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ELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEMS
A CONCEPTUAL INTRODUCTION
Alexandra von Meier
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
ELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEMS
ELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEMS
A CONCEPTUAL INTRODUCTION
Alexandra von Meier
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Copyright # 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Meier, Alexandra von.
Electric power systems: a conceptual introduction/by Alexandra von Meier.
p. cm.
“A Wiley-Interscience publication.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-471-17859-0
ISBN-10: 0-471-17859-4
1. Electric power systems. I. Title
TK1005.M37 2006
621.31–dc22 2005056773
Printed in the United States of America
10987654321
To my late grandfather
Karl Wilhelm Clauberg
who introduced me to
The Joy of Explaining Things
&
CONTENTS
Preface xiii
1. The Physics of Electricity 1
1.1 Basic Quantities 1
1.1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.2 Charge 2
1.1.3 Potential or Voltage 3
1.1.4 Ground 5
1.1.5 Conductivity 5
1.1.6 Current 6
1.2 Ohm’s law 8
1.2.1 Resistance 9
1.2.2 Conductance 10
1.2.3 Insulation 11
1.3 Circuit Fundamentals 11
1.3.1 Static Charge 11
1.3.2 Electric Circuits 12
1.3.3 Voltage Drop 13
1.3.4 Electric Shock 13
1.4 Resistive Heating 14
1.4.1 Calculating Resistive Heating 15
1.4.2 Transmission Voltage and Resistive Losses 17
1.5 Electric and Magnetic Fields 18
1.5.1 The Field as a Concept 18
1.5.2 Electric Fields 19
1.5.3 Magnetic Fields 21
1.5.4 Electromagnetic Induction 24
1.5.5 Electromagnetic Fields and Health Effects 25
1.5.6 Electromagnetic Radiation 26
2. Basic Circuit Analysis 30
2.1 Modeling Circuits 30
vii
2.2 Series and Parallel Circuits 31
2.2.1 Resistance in Series 32
2.2.2 Resistance in Parallel 33
2.2.3 Network Reduction 35
2.2.4 Practical Aspects 36
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws 37
2.3.1 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 38
2.3.2 Kirchhoff’s Current Law 39
2.3.3 Application to Simple Circuits 40
2.3.4 The Superposition Principle 41
2.4 Magnetic Circuits 44
3. AC Power 49
3.1 Alternating Current and Voltage 49
3.1.1 Historical Notes 49
3.1.2 Mathematical Description 50
3.1.3 The rms Value 53
3.2 Reactance 55
3.2.1 Inductance 55
3.2.2 Capacitance 58
3.2.3 Impedance 64
3.2.4 Admittance 64
3.3 Power 66
3.3.1 Definition of Electric Power 66
3.3.2 Complex Power 68
3.3.3 The Significance of Reactive Power 73
3.4 Phasor Notation 75
3.4.1 Phasors as Graphics 75
3.4.2 Phasors as Exponentials 78
3.4.3 Operations with Phasors 80
4. Generators 85
4.1 The Simple Generator 86
4.2 The Synchronous Generator 92
4.2.1 Basic Components and Functioning 92
4.2.2 Other Design Aspects 97
4.3 Operational Control of Synchronous Generators 100
4.3.1 Single Generator: Real Power 100
4.3.2 Single Generator: Reactive Power 101
4.3.3 Multiple Generators: Real Power 107
4.3.4 Multiple Generators: Reactive Power 112
viii
CONTENTS
. ELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEMS
A CONCEPTUAL INTRODUCTION
Alexandra von Meier
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
ELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEMS
ELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEMS
A. 64
3.2.4 Admittance 64
3.3 Power 66
3.3.1 Definition of Electric Power 66
3.3.2 Complex Power 68
3.3.3 The Significance of Reactive Power 73
3.4 Phasor Notation
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