7222 S60 - 41.5 ...1 Investigation of the adhesion properties of direct 3D printing of polymers and nanocomposites on textiles: Effect of FDM printing process parameters Razieh Hashemi Sanatgar... combinations in 3D printing process can affect the adhesion force of deposited polymers to fabrics and can make different results 3.1 Effect of 3D printing process parameters on adhesion force of Nylon... of different 3D printing processing parameters on the adhesion of polymers to fabrics  High adhesion force of deposited PLA and PLA nanocomposites on PLA fabrics Abstract In this paper, 3D printing