At a Glance 1 Fundamentals and Cell Physiology 2 2 Nerve and Muscle, Physical Work 42 3 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 78 4 Blood 88 5 Respiration 106 6 Acid–Base Homeostasis 138 7 Kidneys, Salt, and.
At a Glance Fundamentals and Cell Physiology Nerve and Muscle, Physical Work Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Blood Respiration Acid–Base Homeostasis Kidneys, Salt, and Water Balance Cardiovascular System Thermal Balance and Thermoregulation 10 Nutrition and Digestion 11 Hormones and Reproduction 12 Central Nervous System and Senses 13 Appendix Further Reading Index Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license 42 78 88 106 138 148 186 222 226 266 310 372 391 394 II Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Color Atlas of Physiology 5th edition, completely revised and expanded Agamemnon Despopoulos, M.D Professor Formerly: Ciba Geigy Basel Stefan Silbernagl, M.D Professor Head of Department Institute of Physiology University of Wuerzburg Wuerzburg, Germany 186 color plates by Ruediger Gay and Astried Rothenburger Thieme Stuttgart · New York Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the publisher 1st German edition 1979 2nd German edition 1983 3rd German edition 1988 4th German edition 1991 5th German edition 2001 1st English edition 1981 2nd English edition 1984 3rd English edition 1986 4th English edition 1991 1st Dutch edition 1981 2nd Dutch edition 2001 1st Italian edition 1981 2nd Italian edition 2001 1st Japanese edition 1982 2nd Japanese edition 1992 1st Czech edition 1984 2nd Czech edition 1994 1st French edition 1985 2nd French edition 1992 3rd French edition 2001 1st Turkish edition 1986 2nd Turkish edition 1997 1st Greek edition 1989 1st Chinese edition 1991 1st Polish edition 1994 1st Hungarian edition 1994 2nd Hungarian edition 1996 1st Indonesion edition 2000 1st Spanish edition 1982 2nd Spanish edition 1985 3rd Spanish edition 1994 4th Spanish edition 2001 This book is an authorized translation of the 5th German edition published and copyrighted 2001 by Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany Title of the German edition: Taschenatlas der Physiologie Translated by Suzyon O’Neal Wandrey, Berlin, Germany Illustrated by Atelier Gay + Rothenburger, Sternenfels, Germany ᭧ 1981, 2003 Georg Thieme Verlag Rüdigerstraße 14, D-70469 Stuttgart, Germany http://www.thieme.de Thieme New York, 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, N.Y 10001, U.S.A http://www.thieme.com Cover design: Cyclus, Stuttgart Typesetting by: Druckhaus Götz GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Germany Printed in Germany by: Appl Druck GmbH & Co KG, Wemding, Germany IV ISBN 3-13-545005-8 (GTV) ISBN 1-58890-061-4 (TNY) Important Note: Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing continual development Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every effort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect to any dosage instructions and forms of applications stated in the book Every user is requested to examine carefully the manufacturers’ leaflets accompanying each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from the statements made in the present book Such examination is particularly important with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on the market Every dosage schedule or every form of application used is entirely at the user’s own risk and responsibility The authors and publishers request every user to report to the publishers any discrepancies or inaccuracies noticed Some of the product names, patents, and registered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text Therefore, the appearance of a name without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation, without the publisher’s consent, is illegal and liable to prosecution This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing or duplication of any kind, translating, preparation of microfilms, and electronic data processing and storage Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Preface to the Fifth Edition The base of knowledge in many sectors of physiology has grown considerably in magnitude and in depth since the last edition of this book was published Many advances, especially the rapid progress in sequencing the human genome and its gene products, have brought completely new insight into cell function and communication This made it necessary to edit and, in some cases, enlarge many parts of the book, especially the chapter on the fundamentals of cell physiology and the sections on neurotransmission, mechanisms of intracellular signal transmission, immune defense, and the processing of sensory stimuli A list of physiological reference values and important formulas were added to the appendix for quick reference The extensive index now also serves as a key to abbreviations used in the text Some of the comments explaining the connections between pathophysiological principles and clinical dysfunctions had to be slightly truncated and set in smaller print However, this base of knowledge has also grown considerably for the reasons mentioned above To make allowances for this, a similarly designed book, the Color Atlas of Pathophysiology (S Silbernagl and F Lang, Thieme), has now been introduced to supplement the wellestablished Color Atlas of Physiology I am very grateful for the many helpful comments from attentive readers (including my son Jakob) and for the welcome feedback from my peers, especially Prof H Antoni, Freiburg, Prof C von Campenhausen, Mainz, Dr M Fischer, Mainz, Prof K.H Plattig, Erlangen, and Dr C Walther, Marburg, and from my colleagues and staff at the Institute in Würzburg It was again a great pleasure to work with Rüdiger Gay and Astried Rothenburger, to whom I am deeply indebted for revising practically all the illustrations in the book and for designing a number of new color plates Their extraordinary enthusiasm and professionalism played a decisive role in the materialization of this new edition To them I extend my sincere thanks I would also like to thank Suzyon O’Neal Wandrey for her outstanding translation I greatly appreciate her capable and careful work I am also indebted to the publishing staff, especially Marianne Mauch, an extremely competent and motivated editor, and Gert Krüger for invaluable production assistance I would also like to thank Katharina Völker for her ever observant and conscientious assistance in preparing the index I hope that the 5th Edition of the Color Atlas of Physiology will prove to be a valuable tool for helping students better understand physiological correlates, and that it will be a valuable reference for practicing physicians and scientists, to help them recall previously learned information and gain new insights in physiology Würzburg, December 2002 Stefan Silbernagl* * e-mail: stefan.silbernagl@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license V Preface to the First Edition In the modern world, visual pathways have outdistanced other avenues for informational input This book takes advantage of the economy of visual representation to indicate the simultaneity and multiplicity of physiological phenomena Although some subjects lend themselves more readily than others to this treatment, inclusive rather than selective coverage of the key elements of physiology has been attempted Clearly, this book of little more than 300 pages, only half of which are textual, cannot be considered as a primary source for the serious student of physiology Nevertheless, it does contain most of the basic principles and facts taught in a medical school introductory course Each unit of text and illustration can serve initially as an overview for introduction to the subject and subsequently as a concise review of the material The contents are as current as the publishing art permits and include both classical information for the beginning students as well as recent details and trends for the advanced student A book of this nature is inevitably derivative, but many of the representations are new and, we hope, innovative A number of people have contributed directly and indirectly to the completion of this volume, but none more than Sarah Jones, who gave much more than editorial assistance Acknowledgement of helpful criticism and advice is due also to Drs R Greger, A Ratner, J Weiss, and S Wood, and Prof H Seller We are grateful to Joy Wieser for her help in checking the proofs Wolf-Rüdiger and Barbara Gay are especially recognized, not only for their art work, but for their conceptual contributions as well The publishers, Georg Thieme Verlag and Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, contributed valuable assistance based on extensive experience; an author could wish for no better relationship Finally, special recognition to Dr Walter Kumpmann for inspiring the project and for his unquestioning confidence in the authors Basel and Innsbruck, Summer 1979 Agamemnon Despopoulos Stefan Silbernagl VI Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license From the Preface to the Third Edition The first German edition of this book was already in press when, on November 2nd, 1979, Agamennon Despopoulos and his wife, Sarah Jones-Despopoulos put to sea from Bizerta, Tunisia Their intention was to cross the Atlantic in their sailing boat This was the last that was ever heard of them and we have had to abandon all hope of seeing them again Without the creative enthusiasm of Agamennon Despopoulos, it is doubtful whether this book would have been possible; without his personal support it has not been easy to continue with the project Whilst keeping in mind our original aims, I have completely revised the book, incorporating the latest advances in the field of physiology as well as the welcome suggestions provided by readers of the earlier edition, to whom I extend my thanks for their active interest Würzburg, Fall 1985 Stefan Silbernagl Dr Agamemnon Despopoulos Born 1924 in New York; Professor of Physiology at the University of New Mexico Albuquerque, USA, until 1971; thereafter scientific adviser to CIBA-GEIGY, Basel VII Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license VIII Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Table of Contents Fundamentals and Cell Physiology The Body: an Open System with an Internal Environment · · · Control and Regulation · · · The Cell · · · Transport In, Through, and Between Cells · · · 16 Passive Transport by Means of Diffusion · · · 20 Osmosis, Filtration, and Convection · · · 24 Active Transport · · · 26 Cell Migration · · · 30 Electrical Membrane Potentials and Ion Channels · · · 32 Role of Ca2+ in Cell Regulation · · · 36 Energy Production and Metabolism · · · 38 Nerve and Muscle, Physical Work 42 Neuron Structure and Function · · · 42 Resting Membrane Potential · · · 44 Action Potential · · · 46 Propagation of Action Potentials in Nerve Fiber · · · 48 Artificial Stimulation of Nerve Cells · · · 50 Synaptic Transmission · · · 50 Motor End-plate · · · 56 Motility and Muscle Types · · · 58 Motor Unit of Skeletal Muscle · · · 58 Contractile Apparatus of Striated Muscle · · · 60 Contraction of Striated Muscle · · · 62 Mechanical Features of Skeletal Muscle · · · 66 Smooth Muscle · · · 70 Energy Supply for Muscle Contraction · · · 72 Physical Work · · · 74 Physical Fitness and Training · · · 76 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 78 Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System · · · 78 Acetylcholine and Cholinergic Transmission · · · 82 Catecholamine, Adrenergic Transmission and Adrenoceptors · · · 84 Adrenal Medulla · · · 86 Non-cholinergic, Non-adrenergic Transmitters · · · 86 IX Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Blood 88 Composition and Function of Blood · · · 88 Iron Metabolism and Erythropoiesis · · · 90 Flow Properties of Blood · · · 92 Plasma, Ion Distribution · · · 92 Immune System · · · 94 Hypersensitivity Reactions (Allergies) · · · 100 Blood Groups · · · 100 Hemostasis · · · 102 Fibrinolysis and Thromboprotection · · · 104 Respiration 106 Lung Function, Respiration · · · 106 Mechanics of Breathing · · · 108 Purification of Respiratory Air · · · 110 Artificial Respiration · · · 110 Pneumothorax · · · 110 Lung Volumes and their Measurement · · · 112 Dead Space, Residual Volume, and Airway Resistance · · · 114 Lung–Chest Pressure—Volume Curve, Respiratory Work · · · 116 Surface Tension, Surfactant · · · 118 Dynamic Lung Function Tests · · · 118 Pulmonary Gas Exchange · · · 120 Pulmonary Blood Flow, Ventilation–Perfusion Ratio · · · 122 CO2 Transport in Blood · · · 124 CO2 Binding in Blood · · · 126 CO2 in Cerebrospinal Fluid · · · 126 Binding and Transport of O2 in Blood · · · 128 Internal (Tissue) Respiration, Hypoxia · · · 130 Respiratory Control and Stimulation · · · 132 Effects of Diving on Respiration · · · 134 Effects of High Altitude on Respiration · · · 136 Oxygen Toxicity · · · 136 Acid–Base Homeostasis 138 pH, pH Buffers, Acid–Base Balance · · · 138 Bicarbonate/Carbon Dioxide Buffer · · · 140 Acidosis and Alkalosis · · · 142 Assessment of Acid–Base Status · · · 146 X Kidneys, Salt, and Water Balance Kidney Structure and Function · · · 148 Renal Circulation · · · 150 Glomerular Filtration and Clearance · · · 152 Transport Processes at the Nephron · · · 154 Reabsorption of Organic Substances · · · 158 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license 148 No Index, Abbreviations On 422 Norepinephrine thermoregulation 222 NOS (nitric oxide synthase) 82, 278 NPY (Neuropeptid Y) 84, 86, 230, 280, 300 cotransmitter 84 receptor types 55 F second messenger 55 F, 274 NREM (non-REM) sleep 334 NTCP (Na+ taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide) 248 Nuclear bag fibers 316 chain fibers 316 envelope 10 pores 10 function 16 signal sequences 10 receptors, calcitriol 292 Nucleolus 8, 10 Nucleotides Nucleus/nuclei, accessory 368 amygdaloid 330 anterior olfactory 340 arcuate 230 caudate 310, 326 cuneatus 322 Deiter 326, 328 dentate 328 dorsomedial 230 emboliformis 328 fastigial 328 gracilis 322 lateral 230 lemniscus 368 localisation signal 10 olivaris superior lateralis 364 paraventricular 230 pedunculus pontinus 326 RNA synthesis red 328 septal 330 subthalamic 326 suprachiasmatic (SCN) 334 thalamic, anterior 330 tractus solitarii 338 ventromedial 230 vestibular 342 Nuel’s spaces 364 Nursing mother, Ca2+ requirement 290 Nutrition 226 integration 234, 330 passage time, stomach 233, 240 reflex 320 vegetarian 142 Nystagmus 360 caloric 342 optokinetic 360 pathological 360 postrotatory 342 O Ω (ohm), unit 375 O2 (Oxygen) 72, 106 arterio-venous difference 132, 210 in myocard 210 artificial respiration 132 binding curve in blood 126, 128 fetal hemoglobin 220, 129 C myoglobin 129 C breathing 136 capacity of blood 126, 128 chemosensors 132, 136 concentration, blood, maximum 128 difference, heart muscle 210 consumption 106, 120, 150, 228, 288 heart muscle 210 maximum 74, 76 measurement 112, 120 organs 130, 187 A renal 150 T3/T4 effect 288 debt 72 deficiency 72,130, 136, 210, 212 ventilation 136 demands 72, 74, 130 heart muscle 210 increased 130 organ difference 130 difference, alveolar-arterial 122 arteriovenous 74, 106, 130 diffusion 21 A, 130 lung 22 tissue 130 dissociation curve 128 fetal hemoglobin 220 dissolved in plasma 128 extraction 72 f., 130, 210 coefficient 210 heart muscle 210 exercise 74 organs, difference 130 skeletal muscle 72 half saturation pressure 128 high altitude 136 Krogh’s diffusion coefficient 22, 120 partial pressure 20 alveolar 120, 128 diving 134 arterial blood 128 chemical respiratory stimulant 132 critical, mitochondria 130 high altitude 136 hyperventilation 120 mixed venous blood 120, 128 plasma 132 radicals, immune defense 94 role in autoregulation 212 saturation (SO2) 126, 128 fetus 220, 221 A influence on CO2 binding curve 126 solubility coefficient 128 in plasma 126 supply, fetus 220 myocard 210 therapy 136 toxicity 134, 136 diving 136 transport in blood 128 uptake, exercise 74 maximum 72, 76, 77 C endurance athlet 77 C OAT1 (organic anion transporter type 1) 160, 268 Obesity 230 OCT (organic cation transporter) 160 Ocular chamber 344 muscle, nuclei 342 pressure, internal 320 Oculomotor control 326, 329, 342 Ocytocin Ǟ Oxytocin Odorant molecules 340 OFF-bipolar cells 354 field (central) 354 ganglion cells 354, 358 OH–-Ionen 138 ff Ohm (Ω), unit 375 Ohm’s law 32, 116, 188 ion transport 32, 388 circulation 188, 388 ventilation 116 Oil-and-water partition coefficient 20 Olfactory epithelium 340 pathway 340 sensor cells, primary 340 tract 340 Oligodendrocytes 42, 338 Oligopeptides, digestion 258 renal handling 158 Oligosaccharides 258 Oliguria 164 shock 218 Olive inferior 328 superior 368 Oncotic pressure 24, 94, 152, 166, 208, 378 influence on capillary fluid exchange 208, 379 plasma 152 One-half maximum velocity constant (KM) 28 ON-bipolar cells 354 field (central) 354 ganglion cells 354, 358 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Osteolysis, malignant 292 Osteomalacia 292 Osteoporosis 302 Otoliths 342 Ouabain 26, 170 Ounce, conversion into SI unit 374 Outer ear 364 Oval window 364, 366 Ovaries 254, 268, 294, 298, 306 HDL receptor 254 menstrual cycle 298 pregnancy 304 production, fertiliziable egg 298 testosterone production 306 Overshoot, action potential 46 Overtone 362 Overweight 226, 230 OVLT (organum vasculosum laminae terminalis) 280, 310, 330 Ovulation 298, 300, 302 antiovulatory effect 303 inhibitors 300 Ovum 298, 302 first meiotic division 300 second meiotic division 308 implantation 298, 303 Oxalate 102, 158, 160, 262 inhibition, blood clotting 102 renal secretion 158, 160 Oxidation, biological molecules 41 of glucose, aerobic 72 -oxidation 256 2-oxoglutarate 176 -oxybutyric acid (284 Oxygen Ǟ O2 Oxygenation 128 Oxyntic cells Ǟ parietal cells Oxytocin 269, 274, 280, 303, 304 receptors 55 F second messenger 55 F, 274, 276 uterus 304, 308 P P Ǟ progesterone P0.5 (half saturation pressure) 128 PA (alveolar pressure) 108 P sensors 314 P (multiple of a unit) 373 p (submultiple of a unit) 373 P wave, ECG 196 Pa (Pascal), unit 374 Pacemaker 70, 240 heart 192, 194, 200 artifical 200 tertiary 192 ventricular 192, 200 intestine, motility 244 potential, heart 192 stomach 240 Pacinian corpuscles 314 PAF (platelet-activating factor) 100, 102 PAH Ǟ p-aminohippurate Pain 318, 320, 322 assessments 318 components 318 post-exercise muscle ache 77 D related behavior 318 Palaeocerebellum 326 Pallidum 310, 326 Pancreas 232, 246 cell types 282, 284 enzymes 246 exocrine 246 gastrin release 252 hormones 282, 284 islets 268 juice 246, 252 somatostatin 284 Pancreatic lipase 252 necrosis, acute 246 polypeptide 282 secretions 246 Pantothenic acid 226 Papilla nervi optici 344, 358 Para-aminohippurate (PAH) 150, 160 Paracellular transport 154 Paracrine action of hormones 282 Paraflocculus 326 Parallel fibres, cerebellum 328 Paralysis, dissociated 322 Paraplegia 320, 328 Parasites, defense against 94 Parasympathetic fibers, genital tract 214 heart 194 innervated organs 82 ganglia 78 ff nervous system, gastrointestinal tract 234 saliva secretion 236 stimuli, salivary glands, blood flow 214 Parathormone Ǟ parathyrin Parathyrin (PTH) 36, 37 C3, 178, 290 calcitriol 292 chemistry 290 deficiency 290 effects 290 influence on Ca2+and phosphate excretion 178 regulation 290 renal Ca2+ reabsorption 178 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license O Pa Index, Abbreviations Oocyte stage, primary 298 Oogenesis 298 Oogonia 298, 306 Open-probability, ion channels 34 Open system, thermodynamics 40 Opioids 274, 280 endogenous 318 exogenous 318 Gn-RH secretion 300 receptor types 55 F gastointestinal tract 234 second messenger 55 F, 274 Opponent color channel 356 Opsin 348, 350 Opsonization 94, 96 Optic chiasm 358 nerve 358 lesion 358 tract 354, 358 Optical apparatus 344 nerve 344 system, simple 346 Optokinetic nystagmus 360 Orexin 230 Organ of balance 360 Corti 364 Organelles Organs, blood flow 187 A, 212, 214 fetus 221 A transplanted 98 Organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) 280, 310, 330 Orgasm 308 Orgasmic cuff 308 Ornithine 258 Orthopnea 108 Orthostasis C, f., 204, 216 Orthostatic hypotension 182 reflex E, 204, 216 Oscillation, unstable Osmol 377 Osmolality, blood pressure 92 unit 377 urine 164, 172 Osmolarity 377 saliva 236 unit 377 Osmometer 377 Osmoregulation 170 Osmosensors 170, 272, 330 Osmosis 24 Osmotic coefficient 377 ff diuresis 172, 176 effect on K+ excretion 182 pressure 24, 377 colloidal 92, 377 Ossicles, auditory 364 Osteoclasts 290, 292 423 Pa Index, Abbreviations Ph 424 Parathyroid glands , 268 290 hormone Ǟ parathyrin Paravertebral ganglionic chain 78 Parkinson’s disease 326 Parietal cells, gastric 240, 242 Parotid glands 236 Pars recta, renal tubule 148 Partial pressure 106, 120 Dalton law 106 Parvalbumin, muscle fibers 64 Pascal (Pa), unit 374 PAS domains 334 Passive immunization 94 Patch-clamp technique 34 Pause, compensatory 200 post-extrasystolic 200 PBI Ǟ iodine PCT (proximal convoluted tubule) 164 PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) 102, 278 PD-Sensors 312, 314 Peak expiratory pressure 116 inspiratory pressure 116 Pendular movements, intestine motility 244 nystagmus 328 Penicillin, tubular secretion 156 Penis 308 erection 278 REM sleep 334 Pepsin 238, 242, 258 Pepsinogens 242, 258 PepT1 (peptide transporter 1), intestine 258 PepT2, kidney 158 Peptidase 158, 242, 246, 258 Peptide(s), catabolism, renal 148 carrier PepT1 258 PepT2 158 digestion 258 hormones 268, 274, 304 placenta 304 messenger 274 renal reabsorption 156, 158 handling 128 transmitter 55 F Peptide-H+-symport carrier 28, 158, 258 PER 334 Perception, visual 312 color 356 form 314 shape 314 spatial nature 314 Perfusion, cerebral 186 pulmonary 120 imbalance 120, 122, 130 Performance limit 76 Periglomerular cells 340 Perilymph 364, 366 Perimeter 358 Peripheral resistance 188, 206 influence on heart function 206 Peristalsis 234 esophagus 238 intestine 244 large 264 stomach 240 ureter 148 Permeability, Ca2+ 82 Cl– 44 coefficient (P) 22 K+ 44, 56, 82 Na+ 44, 56, 82 Peroxidase thyroid (TPO) 286 Peroxisomes 14 Perspiratio insensibilis 222 Perspiration 222 water losses 168 Pertussis toxin 276 Peta- (multiple of a unit) 373 Peyer’s patches 232 pH 138, 146, 378 blood 132, 138 buffer 138 normal range 142 cerebrospinal fluid 126, 132 clearance, esophagus 238 erythrocytes 126 esophagus 238 homeostasis, kidney 174 role of liver 176 influence on diffusion 22 on protein bound Ca2+ 290 measurement 146 plasma 126, 136, 138, 142 K+ metabolism 180 saliva 236 tubule lumen 174 urine 156 Phagocytes 94 Phagocytosis 12, 28, 96 Phase, vulnerable, heart 200 Phenol red, tubular secretion 160 Phenprocoumon 104 Phentolamine 84 Phenylalanine 226 Phenylephrine 87 B Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase 84 Pheochromocytoma 216 Phon 362 Phosducin 350, 352 Phosphatase 276 alkaline 250 Phosphate 138, 158, 175, 178, 290, 292 absorption, intestine 262 blood buffer 138 calcium complex former 178 concentration, serum 290 deficiency 178, 292 DNA excess 178 excretion 176, 178, 292 H+ secretion 176 homeostasis 290 intake 290 intestinal absorption 292 metabolism 290 plasma 290 renal reabsorption 158 solubility 290 Phosphadidyl choline (lecithin) 14, 248, 252 bile 248 inositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) 276 Phosphatidylethanolamine 14 Phosphatidylserine 14 Phosphaturia 178 Phosphodiesterase 276, 348, 350 cGMP-specific 278 Phospholipase A2 246, 252, 268, 276 Phospholipase C (PLC ) 37 C1, 82, 84, 276 Phospholipids 252, 254 blood clotting 102 lipoproteins 254 cell membrane 14 Phosphoric acid (Ǟ also phosphate) 142, 174 Phosphorylation 274 Photochemistry, eye 348 Photosensors 344, 346, 348 retinal distribution 348 sensor potential 354 Photopic vision 348 Phyllochinone 260 Physical activity 72 ff energy reserve 282 exercise capacity 76 core temperature 224 energy supply 226 heat production 222 measure 74 measurement 76 work 72 ff., 142, 282 activation of the sympathetic nervous system 74 heat production 222 O2 consumption 74 threshold, aerobic 76 anaerobic 76 ventilation 74 respiratory control 74, 133 A5 unit 374 Physiologic integration 266 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license activating factor (PAF) 100, 102 activation 102 aggregation 102 inhibitors 104 derived growth factor (PDGF) 102, 278 PLC (Phospholipase C ) 37 C1, 82, 84, 276 Plethysmography 114 Pleura 108 pressure (Ppl) 108 Plexus myentericus (Auerbach) 234, 244 submucous (Meissner) 234, 244 PMA (premotor area) 324 Pneumothorax 110 diving 134 types 110 Podocytes, glomerulus 148 Poikilothermy 222 Point, low 72 Polkissen 184 Polyethylene glycol, intestine 262 Polypeptide, pancreatic 282 Polyribosomes 10 Polysaccharides, chemical structure 227 B digestion 258 Polysomes 10 Polysynaptic reflexes 320 Polyuria 164 POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) 230, 280 placenta 304 Pond, conversion into SI unit 374 Pons 132, 310 eye movement 360 Pontocerebellum 326 Porphyrin 128 Portal circulation 232, 248 hypothalamus 280 vein 208, 232 Positive pressure ventilation continuous (CPPV) 110 intermittent (IPPV) Postcentral gyrus 322 Posterior funiculus, nuclei 322 Postextrasystolic pause 200 Postsynaptic inhibition 320 membrane 42, 50 Posttranslational modification 10, 12 Posttransscriptional modification 12 Postural control 328 motor function 324, 326, 328, 342 system 324 reflex 328 labyrinthine 328 Posture 324, 328 maintaining 324 Potassium Ǟ K+ Potentia coeundi 306 Potential, action 46 ff., 48 unit 375 difference, inner ear 366 diffusion 44 electrochemical 32 endocochlear 366 end-plate 56 equilibrium 44 excitatory postsynaptic (EPSP) 52, 56, 320 inhibitory prostynaptic (IPSP) 52, 82, 332 maximum diastolic, heart pacemaker 192 resting membrane 44 reversal 47 B, 56 threshold 46, 48 transepithelial 156, 180 lumen-neagtive (LNTP) 162, 236, 262 lumen-positive (LPTP) 162, 172, 178, 180 Pound, conversion into SI unit 374 Power, unit 374 Powers of ten, calculation with 380 f PP (pulse pressure) 194, 206 ppb (parts per billion), unit 376 ppm (parts per million), unit 376 Ppl (pleural pressure) 108 PQ interval, ECG 196 PQ segment, ECG 196 Prazosin 87 B Prealbumin, thyroxin-binding (TBPA) 288 Precapillary sphincter 188 Pregnancy 90, 260, 290, 292, 300, 302 Ca2+ 290 central venous pressure 204 hormon concentrations 302 hormonal control 304, 330 nausea 238 Rh system 100 tests 294, 304 vitamin D-binding protein 292 vomiting 238 Pregnanediol 294, 303, 304 Pregnenolone 294, 303 17-OH 294 Prekallikrein (PKK) 102 Preload, heart 202, 204 Prepotential, heart 192 Preproinsulin 282 Presbyacusis 362, 366, 370 Presbyopia 346 Presentation of antigens 96 Pressure (unit) 374 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Ph Pr Index, Abbreviations Phytin 262 Pico- (submultiple of a unit) 373 PIF Ǟ prolactostatin Pigmented epithelium 344 PIH (prolactin-release inhibiting hormone) Ǟ dopamine Pineal body (= pineal gland = epiphysis) 334 Pinocytosis 28 PIP2 (inositol-4,5-bisphosphate) 276 Pirenzepine 82 Pituitary gland 280, 286 anterior 268, 280 influence of neurotransmitters 280 TSH secretion 286 TRH receptors 286 hormones 268 posterior 180, 268, 280 ADH secretion 170 hormone secretion 280 testosterone effect 306 pKa value 138, 140, 378 f PKA (proteinkinase A = A kinase) 84, 274 PKC (proteinkinase C) 36, 37 C1, 70, 84, 276 PKG (proteinkinase G) 278 PKK (prekallikrein) 102 Placenta 100, 220, 292, 302, 304 Placental barrier, function 304 hormones 304 immunoglobulins 92 transfusion 220 Plasma 88, 92 albumin 92 cells 94, 98 CO2 124 components 88, 92 factors 100 globulins 92 osmolality 92, 171 proteins 88, 92, 154, 158, 377 f binding 24, 25 C, 88, 154 Ca2+ 178, 290 blood puffer 138 function 88, 92, 377 f types 92 pH 126 thromboplastin antecedent (PTA) 102 volume 170 measurement 168 salt deficiency 170 Plasmin 104 Plasminogen 104 Plasticity of smooth muscle 70 pyramidal cells 332 Platelet(s) (Ǟ also Thrombocytes) 88, 102 425 Pr Index, Abbreviations Pu 426 Pressure arterial sensors 214 capillary 208 central venous (CVP) 190, 204 colloidal osmotic 378 diuresis 170, 172 hydrostatic 208 feet 208 internal ocular 344 intrapleural 108 intrapulmonic 108 intrathoracic 108 oncotic 24, 208, 166, 378 peritubular capillaries 166 plasma 152 osmotic 24, 378 transmural 188 ventricular 190, 202 volume curve, heart 68 lung and thorax 116 wave, pulse wave 190 Pressosensors, arterial 314 skin Presynaptic inhibition 320 membrane 42, 50 Pretectal region 359 Previtamin D 292 Primary, response, antigen contact 94 saliva 236 urine 164 Principal cells, kidney 162, 180 point, optical apparatus 346 PRL Ǟ prolactin Proaccelerin 102 Probenecid 160 Procarboxypeptidase 246 Process, ciliary 344 Procolipase 246, 252 Proconvertin 102 Procreative capacity 306 Proelastase 246 Progesterone 132, 294, 298, 300, 303, 304 actions 292, 303, 304 chemistry 303 degradation 303 esophagus sphincter238 menstrual cycle 298 17-OH- 294 placenta 304 plasma concentration 302 transport 303 production 294, 303 respiration 132 secretion rate 303 Proglucagon 284 intestinal 282 Proinsulin 280, 282 Prolactin 268, 269, 274, 280, 303, 306 lactation reflex 303 menstrual cycle 298 receptor 278 release inhibiting hormone Ǟ prolactostatin 268 ff., 280, 298, 303 secretion, pulsatile 298 TRH effect 303 Prolactostatin (PIH = dopamine) 268 ff., 280, 298, 303 Proliferation 272 lymphocytes 94 Proliferative phase, menstrual cycle 298 Prolipase 246 Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) 230, 280, 304 Prophospholipase A2 252 Proportional sensors 312, 314, 316 Proprioception 314, 316, 322 Propriosensors 316, 324 neck 328 Prostacyclin (PGI2) 104, 214, 268, 269 Prostaglandin(s) (PG) 162, 232, 234, 242, 268, 274, 276 autoregulation 212 E2 214, 318 fever 224 effects 269 F2α– 214 fetal circulation 220 HCO3– secretion, stomach 242 I2 (Prostacyclin) 104, 214, 268, 269 coronary vasodilatation 210 intestine 262 prostate 308 second messenger 274, 276 synthesis 269 inhibition 269, 318 uterus 304, 308 Prostate 306, 308 Protanomaly 356 Protanopia 356 Proteases, pancreatic juice 246, 258 Protective reflexes 238, 320 Protein C 104 S 104 Protein 154, 148, 226, 228 absorption, intestine 258 binding 24, 154 bound iodine 286, 288 caloric equivalent 228 capillary permability 208 catabolism, renal 148 chemical structure 227 B concentration in cerebrospinal fluid 144 digestion 246, 258 enzymes 242, 246 energy supply 228 filtrability, glomerulus 154 functional minimum 226 hormones 268 kinase A (PKA) 84, 274 kinase C (PKC) 36, 37 C1, 70, 84, 276 kinase G (PKG) 278 kinase II (calmodulin-dependent protein) 36, 50 kinase, tyrosine specific 282 minimum intake 226 nuclear, nuclear pores 10 nutrition 226 phosphorylated 274 plant 226 plasma 92, 158 renal reabsorption 156 synthesis 10, 13 F influence of cyclic AMP 274 Proteinuria 158, 208 Proteolysis 246 Prothrombin 102, 104 Prothrombinase 104 Protons Ǟ H+ Proximal stomach 240 P-Sensors 312, 314, 316 Pseudohypoparathyroidism 290 Psychotropic drugs 330 PTA (plasma thromboplastin antecedent) 102 Pteroylglutamic acid 260 Pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase 260 PTH Ǟ parathyrin Ptyalin 236, 258 Puberty 302 spermatogonia 306 Puborectal muscles 264 Pudendal nerve 264 Pulmonary ( Ǟ also lung) artery 122, 186, 190 partial pressures 122 pressure 120, 190, 206 blood flow 122 capillaries 106, 122, 124 circulation 186, 188 resistance 206 edema 118, 120, 122, 132, 144, 172, 208 infarction 120 stretch receptors 132 valves 190 ventilation, exercise 74 ventilation/perfusion ratio 122 Pulse pressure (PP) 190, 206 receptors 214 wave, velocity (PWV) 190 Puncts, lacrimal 344 Pupilla 344, 346 contraction 344 dilatation 344, 352, 358 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Q Q10 value 40 QRS axis, ECG 198 QRS complex, ECG 196 QRS vector, mean 196, 198 QT interval, ECG 196, 198 Quinidine, tubular transport 160 Quinine 338 Quotient, respiratory 120, 136, 228 Q wave, ECG 196, 198 abnormalities 198 R R (gas constant) 20, 32, 34, 112 R wave, ECG 196 Radiation 222, 224 Rahn valve 114 Raphe nuclei 328 RAS (renin-angiotensin system) 170, 184, 218 RA sensor (rapidly adapting pressure sensor) 314 Rate constant 40 RBC (red blood cell) Ǟ erythrocyte RBF (renal blood flow) Ǟ kidney RCC (red cell count) 90 Reabsorption, capillaries 208 renal tubule 148, 152 ff., 162, 174 ff., 180 ff Reaction, acrosomal 308 coupled 41 endergonic 38 endothermic 38 equilibrium constant 40 exergonic 38 exothermic 38 hypersensitivity (allergy) 100 rate of 40 constant 40 Reactive hyperemia 212 Reading 336 presbyopia 346 Rebound effect 272 phenomenon 328 Receptive field 314, 354 retina 354 relaxation 238, 240 Receptor (sensory receptors Ǟ sensors) 6, 55 F, 268, 312 acetylcholin Ǟ cholinoceptor second messenger 274 f ADH 55 F, 212 adrenalin Ǟ adrenoceptors adrenergic Ǟ adrenoceptors angiotensin II 212 CCK 55 F gallbladder 248 stomach 242 cobalamine 28 cholinergic 82 dopamin 248 epinephrine Ǟ adrenoceptors endothelin 212 G protein-dependent 52 histamin 55 F, 212, 242, 274, 276 hormone 266, 268, 274 immunoglobulins 96 insulin 268, 282 internalization 52 ionotropic 52, 55 F, 82 LDL 28 mediated endocytosis 12 f metabotropic 52, 55 F, 82 noradrenaline Ǟ adrenoceptors norepinephrin Ǟ adrenoceptors proteins 268, 278, 296 recycling 12, 13 F, 29 C synapse 50, 55 F transferrin 90 tyrosinkinase 282 Receptor guanylyl cyclase 278 Receptor serine/threonine kinase 278 Receptor tyrosine kinases 278, 282 Receptor tyrosine phophatases 278 Recoverin 350, 352 Recruitment, motoric unit 58 acoustic neurons 368 Rectum 232, 264 Recurrent inhibition 316, 320 Red blood cells Ǟ erythrocytes 5α-Reductase, testosteron 306 Reentry, excitation, heart 194, 200 Reference values 384 ff Reflection coefficient (σ) 24, 208, 377 Reflex 78, 316 ff abdominal 320 absence of 320 accomodation 240 arc 78 autonomic 320 conditioned 236, 242 saliva secretion 236 consensual 359 corneal 320 crossed 320 diagnostic 320 endogenous 234 extensor 320 flexion 320 gastrocolic 264 gastrointestinal tract 234 Henry-Gauer 218 Hoffmann’s 316 knee jerk 316 labyrinthine postural 328 load compensation 316 locomotor 320 monosynaptic 316 neck, tonic 328 nutrition 320 orthostatic 204 peristaltic 234, 244 plantar 320 polysynaptic 320 postural 328 proprioceptive 316 protective 238, 320 pupillary 359 spreading 320 statokinetic 328 time 316, 320 tone 66 labyrinth 328 vagovagal, esophagus 238 vestibulo-ocular 342 withdrawal 320 Refraction, eye 346 Refractive power 346 Refractory period (action potential) 46 absolute 46 relative 46 heart 200 Regulation 4, 266 Reissner's membrane 366 Relaxation, receptive 238, 240 Release-inhibiting hormones 268, 269, 280 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Pu Re Index, Abbreviations role in adaptation to light 352 Pupillary reflex 352, 358 Purine, receptor types 55 F second messenger 55 F Purkinje cells, cerebellum 326, 328 fibers 192 action potential 200 Pursuit eye movement 360 Putamen 314, 324, 326 P wave (ECG) 190, 196 PWV (pulse wave velocity) 190 Pylorus 240 Pyramidal cells, motosensory cortex 332 tract 324 Pyridoxal 260 Pyridoxamine 260 Pyridoxine 260 Pyrogens 224 Pyruvate 73 B2 Pyruvic acid 73 B2 427 Re Index, Abbreviations Sa 428 Releasing hormones 268, 269, 280 REM sleep (rapid eye movement) 334 Remnants of chylomicrons 256 of VLDL 254 Renal (Ǟ also kidney) artery, stenosis 184 blood flow 150 failure 142, 176 function, glucocorticoid effect 296 Renin 148, 184 hypertension 216 Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) 170, 184, 218 control 184 Renshaw cells 316, 320, 324 Replication, cell Repolarisation (action potential) 46 Repressor protein Reproduction 298 ff., 330 RES (Reticuloendothelial system) (Ǟ also macrophage and mononuclear phagocytotic system) 96 Reserve volume, expiratory 112 inspiratory 112 Residual capacity, functional (FRC) 112, 114, 116 volume (RV) 112, 114 Resistance peripheral 186, 206 hypertension 216 unit 375 vessels 186, 188 Respiration (Ǟ respiratory) 106 artificial 110 control 132 dead space 110, 114 effects of diving 134 functions 106 high altitude 132, 136 influence on venous return 110 internal 106 mechanical 110 mechanics 108, 110, 112, 144, 116 mouth-to-mouth 110 muscles 108 pressure-volume relationships 116 work of breathing 116 Respiratory acidosis 144 alkalosis 142, 144 air, purification 110 chain 12, 73 B3 compensation 142 control 132, 214 drive, high altitude 136 insufficient 144 equivalent 74, 106 exchange rate 120 muscles 132 quotient (RQ) 120, 136, 228 rate 106, 118 sensors 132 stimulants 132 volumes 112 conversion 112 standardization 112 ways, flow resistance 116 Response, local 46 Resting expiratory level 112 membrane potential 44 metabolic rate 226 position, respiration 112 pressure-volume curve, heart 202 lung and thorax 116 skeletal muscle 66 tidal volume 112, 114, 118 tremor 226 Resuscitation 110 Reticular zone, adrenal cortex 296 Reticuloendothelial system (RES) (Ǟ also macrophage) 96 Reticulocytes 88 Reticulum, endoplasmic 10, 12, sarcoplasmic 60, 194 Retina (Ǟ also visual and eye) 344, 346, 356, 358 contrast of a stimulus 354 corresponding points 360 ganglion cells 354, 358 processing of visual stimuli 354 receptive field 354 sensors 344, 348 potential 354 11-cis-Retinal 348 Retinol 260, 350 Return, venous 204 Reversal potential 47 B, 56 Reverse-T3 (rTr3) 288 Rhesus system 100 Rhinencephalon 340 Rhodopsin 348, 350, 352, 356 kinase 350 Rhythm, circardian 296, 334 diurnal 334 generator 334 Rhythmicity, heart 192 Riboflavin, intestinal absorption 260 Ribonucleic acid Ǟ RNA Ribose Ribosomal ribonucleic acid Ǟ rRNA Ribosomes 10 Rickets 226, 292 Rigidity, decerebrate 328 Right axis (heart) 198 Rigor complex 64 mortis 64, 326 Rinne’s test 364 Riva-Rocci (blood pressure measurement) 206 RNA (ribonucleic acid) ff RNA polymerases RNAses, pancreas 246 Rods 344, 348, 350, 356 adaptation 352 monochromatism 352 light absorption maximum 356 Roots, spinal cord 310 Rotation, sensors 342 Round window, ear 364, 366 RPF (renal plasma flow) Ǟ kidney RQ Ǟ respiratory quotient rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) 8, 10 rTr3 (reverse-T3) 288 Ruffini’s corpuscle 314 RV (residual volume) 112, 114 R wave (ECG) 196 Ryanodine receptors (RYR) 62, 64 RYR 65 D RYR1 63 B RYR2 63 B S σ (reflection coefficient) 24, 377 S hormones Ǟ glucocorticoids and cortisol S wave, ECG 196 S (siemens), unit 375 SA Ǟ sinoatrial SA1 (slow adapting pressosensor) 314 SA2 314 Saccadic eye movement 360 Saccharin, taste 338 Saccharase 258 Saccharose 258 Saccule 342 Salbutamol 87 B Saliva 232, 236, 258, 260 primary 236 secondary 236 Salivary glands 236 blood flow 214 Salt (Ǟ also Na+ and Cl–), balance 148, 162, 170 disturbances 170, 172, 173 B regulation 170 excretion 162, 170 role in hypertension 216 retention 170, 182 Saltatory conduction 48 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license somatovisceral 314 strength 316 taste 338 touch 314 vision 344 ff Sensibility, somatovisceral 314 Sensitization 94, 318 reflex pathways 336 Rh blood groups 100 Sensor(s) 312, 337 blood pressure 214 volume 214 cold 224 D- 314, 316 filling pressure 214 heat 314 light sensitive 344 olfactory 340 potential 312 hair cells 366 photosensors 350, 354 primary 312, 340 P- 314 pressure 314 proprioceptive 316 pulse rate 214 retina 344, 348 secondary 312, 338, 342 organ of corti 364 skin 314 smell 340 touch 314 vibration 314 warm 314 Sensory aphasia 370 impression 312 input, central processing 322 modality 312 physiology 312 ff receptors Ǟ sensors SERCA (sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-transporting ATPase) 16, 64 Serotonin 102, 160, 230, 274, 276, 330, 332 cerebral cortex 332 neurons 330 platelets 102, 103 A receptor types 55 F, 274, 276 second messenger 55 F, 274, 276 tubular tranport 160 Sertoli cells 306 Serum 88 disease 100 electrolytes, ECG 198 sickness 100 Servocontrol Servomechanism Set point, variation value Sex characteristics, female 302 male 306 chromosomes 306 genetic 306 hormones, binding globulin 268, 302, 306 female 294, 298, 300 male 294, 304, 306 synthesis 294 Sexual arousal 308 behavior 330 development 306 delayed 288 differentiation 306 maturation 298 reflexes 308 response 308 SGLT1 (sodium glucose transporter, type 1) 158 SGLT2 26, 158 SH2 (src[sarcoma]-homology) domains 278, 282, 284 SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) 268, 302, 306 Shear force 92 Shivering, thermoregulation 222 f Shock 100, 186, 206, 218 anaphylactic 100, 218 causes 218 compensation mechanisms 218 hypoglycemic 218, 284 index 218 irreversibel 218 lung 122 manifest (progressive) 218 Shunt 120 alveolar 120 arteriovenous 122 blood flow 122, 220 extra-alveolar 120 left-to-right 220 right-to-left 220 SI units 372 f Sickle cell anemia 92 Siemens (S), unit 375 Sieving coefficient 24 glomerular (GSC) 154 Siggaard-Andersen nomogram 146, 147 C Signal recognition particle (SRP) 12 Signal sequence 12 transduction 274 Sildenafilcitrate (Viagraா) 278 Silibants, voice 370 SIH Ǟ somatostatin Silicon (Si) 226 Simultaneous contrast 354 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Sa Si Index, Abbreviations Saluretics 172 Sarcolemma 56, 60 Sarcomere 60 f resting length 68 Sarcoplasm 60 Sarcoplasmic reticulum 60 Sarcosomes 60 Satiety peptides 230 Scala media 364 tympani 364, 366 vestibuli 364, 366 Scalene muscles 108 Scavenger receptors, LDL 256 Schlemm’s canal 344 Schwann cells 42 Sclera 344 Sclerosis 216 SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) 334 Scotoma 358 Scotopic vision 348 Scurvy 226 Second messenger 268, 274, 276 adrenoceptors 84 f M-cholinoceptors 82 neurotransmitter receptors 52, 55 C Secondary active cotransport with Na+ 26, 258 of Cl- 262 response, immune defense 94 saliva 236 Secretin 234, 240, 246, 274 esophagus 238 insulin secretion 282 pancreas secretion 246 second messenger 274 stomach 242 Secretion, renal Ǟ kidney constitutive 13 F Secretory granules 12, 268 phase, menstrual 298 Segmentation (intestine) 244 Seizures 136 Selectins 14, 98 Selection, clonal 98 Selenium (Se) 226 Self-awareness 336 Semen emission 308 production 306 Semilunar valves, heart 190 Seminal vesicles, testosterone effect 306, 308 Seminiferous tubules 306 Senses 312, 314, 322, 338, 340, 342 balance 342 chemical 338 hearing 362 ff movement 316, 342 position 316, 342 smell 340 429 Si Index, Abbreviations Sp 430 Singing 370 Single-unit, muscle typ 70 Sinoatrial (SA) node 190, 192, 200 Sinus arrhythmia 200 bradycardia 200 rhythm 192 tachycardia 200 Skeletal growth, STH 280 Skeletal muscle 56 ff., 324 ff actin-myosin interaction 68 action potential 56, 59 A all-or-none response 66 blood flow 74 regulation 214 Ca2+ concentration, cytosolic 66 contracture 66 difference cardiac/smooth muscle 68 fibers extrafusal 316 intrafusal 316 stimulation 62 types 58 glycogen concentration 58 glycogenesis 282 gradation of contraction force 66 lactate production 76 length-force curve 68 mechanical features 66 mitochondria 63 A motor units 58, 66 myoglobin function 72, 128 persistant local depolarization 66 reflex tone 66 rigor 66 complex 64 summation 66 superposition 66 tetanus 58, 66 Skin 74, 222, 224 α1-adrenoceptors 214 blood flow 186, 222 physical work 74 regulation 214 formation of cholecalciferol 292 mechanosensors 314 nocisensors 318 sensibility 314 sensory functions 222 ff., 314, 322 temperature 222, 224 thermosensors 222 ff Sleep 332, 334 deprivation 334 phases 334 stages 334 Sleep-wake cycle 334 Sliding filament hypothesis 62, 64 Slit membrane, glomerular 148 SMA (suplementary motor area) 324 Small intestine 232, 240 Ca2+ absorption 290 cell replacement 244 function 244 motility 244 stucture 244 Smell 340 Smooth muscle 70 intestine 244 M3-receptors 82 SNAP-25 (synaptosome-associated protein 25) 50 SNARE (synaptosome-associated protein receptor) 30 Sneezing 132, 320 Snorkel diving 134 SO2 (O2 saturation) 126 Sodium Ǟ Na+ Softening effect, ATP 64 Solubility coefficient, CO2 126 O2 128 Solubility product, calcium phosphate 290 Solutes, activity 24, 376 Solutions 376 Solvent drag 24, 156, 162 Soma, nerve cell 42 Somatic sensory functions 314 Somatoliberin 230, 234, 268, 269, 280 Somatomedins 280, 284 Somatosensory centers 314, 322 Somatostatin (SIH) 84 ff., 230, 234, 240, 268 ff., 280 ff., 284 f actions 284 cotransmitter 84 effects 284 influence on glucagon secretion 272, 284 on insulin release 272, 282, 284 pancreas 282 receptors 55 F second messenger 55 F, 274 secretion 284 stomach 234, 242 Somatotopic representation 322, 324 Somatotropin (= STH = growth hormone = GH) 269, 278, 280, 284, 288, 303 influence on insulin release 284 receptor 278 release-inhibiting hormone Ǟ somatostatin releasing hormone Ǟ somatoliberin Somatovisceral senses 314 Sone 362 Sorbitol 262 Sorting 12, 13 F Sound 362 analysis 368 central processing 368 conduction 364, 366 air 364 deafness 364 direction 368 distance 368 frequencies 362, 368 intensity 362, 368 loudness 362 perception 362 physics of 362 pressure 362, 366, 368 level 362 sensors 364, 366 speech 370 stimulus 362 Space travel 136 Spatial orientation 342, 368 Spatial summation 52, 320, 352, 354, 358 Specific dynamic action Ǟ dietinduced thermogenesis Spectrum, visible 356 Speech 236, 362, 370 fundamental frequencies 370 Sperm 30, 302, 306 capacitation 302, 308 emmision 308 estrogens 302 fertilization 308 maturation 306 motility 30, 58 testosterone 306 uterus 302 f Spermatids 306 Spermatocytes 306 Spermatogonia 306 Spermatogenesis 306 Spermatozoa 306 Spherical aberration 346 Sphincter, esophagus 238 precapillar 188 pupil 344 Spines, cerebral cortex 332 Spinal cord 78, 310, 320, 322, 324, 326 anterior roots 310 dorsal roots 310 grey matter 310 hemisection 322 ipsilateral paralysis 322 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license adequate 312 contrast 354 transduction 312 transformation 312 Stokes-Einstein equation 20 Stomach (Ǟ also gastric) 240, 242, 252, 258, 264 anatomy 240 chief cells 240 digestive activity 258 distal 232, 240 emptying time 232 rate 240 function 240 gastric acid 242 gastrin production 234 glands 242 juice 242 motility 240 mucus neck cells 240 parietal cells 240, 242 protein digestion 258 proximal 232, 240 secretion 242 size 240 ulcer 242 Stool 262, 264 color 250 Stop codon 10 Storage in memory 336 of energy 282 STPD (standard temperature pressure dry) 112 Strabismus 360 amblyopia 360 Strength, ionic 376 training 76 Streptokinase 104 Stress, CRH secretion 296 cortisol secretion 296 hyperprolactinemia 303 Stretch sensors 214 rectum 264 reflex 316, 328 Stria vascularis366 Striatum 326 Stroke volume (SV), heart 76, 106, 186, 190, 202, 204 increased afterload 204 preload 204 physical work 74 Strophantin 194 Struma 286 STS Ǟ somatostatin ST segment (ECG) 196 elevation 198 Stuart-Prower factor 102 Subfornical organ 280 Sublingual gland 236 Submandibular gland 236 Substance P 52, 86, 248, 318, 324, 326 gallbladder 248 Substantia nigra 324, 326 Subsynaptic Potential 50 Successive contrast 352 color 354 Succinate, tubular transport 160 Suckling 236, 280, 303 reflex 320, 330 Sucrose, digestion 258 Sugar hormones Ǟ glucocorticoids and cortisol Sulci, brain 310 Sulfate 156, 158, 160, 250, 262, 294 conjugates 160, 250 carrier 250 tubular secretion 156, 160 steroids 294 transcellular secretion 156, 160 intestinal absorption 262 Sulfuric acid (Ǟ also sulfate) 142, 174 Summation 320 skeletal muscle 66 spatial 320, 354, 358 neuron 52 vision 352 temporal 320 neuron 52 vision 352 Superoxid dismutase 96 Superposition, skeletal muscle 66 Suppository 264 Suppression, saccadic 360 T helper cells 98 Supraventricular arrhythmias 200 Surface sensitivity 314 tension 118 Surfactant (surface-active agent) 118, 122 hyperoxia 136 Suxamethonium 46, 56 SV (stroke volume), heart 76, 106, 186, 190, 202, 204 Swallowing 132, 236, 238, 240, 320 S wave (ECG) 196 Sweat 222, 224 glands 214, 222 innervation 78, 79 ff., 224 secretion 224 SWS (slow-wave sleep) 334 Symbiosis hypothesis, mitochondria 12 Sympathetic Ǟ also adrenergic and autonomic Sympathetic nervous system, activation 74 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Sp Sy Index, Abbreviations reflexes 320 segments 310 transection 328 white matter 310 ganglion 310, 318 nerves 310 shock 328 Spinocerebellum 326 Sphingomyelin 14 Spinnbarkeit of cervix mucus 298 Spiral ganglion 366, 368 Spirometer 112, 116 Spironolactone 172 SPL (sound pressure level) 362 Spleen 232 blood cell formation 88 Spliceosome 10 Splicing variable 268 Split-brain patient 337 Spot, blind 348, 358 Squalene 294 Src (sarcoma) protein 278 SRF Ǟ somatoliberin SRH Ǟ somatoliberin SRP (signal recognition particle) 12 Standard bicarbonate concentration 142 measurement 146 Standard temperature pressure dry (STPD) 112 Stapedius muscle 364 Stapes 364 Staphylokinase 104 Starch, digestion 246, 258 Starling relationship 208 Start codon 10 Starvation 142 Static (postural) work 74 Statoliths 342 Steady state 41 Stellate cells 328 Stem cells 88, 306 Step test, Margaria 76 Stercobilin 250 Stercobilinogen 250 Stereocilia 342 Stereognosis 314 Steroid diabetes 296 Steroid hormones Ǟ steroids Steroids 248, 250, 268, 304 biosynthesis 294 degradation 294 metabolism 294 placenta 304 producing glands 294 receptors 278 secretion 248, 250, 294 sex, male 306 STH Ǟ somatotropin Stimulus 42 431 Sy Index, Abbreviations Th Sympathetic nervous system constriction, veins 218 flight or fight behavior 330 gallbladder 248 gastrointestinal tract 234 heart 194 physical work 74 saliva secretion 236 regulation of circulation 214 Symport, definition 26 Synapse 42, 50 ff., 266 axoaxonic 320 electrical 18, 50 latency 52 postsynaptic receptors 50, 55 F functions 42 reciprocal 340 valve-like function 48 Synaptic cleft 42, 50 delay 52 facilitation 50 inhibition 320 knobs 42 pontentiation 50 transmission 42 termination 52, 56 Synapsin 50 Synaptobrevin 50 Synaptosome-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) 50 Synaptosome-associated protein receptor (SNARE) 30 Synaptotagmin 50 Synchronization to day-night cycle 334 Syncytium 16, 18 Synovial A-cells 96 System, closed 40 conicellular 358 endocrine 266 ff limbic 310, 330 magnocellular 358 opened 40 parvicellular 358 Systole 190 T 432 t (ton), unit 374 T (multiple of a unit) 373 T wave, ECG 196 T3 Ǟ triiodothyronine and thyroid hormones T4 Ǟ thyroxine and thyroid hormones Tachycardia 200, 218 atrial 200 in shock 218 sinus 200 ventricular 200 Tachykinin 55 F second messenger 276 Tachypnea 108 Tactile motor function 314 TAL (thick ascending limb) 162 Tanning lamps, calcitriol synthesis 292 Target value (control circuit) Taste 338 Taurine 248 Tawara's bundle branches 192 TBG (thyroxine-binding globulin) 288 TBPA (thyroxine-binding prealbumin) 288 TCT Ǟ calcitonin Tears 344 Tectorial membrane 364 Tectum 326 TEE (total energy expenditure) 226 Telencephalon 310 Temperature 375 body 132, 222, 224 circadian variation 224, 381 C regulation 222 ff skin 222 unit 375 Temporal lobe system 336 Temporal summation, visual receptors 352 Tendon, Golgi organs 316 Tension time index, heart muscle 210 Tensor tympani muscle 364 Terminal button 42 Testis 254, 268, 294, 306 FSH effect 306 HDL receptors 254 Testosteron, 5-α-dihydro 306 Testosterone 268, 300, 306 receptor 306 synthesis 294 Tetanus 56 skeletal muscle 66 smooth muscle 70 Tetany 46, 290, 292 Tetrahydrofolate 260 Tetraiodothyronine (T4) 286 Tetrodotoxin (TTX) 47 B TGF(tubuloglomerular feedback) 172, 184 TGF(transforming growth factor)receptor 278 Thalamus 310, 318, 322, 338, 340, 368 auditory pathway 368 disinhibition 326 visual pathway 358 Theca cells 300 Theophylline 276 Thermal balance 222 neural factors in 225 D Thermodynamics, laws 38 ff Thermogenin 222, 230, 288 Thermogenesis, non-shivering 224 Thermoneutral zone 224 Thermoregulation 222, 224 TRH release 286 Thermosensors 224, 314 hypothalamus 330 central 224 Thiamine, intestinal absorption 260 Thiazide 162, 172 Thick ascending limb (TAL) 162 Thiocyanate 286 Thiouracil 286 Thirst 168, 170, 224, 236 center 168 shock 218 Thorax 108 ff Three-dimensional vision 360 Threonin 226 Threshold(s) 312, 340 aerobic 76 anaerobic 72, 76 audiogram 366 auditory 362 ff potential 46, 48, 192 recognition, smell 340 taste 338 visual 352 Thrombin 102, 104 Thrombocyte (Ǟ also platelet) 88, 102 f aggregation 102 inhibition 85, 104 Thrombocytopathia 104 Thrombocytopenia 100, 104 Thrombokinase 104 Thrombopoietin 88, 148 Thromboprotection 104 Thrombosis 104 Thromboxane A2 102, 214, 269, 276 second messenger 276 Thrombus 102, 104 Thryptophan 226 Thymine Thymosin 266 Thymus 88, 94 Thyreotropic hormone-releasing hormone (TRH) Ǟ thyroliberin Thyrocalcitonin Ǟ calcitonin Thyroglobulin 286 Thyroid gland 36, 286 hormones 286 nuclear receptors 278, 288 actions 288 control of release 288 parafollicular C cells 36, 286, 292 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license neurogenic 70 Torr, conversion into SI unit 374 Touch sensor 314 tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) 104 TPO (thyroid peroxidase) 286 TPR (total peripheral resistance) 186 f Trace elements 226 Trachea 370 Tractus, corticospinalis lateralis 324 olfactoius 340 opticus 358 reticulospinalis lateralis 328 medialis 328 retinohypothalamic 334 rubrospinalis 328 spinocerebellaris anterior 328 spinoreticular 318 spinothalamicus ventralis 318, 322 vestibulospinalis 328 Training 76 Tranexamic acid 104, 105 C Transcellular transport 18, 154 Transcobalamine 92, 260 Transcortin 92, 296 Transcription factor, hormon-activated 278, 288 Transcytosis 18, 28 Transducin 276, 348, 350, 352 Transduction 312, 348 channels, hair cells 366 photoelectric 348 signal 274 stimulus 312 Transfer ribonucleic acid Ǟ tRNA Transferrin 90 Transformation 312 Transforming growth factor (TGF)- 278 Transfusion, placental 220 Translation 10 Translocation, hormone-receptor protein complex 278 Translocator protein 12 Transmembrane proteins 12 Transmission, hereditary f Transmitter Ǟ neurotransmitter Transplant rejection, primary 100 immunosuppression 98 Transport, active 26 axoplasmic 42, 58, 280 convection 24 electrogenic 26, 28 electroneutral 28 energy-dependent 26 non-ionic 174 paracellular 18, 154 passive 20 primary active 26 rate, maximal (Jmax) 383 f rheogenic 26, 28 saturable 28 secondary active 26 specific 28 tertiary active 29 B transcellular 18, 154 transmembrane 16 all-trans-retinal 348 Treadmill ergometry 76 Trehalase 258 Trehalose 258 Tremor, intention 328 of resting 326 TRF Ǟ thyroliberin TRH Ǟ thyroliberin Triacylglycerol 252, 254 absorption 252, 254 chemical structure 227 B digestion 246, 254 hydrolase 252 lipoproteins 254 source 257 D fate 257 D synthesis, from free fatty ecids 256 Triads 60, 62 Trigger effect, Ca2+, heart 62, 194 Trigger zone, chemosensory 238 Triglycerides Ǟ Triacylglycerol Triiodothyronine (T3) 268, 278, 286 Trimetaphan 82 Tripalmitin 228 Tripeptides, intestinal absorption 258 Tricuspid valve 190 Tritanomaly 356 Tritanopia 356 tRNA (transfer ribonucleic acid) Tropomyosin 60 Troponin 60, 62 Troponin-tropomyosin complex 64 Trypsin 246, 252, 258, 260 activation 247 D CCK secretion 246 colipase activation 252 phospholipase A2 activation 252 effects 247 D Trypsinogen 246 TSC (thiazide sensitive co-transporter) 162 TSH Ǟ thyrotropin T(ransversal tubules) system, skeletal muscle 60 TTX (Tetrodotoxin) 47 B Tube, uterine 308, 309 A Tuberculum olfactorium 340 Tubocurarine 56, 82 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Th Tu Index, Abbreviations peroxidase (TPO) 286 Thyroid-stimulating hormone Ǟ thyrotropin Thyroliberin 268, 269, 280, 286, 303 second messenger 274, 276 Thyrotropic hormone (TSH) Ǟ thyrotropin Thyrotropin (TSH) 269, 280, 286 receptor, autoantibody 288 releasing hormone Ǟ thyroliberin second messenger 274, 276 Thyroxine (T4) 268, 286 Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) 288 prealbumin (TBPA) 288 Tidal volume 106, 112, 114, 118, 120 alveolar part (VA) 114, 120 exercise 74 maximum 77 C physical work 74 training 76 Tiffeneau test 118 Tight junction, function 18 renal tubule 154 Timbre 362 Tin (Sn) 226 Tip links 342, 366 Tissue, hormones 268 injury, blood clotting 103 B1 plasminogen activator (tPA) 104 respiration 106, 130 thrombokinase 104 thromboplastin 102 inhibitor 104 Titin 60, 66 Titratable acid 174 Titration curve 380 T-killer cells 94, 98, 232 TLC (total lung capacity) 112, 113 A TNF(tumor necrosis factor)α, effect on CRH secretion 296 Tocopherol 260 Tolerance, immunologic, peripheral 98 central 94 Ton, unit 374 Tone (sound) 362 Tongue 338 Tonicity 377 f Tonotopicity, auditory pathway 368 Tonus, skeletal muscle 328 smooth muscle 70 myogenic 70 neurogenic 70 Tonus fibers 66 433 Tu Index, Abbreviations Ve Tubular excretion 154 reabsorption 154, 158 secretion 154 Tubule (Ǟ also Kidney), distal 148 convoluted (DCT) 148 driving forces for resorption 162 epithelium, structure 154 proximal 148, 162, 166, 174 convoluted (PCT) 164 Tubules, longitudinal, skeletal muscle 60 seminiferous 306 transverse, skeletal muscle 60 Tubulin 30, 58 Tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) 172, 184 Tumor cells, immune defense 96 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α 296 Tuning, hearing 368 T wave, ECG 196, 198 Two-point discrimination 314, 322 TXA2 (thromboxan A2) 102, 269 Tympanic cavity 364 Tyrosine 84 derivates, hormonal 268 Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors 278 U 434 UCP (uncoupling protein) 230 UDP(uridindinucleotid)-glucuronic acid 250 Ulcer, gastric 242 Ultrafiltrate 154 Ultrafiltration coefficient 152 Umami 338 Umbilical artery 220 vein 220 Unconsciousness, anoxia 130 Uncoupling protein (UCP) 230 Uniporter 28 Units, basic 372 derived from SI units 372 information 312 multiples 373 SI 372 submultiples 373 Unmyelinated nerve fibers 48 Uracil Urate Ǟ uric acid Urea 158, 166, 176 carrier 166 excretion 166 production 176 reabsorption, renal 156, 158 recirculation 166 urine concentration 166 Ureter 148 innervation 79 ff Urethra 308 Uric acid 158, 176 excretion, renal 174 reabsorption 156, 158 secretion 156, Urinary bladder 70, 148, 308 innervation 79 ff calculi 158, 178 Urine 148 ff., 184 Ca2+ 290 concentration mechanism 164, 166 disorders 166 flow rate 152 17-ketosteroids 294 NH+4 176 osmolality 166 pH 156, 174, 176 primary 164 titratable acid 174 volume 152 Urobilinogen 250 Urokinase 104 UT1 (urea transporter Typ 1) 166 UT2 166 Uterine tube 308, 309 A Uterus 70, 303, 304 α1-adrenoceptor 304 contractions 280 erection 308 estrogens 302 gap junctions 304 menstrual cycle 298 muscle 303 oxytocin 303 progesteron 303 prostaglandins 304, 308 UTP (uridine triphosphate) 250 Utricle 342 UV light, exposure 292 formation of vitamin D 292 deficiency 292 Uvula, cerebellum 326 V VO2 Ǟ O2 utilization VA (alveolar part of tidal volume) 114 VD (dead space volume) 114 VT (tidal Volume) 114 Vaccination 94 Vagina 302, 308 estrogens 302 pH 302 Vagus nerve (Ǟ also cholinergic) 242, 248, 370 val, unit 375 Valence, ion 375 Valine 226 Valsalva’s maneuver 116 Vanadium (V) 226 Vanilloid receptor Typ (VR1) 314 Van't Hoff's law 24, 377, 388 Staverman 24 Vas afferens, glomerulus 148, 184 deferens 308 efferens, glomerulus 148, 184 Vasa recta, renal medulla 150, 164 Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 52, 86, 232, 234, 236, 262, 280 cerebral cortex 332 substances 212 Vasoconstriction 122, 212, 213 B, 214, 220 cortisol 296 hypoxic 122, 212, 220 fetus 221 C shock 218 thermoregulation 224 veins 218 Vasodilatation 212, 213 B, 214, 278 NO 278 thermoregulation 224 Vaso-intestinal peptide (VIP) 52, 86, 232, 234, 236, 238, 262, 274, 280 cerebral cortex 332 neurons 240 rectum 264 second messenger 274 Vasopressin (Ǟ also adiuretin) 166, 274, 276 Vegetarian diet 142 Vectorcardiogram 196 Vein(s) 188, 204 pulmonary 186 umbilical 220 valves 204 Veith-Müller horopter 360 Velocity, blood flow 188 of conduction, in nerve fibres 48 detectors 314, 316 linear, unit volume 374 Venae cavae 188 Venoles 189 A postcapillary 188 Venous central pressure 186, 190, 204, 218 circulation 204 flow 204 pressure 204 curve 191 A indifference point 204 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Vestibulocerebellum 326 Viagraா (sildenafilcitrate) 278 Vibration, sensors 314 Villi, intestinal 244 Vimentin 14 VIP Ǟ vasointestinal peptide Virilization 306 Virus, immune defense 94, 96, 98 Visceral afferents 78, 234 Viscosity, blood 92, 188 Viscous-isotropic phase, lipid digestion 252 Visible spectrum 356 Vision (Ǟ also eye and retina) 346 binocular 358, 360 color 356 day 348 threshold 352 depth 360 dim-light 348 movement 358 night 348 photopic 348 scotopic 348 three dimensional 360 Visual (Ǟ also eye and retina) acuity 348, 354, 358 cortex 358 field 358 binocular 360 pathways 358 pigment 344, 348, 350 role in adaptation 350 sensors, spatial summation 352 temporal summation 352 thresholds 352 absolute 352 Vital capacity 112 forced 118 Vitamin A 226, 252, 260, 350 deficiency 350 intestinal absorption 260 B1 (thiamin) 226, 260 B2 (riboflavin) 226, 260 B6 (pyridoxin) 226, 260 B12 (cobalamines) 90, 226 absorption 260 C 90, 226, 260 intestinal absorption 260 renal reabsorption 156 D 226, 252, 292 daily intake 292 deficiency 262, 292 optimal 386 binding protein (DBP) 158, 292 D2 (= ergocalciferol) 226, 292 D3 (= cholecalciferol = calciol) 226, 260, 292 E (D-α-tocopherol) 226, 252, 260 H (biotin) 226, 260 K (Phytonadion) 102, 104, 226, 252, 264 antagonists 104 deficiency 104 K1 226, 260 K2 226, 260 Vitamins 226 absorption 260 deficiencies 226 fat-soluble 226, 252, 260, 302 toxiciticy 226 water-soluble 260 Vitrous body 344 opacification 136 VLA-4 (adhesion molecule) 98 VLDL (very low density lipoproteins) 254, 256, 260 estrogen effect 302 remnants 254 Vocal cord 370 paralysis 118 Voice 370 change 306 Volume clearance, esophagus 238 deficit 170, 173 B compensation 218 shock 218 excess 170, 173 B extracellular Ǟ ECF 168 hypertension 216 interstitial 168 intracellular Ǟ ICF 168 ratio 376 regulation 170 unit 372 velocity 374 Voluntary motor function 324 inhibition 326 Voltage clamp 34 Vomiting 78, 142, 238 center 238 salt and water homeostasis 173 B von Willebrand factor 102, 103 A Vowels 370 V1 receptor (ADH), second messenger 276 V2 receptor (ADH) 24 second messenger 276 VR1 receptor (vanilloid receptor type 1) 314 Vulnerable phase (myocard) 200 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Ve Vu Index, Abbreviations influence on capillary fluid exchange 208 shock 218 return 110, 204 artificial respiration 110 Bainbridge reflex 216 driving forces 204 respiration 204 artificial 110 Ventilation (Ǟ also lung) 74, 106, 108, 120, 130 alveolar 106, 120 high altitude 136 peak expiratory pressure 116 inspiratory pressure 116 pressure differences 108 dead space 106, 114 diving 134 driving force for 108 exercise 74 high altitude 136 mechanical 110 muscle 108, 132 /perfusion ratio 122 regulation 126 chemosensors 126 rhythm generator 132 total 106 acidosis 142 hypoxia 136 maximum 77 C endurance athletes 77 physical work 74 hypoxia 136 venous return 204 Ventilation-perfusion ratio 122 Ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid 310 Ventricular (Ǟ also heart) arrhythmias 200 fibrillation 200 pressure 190, 202 tachycardia 200 volume 202 work diagram 202 Veratridine 47 B Verbalization 336 Vergence, eye movement 360 Vermis 326 Vertical type (heart) 198 Vertigo 328, 342 Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) 254, 256, 260 Vesicles 28 chromaffin 84 secretory 12, 30 Vessels, capacitance 188 wall tension 188 Vestibular ganglia 342 nuclei 328, 342 organ 342 reflex 342 435 W Index, Abbreviations Zo W W (watt), unit 374 f Wakefulness 322, 332 Warfarin 104 Warm sensors 222 ff., 314 Water Ǟ H2O Watt second, unit 374 f Waves, EEG 332 paroxysmal 332 slow, intestine 244 stomach motiltity 240 W cells, retina 358 Weber’s rule 352 Weber's test 364 Weight, unit 374 Wernicke's area 370 Whispering 370 White matter, spinal cord 310 Wilson leads (ECG) 196 Window, oval/round 364, 366 Wind space 370 Windkessel 188, 202 Withdrawal reflex 320 Work, muscle 74 negative dynamic 74 physical 74, 142 positive dynamic 74 pressure/volume, heart 202 static postural 74 unit 374 Writing 330, 336 Ws, unit 374 X X cells, retina 358 X-chromosome 8, 307 B,C Xenobiotics 160 Y Yard, conversion into SI unit 372 Yawning 132 Y cells, retina 358 Y-chromosome 8, 307 B,C Yohimbin 87 B Z Zeitgeber, external 334 Zero-current potential 34 Z-plates, muscle 60 Zona fasciculata Ǟ adrenal cortex glomerulosa Ǟ adrenal cortex pellucida 308 reaction 308 reticularis Ǟ adrenal cortex Zone, comfort 224, 226 thermoneutral 224 Zonular fibers 344 436 Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license ...II Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Color Atlas of Physiology 5th edition, completely revised... York; Professor of Physiology at the University of New Mexico Albuquerque, USA, until 1971; thereafter scientific adviser to CIBA-GEIGY, Basel VII Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme. .. conditions of license VIII Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved Usage subject to terms and conditions of license Table of Contents Fundamentals and Cell Physiology