MAY GOM - DAP LUA Trjnh Van Trai Phan vien Co dien Ndng nghiep va Cdng nghe Sau thu hoach Tom tat Mdy thu gom nong sdn tren ddng da co nhieu tren the gidi nhung a Viet Nam chua duac sie dv nhieu sdn xudt Nghien ahi chi tgo mdy gom-ddp lua tie hdnh se md nhitng img dung m cho ngdnh ndng nghiep Viet Nam khdng nhimg cho viec thu hogch liia md cdn cho cdc logi m thu gom nong sdn khdc sau ndy Npi dung bdi viit ndy md td tdm tdt ket qud nghien cieu thiet k chi tgo mdu mdy gom-ddp lua GD-1,7 Bo cue gom cdc mvic: Ttnh hinh nghien cim, phdt trie mdy thu gom nuac vd tren thi gidi; Nghien cieu cdc logi mdy thu hogch lua co lien quanj Thiit ki cdc bp phdn chinh cua mdu mdy gom-ddp liia GD-1,7; Thi nghiem, hodn thien, dua m mdy gom-ddp vdo sdn xudt Sa bp ddnh gid hieu qud kinh ti, tinh mdi vd gid tri sie dimg cita md mdy GD-1,7 I DAT VAN oe Phuang phap thu hoach lua gdm hai giai doan: clt rdi phai lua tren rudng sau dd thu gom-ddp Id giai phap chuyin tilp, phy trg cho ca gidi hda (CGH) thu hoach lua thdi gian gin trudc mil So vdi thu cdng, phuomg phdp cd cdc iru diem nhu tang dp sach, gidm that thodt thu hoach, gidm chi phi sly lua, nen dang cd nhu cau d mdt sd dia phuomg Myc tieu cfta dl tdi la: Chl tao loai mdy gom dap lua ty hdnh ndng suit 0,3 ha/h dl thay the cdng thu gom lua sau cat bang mdy gat rdi hang hodc bdng tay II TiNH HINH NGHIEN CU'U TRiiN KHAI NGOAl NU'QC Cdc may thu gom ndng san tren the gidi phye vy cho thu hoach nhieu loai ndng sdn, rieng cho thu hoach cdc loai cay than cd nhu lua, dai mach, cd, cay lanh cimg cd khd nhieu loai nhu cdc loai may thu gom dap lua mi, cdc loai may thu gom ram, ddng banh trdn hodc vudng, cac loai mdy thu gom cd da cdt ldm thfte dn gia sue Nghien cftu cho thay, qud trinh phdt trien ket cau ede loai may thu gom dd di tft kieu thu gom dom gidn dau tien tien dan tdi cac ca cau thu gom tien bd hien Id kieu trye lech tam vd cdc kieu thu gom bang ngdn va cd dudng dan III TiNH HiNH NGHIEN CU'U TRlfeN KHAI TRONG NU'QC Ndm 1987-1988, Vien nghien cftu thilt kl mdy ndng nghiep da nghien cftu mdy thu gom-ddp treo tren may keo Khoang nhumg ndm 1995 mdy clt rai hang bit dlu phdt triln Khi sft dyng may clt rdi hang nhu d u cdng cho thu gom Id rit ldn mdt may clt rdi hang cin tdi 15-20 nhdn cdng di theo dl thu gom Trudc tinh hinh dd, mdt sd ca sd tu nhan da tiln hdnh chl tao may gom dap lua: - Nam 2002, dng Nhat Khanh d Thdp Mudi, Ddng Thap da chl mdy thu gom va dap lua - Nam 2004, dng Huynh Van On d My Phftc Tay, Cai Lay, Tiln Giang da lam may gom Ifta dftng vdo vide thu gom Ifta cho mdy cdt rdi hang - Ndm 2006, dng Phan Tdn Ben d Thdp Mudi, Ddng Thdp da chl tao may gom-dap lua - Nam 2007, dng Ngd Van Hda d An Giang da chl tao mdy gom-ddp 70 IV K^T QUA NGHIEN CU'U M A Y G O M - D A P LUA w f ^ 4.1 Nghien CCPU cac loai may gom, may thu hoach lua giup cho thiet ke may gom-dap 4.1.1 Cac kieu may thu gom tren the giai Tren the gidi hien cd nhieu loai may thu gom ndng sdn khdc Trong ITnh vuc thu gom Ilia, cd, ram cung cd nhieu loai may thu gom, cdc mdy cd nhieu kieu dang khde nhung bd phdn thu gom d cdc may sft dyng cdc nguyen ly thu gom chinh sau: a - Nguyen ly thu gom ngdn va trye quay lech tdm b - Nguyen ly thu gom ngdn vo cd dudmg dan c - Nguyen ly thu gom kieu bang tdi keo (hinh 1) d- Nguyen ly thu gom kieu bdn cao (hinh 2) V 'if-'-IW «7^l S3a -:- t r'11 a ' ^ r a : ; Hinh Co cdu thu gom kieu bang tai keo Hinh Co ciiu vo, thu gom kilu ban cao 4.1.2 Cac kieu may thu gom nuo'c Cdc may gom dap d Viet Nam cd cdc co cau thu gom sau: a) Ca cdu thu gom kiiu xich tdi (hinh 3); b) Ca cdu thu gom kiiu bdng tdi (hinh 4) Hinh Co cdu thu gom kieu xich tai may cua dng Phan Tin Bpn Hinh Co cdu thu gom kidu bang tai may cua dng Ngd Van Hoa 4.1.3 Nghien cii-u cac loai may gat dap lien hop (GLH) hien co Mdy gom-dap Ifta ed nhilu bd phan cd chftc ndng gidng nhu mdy GLH chi cd phin gom lua Id khdc nen d n nghien cftu, ddnh gid co cdu cdc may GLH hien cd de ke thfta, dp dyng vdo thiet ke mdy gom-dap Qua nhilu nam san xult, sft dyng, din ddn ddn nguyen ly boat ddng vd kit d u cdc bd phdn ldm viec chinh cfta mdy GLH phft hgp vdi dieu kien thu hoach Ifta d Viet Nam dd dugc djnh hinh va dugc cdc ca sd chl tao nude phd bien dp dyng, cy the nhu sau: - Phin clt sft dyng bdn eat kilu tdng do, chieu rdng bdn edt thich hgp khoang 1,5 m den m; 71 - Phan vo lua su dyng gudng gat tam sai; - Van chuyen Ifta len trdng dap bang bdng tai xich hodc bang tai dai cao su; - Phdn dap lua sft dyng trdng dap dgc trye kieu rang ngdn hodc rang bdn; - Phan sdng quat, ldm sach sft dyng sang ldc quat ly tam hodc quat hudng trye; - Phan van chuyen thdc dftng vit tai hoae gau tdi; - Phan ddng bao sft dyng ddng bao thu cdng vdi thung chfta nhd (sftc chfta khoang 50-80 kg); - Trong mdy can cd ly hgp Mdt ly hgp cho phdn di ddng vd mdt ly hgp cho bd phan lam viec Ly hgp lam vide sft dyng Iy hgp ma sdt hoae dftng gidi phdp cang-chftng day curoa; - Di ddng may sft dyng xich cao su budc xich 90 rdng bdn xich rdng 350-400 mm, sd mat xich tft 44-46 mdt Hop sd kieu cdt ban true cd sd tien, I sd lui vd cap tde dp; - Ddng ca sft dyng ddng ca dau 40 -60 HP (tuy be rdng ban cat) Vdi CO cau tren ket cdu mdy tuomg ddi dom gidn, gia thdnh cua may chap nhan dugc Nhimg mdu mdy GLH cd dinh hinh ve ca eau, nguyen ly lam viec neu tren dang dan dan chiem lmh thi trudmg Thuc dinh hinh co cdu, nguyen Iy boat ddng ndy da cd mdu may GLH -03 A cfta Vien Ca dien Ndng nghiep vd Cdng nghe Sau thu hoach tft ndm 2003 4.1.4 Nghien cuu cac loai may dap lua hien co nwo^c Tap hgp cdc thdng sd chinh cfta cae mdy dap lua dugc sft dyng nhieu d Ddng bang sdng Cftu Long (DBSCL) chung tdi nhan thay: Cdc mdy phdng thudng cd dudmg kinh dinh rdng 650 mm, chiiu ddi trdng dap 1400-1600 mm, tde dp trdng dap 750-800 v/phftt, tan sd rung sang khodng 250-300 Hz, bien dp sang 25-30 mm Day Id nhimg thdng so quan trpng giup cho viec lya chpn cdc thdng sd cho thilt ke mdy gom - dap lua sau 4.2 Thilt k§ may gom-dap lua 4.2.1 Thiet ke bo phan gom lua 1) Lua chon nguyin ly: Yeu cau cua mdy gom dap can cd chieu rdng thu gom khodng 1,5-1,8 m Nguyen ly thu gom kieu bang ldi hien cd d Viet Nam cd chiiu rdng ban che chi khoang 0,6 - 0,8 m Cdc ca cau gom kieu ngdn vo cd chieu rdng ldn tft 1,5 m din m Chung tdi chpn nguyen ly thu gom Id kieu ngdn va cd dudmg din 2) Tinh cdc thdng so ca bdn - Chpn chieu ddi ngdn va: Qua tim hieu mdt sd thdng sd cua may thu gom ram cho thay chieu ddi ngdn (phan thd ngoai phdn bao che) dao ddng khoang 90 -120 mm O day ldp lua cd chieu ddy khodng 70-80 mm nen chung tdi ehpn chieu ddi ngdn va 90 mm - Chpn tde dp quay cua trye chft ddng quay ngdn va: Xult phdt tft ndng suit ly thuyit cua may 0,3 ha/h, vdi chieu rdng cdt dugc cua mdy d l rdi hdng Iy thuyit Id 1,5m thi linh dugc toe dp tiln cua may gom-dap Id 0,55m/s Tinh tde dp cua trye chft ddng quay ngdn va tren ca sd phan tich phuang trinh ldc dp eua diem ddu ngdn vo: Cdc trye va quay quanh dudng trdn cd tam O Cdc banh xe d cudi ngdn va di chuyin 72 Hinh So dd chuyin ddng cua co cdu va 1- Du'Ong dan; 2-Trge d i n dpng; 3- Trye mang ngdn va (gpi t i t la trye va); 4-Ngdn va; 5-Ou'6'ng trdn chuyen dpng (quy dgo) eua tn,ie mang ngdn va Vm- chieu tien cua mdy tren dudmg dan Cdc ngdn va vfta chuyin ddng theo ldc dp tjnh tiln Vm cua may, vfta chuyen dpng theo quy dao trdn cua trye va vdi van ldc gde co, ddng thdi cd thl quay quanh trye va d tamg Xet chuyen ddng cua ngdn va tren doan dudmg ddn abc Day Id cung doan ngdn va thuc hien viec va, ndng vd van chuyin sdn phim tft mat dlt dua vdo bdn thu gom Tren doan ndy tdm ciia eung dan abc trftng vdi tdm dudmg trdn chuyin ddng cfta trye vo Van loc gde true va Id co Tde dp tien cua mdy la v„ Bilu hien van toe dilm cudi cua ngdn vo v theo phin v^, Vy Tpa dp cfta diem cudi cfta ngdn va B tai thdi dilm t Id (hinh 6) X = Vml + psincot y = peosojt dd: p la chiiu ddi tft dilm B din lam trye dan ddng (hinh 6) p = L^ + rH2Lrcosy Trong dd: L- chieu ddi cfta ngdn va; r-bdn kinh quay cfta trye vo; Y - gde hgp bdi ngdn va va dudng keo ddi cfta OC Ldy dao ham theo t de cd van tde v^, Vy Vx = Vm + pcoeoscot \ Vy = - pcosincot Vfi (2) Vx + Vy = Vm + P^CO^ + 2VmP(0COSC0t Vt2 Vm V ^~^_ "'' -.- Hinh Bilu d i l n vgn tde dilm B cua ngon v a vt o? V -tO) c.' \ ^p \ -\ H •""' B l o'"- o \ •^1 \ - J"B;;- - - ( - -4" 1, Hinh Quy dgo lien tidp cua dilm cudi cac ngdn va va ngdn v a Cdc diem Bo, va Bi,2 la cac diem giao eua cdc quy dgo; b-khoang each thip nhit so voi mat dlt cua dilm cuoi ngdn va ; h-chilu cao cua khoang bo sot cua cdc ngdn va Xet thdi gian t= tai dilm OQ Tpa dp cua diem Bi,2 eua ngdn va 1,2 Id XBI,2 = Vm tl + psin(o)ti/2) = Vmt2 - psin(coli/2); yBi,2 = pcos (a)li/2) = p - h (3) Vdi 12 Id thdi gian dk trye chu ddng quay mdt gde P = 27i/Z ; Z Id sd trye va Ddt coll = (p, 00I2 = P => tl = (p/co, 12 = p/co ta cd: Vm- (p/co + psin (p/2 = Vm p/w- psin (p/2 2pcosin(p/2 = Vm(p-(p) = > — = T ^ ^ v„, 2sin^/2 Ddt ty sd van tde gde tren van tde tjnh lien cua may Id A, = Ddy chinh la ty so van tde tilp tuyin va van tde tjnh tiln cfta mdy: X = Vt/v„ - sd true va: Z thudng dugc chgn Id Z = CJ ddy chung tdi chpn Z = - Ty sd van tde cfta mdy X thuomg dugc chpn khodng 1,1 -^ 1,2 day chpn X 1,1 73 vt= \,\vm= 1.1 X 0,55 = 0,605 m/s Vt = Rco Vdi R = 0,253 m => CO = 0,605 m/s: 0,253m = 2,39 v/s = 143 v/ph Chung ldi ehpn sd vdng quay cua trye chu ddng n = 145 v/ph 4.2.2 Thilt kl cac bo phan khae cua may gom dap lua tir hanh Tren ca sd nghien cftu thdng sd cdc loai mdy gdt hien cd d Viet Nam, cdc loai mdy dap lua dang thjnh hanh tai Viet Nam nhu dd trinh bdy d tren Lfng dyng cdc ket qua nghien cftu trudc day vl may GLH vd may dap lua, chung tdi thilt kl cac bd phan cdn lai cua may gom dap lua Kit qud sau klii tinh toan, thilt kl kit d u tdng thl cua mdy gom-dap vdi cdc thdng sd cy the (bang 1) Mdu may gom dap cua dl tai dugc mang ma hieu GD-1,7 (sd 1,7 chi chieu rdng ciia ban gom) Bang Thdng sd l t r''11 a '' ^