^^_ KHOA HOC VA CONG HGHE MO \j m TORN XnC DJNH CHI PHI VONG Ddi CUA CAC THIET Bl VAN TAI TREN MO LO THIEN ThS NGUYEN HOANG, PGS.TS BUI XUAN NAM Tru'dng Dai hgc Md-Dja chat ^ • k ren mo lp thien, ddy chuyin cdng nghe khai I- thdc bao gom cac khdu cong nghO chinh la: " chuin bj ddt dd vd khoang san co ich (KSCI), xiSc bic d i t dd vd KSCI, vdn tai va thai dd Trong van tai Id mOt cac khdu cong nghO quan trpng Dac dilm cua cdng tdc vdn tai tren cac mo lp thiSn la khoi lu-p'ng hang hoa van tai Idn, mdt dp van tai cao, kich thudc cd hat vdt li?u v$n tai khong dong diu, cdc dilm nhan tai vd dd tai thu-dng xuyen thay dli tCiy thupc vao phu-ang phdp vd cOng nghp khai thdc Do vdy, chi phi vdn tai tren cac mo 10 thidn thu-dng rat Idn, thu-dng chiem tren 40%, ca biOt co nhu-ng mo chi phi van tai chilm ti> 65-^70% ting chi phi khai thac t h l vd su-a chu-a thilt bj Chinh vi vdy, vide xac djnh cdc phu-ang an van tai tren cdc mo Id thl§n ddu phai tinh din cac y l u t l tren a cdc nu-dc phdt triln (M?, Gc, Nhgt, Hdn Quic.) vipc xdc (Tinh chi phi vdng ddi cua thidt bj mang tinh chdt bit buOc cac thu tgc mua sdm tiiilt bj bang ngdn sdch nhd nu-dc Xdc dinh chl phi vong ddi cua thilt bj vdn ta! tren cac mo lp thien la ca sd dd toi au hoa hieu qua su- dgng vd chi phi dau tu- vdi cdc thilt bi van tai lya chpn cac phuang an vgn tai vd kilu loaj thilt bj van tai tren cac mo lp thien DOI vdl cdc thilt bj vdn tai trdn cdc mo 10 thien, dgj lu-p'ng di xdc djnh tuoi thp cua cdc thilt bj c6 t h l dya vdo s l km hanh trinh van tai (bao gdm ca Thyc tiln phdt triln cua hdu hit cdc nu-dc G7 c6 tai vd khdng tai) vd s6 gid Idm viec cua thilt bj da chf rang, chi phf sd hu-u thilt bj (bao gOm chi van tai Gid trj sii- dgng thilt bi van tai tgi thdi didm phi mua slm thilt bj, chi phi vgn hdnh, bao tri, thay xem xet phai du-p'c tinh den tac dOng cua ylu to thl, sua chua thilt bj) thu-dng Idn han rat nhllu thdi gian tdi gia trj kinh te tgl thdi dilm d6 ldn so vdi chi phi mua sdm thilt bj ban dau [1], X2] 1.2 Chi phi mua sim thiet bj van tai ban dau Do vdy, vipc lya chpn cdc phu-ang dn su- dgng thilt tren cac mo lg thien (Cg) bj, cac nhd cung cdp, cac thong s6 kJ thudt phai Chi phi mua sim thiet bj ban dau Id mOt dup-c tinh todn va lya chpn dya tren chi phi vong nhu-ng chi trdu cau chi phi vong ddi cua thiet ddi cua cdc thilt bi dwa vdo su- dgng bj theo sa hinh H.1 Trong pham vi bdi bdo nay, cdc tdc gia di sdu Ddi vdi khdu vgn tai trdn cdc mo 10 thien, viec nghien cu-u bai toan xdc djnh chi phi vong ddi va lya chpn kilu loai vd so lu-p-ng thilt bj vgn tai chl phi sd hu-u thilt bj van tai suot thdi gian moi quan hd ding bo thilt bj phai dya tren cdc ylu tin tgl cua no Day se la mOt nhiJng ca sd d l t l nhu- tinh chit ca ly cua ddt dd, mil quan he gl&a xdc djnh, lya chpn phuang dn thilt bj vdn tai, qua thidt bj xiic bic vd van tai, cung dO vdn tai cQng dd lya chpn chi phi ddu tu- cho md lp thien, ddc biet nhu- khoi lu-p'ng hang hda can vgn tai cua md Id tu-ang lai cdc mo lo thidn phai khai thdc Trdn ca sd xac djnh du-p'c phu-ang dn van tai xuong sdu (oto, dudng slt, bdng tai ), kidu logi thilt bi vSn Xac dinh chi phi vdng ddi cua cac thilt bi tai (theo cac thdng so lam vipc cua thilt bj) va s6 lup'ng thilt bj vdn tai (tiJy thupc vdo khii lup'ng van tai tren mo lo thien (Cyatb) hdng hda c i n van tai), tiln hdnh khao sdt tt^ 1.1 Chi phi vdng ddi cua Uiiet bj van tai tren trudng va dua cac phuang an lya chpn thilt 1^ md Id thien (Cvob) vgn tai cua tCi-ng hang, cdc thdng s l ky thudt cCa Chi phi vong ddi cua cdc thilt bj vgn tai tren cdc thilt bj vd xdc djnh chi phi mua slm thilt b\ d l lam mo lp thidn du-gc xdc djnh dya tren cdc chi phi: ca sd kit hp-p vdi cdc chi phi khdc (chi phi v§n mua sam thilt bj ban diu, vgn hdnh, bao tri, thay hdnh, chi phf bao tri, sua chi>a, thay thl ) xSc CONGNGHliPMd,S(^4-2015 _^^ KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO 3inh ndn chi phf vong ddi cua thilt bi van tai Tu dd 3ua phuang an van tai toi u-u nhdt cho md thien hoat dOng duac an toan vd hieu qua Chi phi mua sin lliiSt bj ban ak\j (Co) Chi phi v$n hSnh thiStbj (Cvh) Chi phi b thidt bi (CM) Chi ph! v|t tir Ihiltbi (Cp,) Cac chi phi Bi> dyng thiel bi H Sa dd xac dinh chl phi vdng ddi cOa cdc thiit bj van tai trdn md Id thien 1.3 Xac djnh cdc chi phi su' dung thiet bf van tai tren cac md id thien Chi phi su dgng thilt bj vdn tai tren cdc mo Id Ihien bao gdm: chi phf van hanh thilt bj (Cvh), chi phi bao tri (CbO, chi phi thay t h l va sua chua thilt bJ(Cpi) 1.3.1 Xdc djnh chi phi vpn hdnh ci^a thiit bj van tai (Cvh) Chi phf van hdnh cua thilt bj van tai tren cdc mo lg thien bao gom cdc chl phf lien quan tryc tilp tdi yan hdnh nhu: chi phf nguyen - nhien lipu, chi phf nhdn cdng, chi phf giao thdng, phf kiem tra, dang kidm va thudng duac xdc djnh trdn mOt dan vj thdi gian van hdnh cua thilt bj Chl phi van hdnh thilt bj vdn tai trdn mo 10 thidn phu thuOc vao hipu qua sd dgng thilt bj vd dup'c dac trung bdng hp so su- dgng thilt bj KQ K0 'sdck ~ ' sdck + ' scbt Oe ddnh gia Tgdck cua cdc thilt bj vdn tai, ngudi ta su- dgng cdc phuang phap cua "ly thuylt dp tin cay" dua tren vide thu thgp cac so lieu vd xi> ly sd lieu nhilu thdp ky cua rat nhidu cdc nha san xudt thilt bj vdn tai khdc Hien nay, cac phuang phap thu nghiem gia tie tien tidn duac dp dgng rOng rai d l khao sdt dp tin cay cua cdc thilt bj cd thdi gian su- dgng ldn (hdng vai chgc nam), dgc bidt la ddi vdi cdc thilt bj van tai siJ- dung cho cdc md Id thien cd tudi thp Idn 20 nam, 30 ndm tham chi 50 nam vd cd t h l xac djnh Tsdck theo cdng thi>c sau: Tsdck = ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ , g i e ) ' (2) "bt+nsc Trong dd: Tsdib - Thdi gian su dung thilt bj ndm theo kd hoach cua md, gid; nsc - Sd lan si>a chua thilt bj hdng hdc phai ddng Igi nam, ldn; n^ - Sd lan bao tri cua thilt bj nam, ldn; n „ = ^ (3) 'ckbd Vdi: Tcktxj - Thdi gian chu ky bao dudng thilt bj van tai md, gid Theo dd, sd ldn sda chu-a cdc hu hdng ngodi k l hoach nso Id mOt dai lup-ng npdu nhidn, cd thd xdc djnh thdng qua cdc ham thing ke nhu: hdm hu hdng (Failure ftmction), ham cu-dng dp hu hdng (Hazard function) vd cdc dgc trung cua cdc hdm ndy ddi vdi cdc thilt bj van tai co thl tra cuu qua cdc ca sd du Heu cdng nghiep Quy trinh lay mau khao sdt, phuang phdp khao sdt, udc lup-ng cdc tham sd cua hdm phan bd, ham mdt dp xdc suit, da dup'c quy djnh cdc tidu chudn v l ddnh gia dO tin cgy cua cdc thilt bj, hd thing k? thudt [4], [5] Sd ldn bao tri thilt bi ndm nw dup-c tinh theo cdc quy d\nh cua nhd san xuat Tuy thuOc vao kilu logi thilt bi vd nhd san xudt ma mdi thilt bj vdn tai cd chu ky bao tri thilt bj khdc (thudng Id thdng, thdng hogc thdng) Thdi gian cdn thilt d l sua chu-a vd bao tri thilt b| Tscb, theo (1) xac djnh nhu sau: T_nsc-Tsc+nbfTbt , gid (4) Trong do: Tsdcit - Thdi gian su dgng thilt bj gi&a cdc lan bao tri, gid; Tscw - Thai gian can thilt d l sua chua va bao tri thilt bj, gid H# sd su- dung thilt bj Ko dgt gid trj Idn nhdt rbt=0 Luc hipu qua sO- dgng thilt bj van tai Id :ao nhat Thdi gian su dgng thidt bi Tsdck Id thdi gian cdc Shilt bj van tai hogt dpng khdng k l din sy anh iuong cua cac y l u td cdng nghe nhu thdi gian Hbt + " s c ;hd dp-l va trao dol thilt bi qua trinh khai thac /d Tsdck la fTiOt nhung chi tieu quan trpng d l Trong dd: nsc - Sd lan sua chu-a thilt bi hong 3anh gid dp tin cay cua thilt bj van tai Idm vide trdn hoc phai diJ-ng lgi nam, lan; Tsc - Thdi gian ;dc mo 10 thien Tuy nhien, Tsdck ipi phy thu Oc chii sua chua trung binh cua thilt bj mdi ldn hdng ^lu vdo cac nhd san xudt nhu: cdc tinh todn v l dd hoc, gid; n^ - Sd lln bao tri cua thilt bj sin, vdt lidu chl tgo sa dd kit cdu, cdng nghd c h l ndm, ldn; Tbt - Thdi gian bao tri trung binh cua thilt go, c h l dp vdn hanh, bao tri, ^ Do vdy, vdi moi bj moi ldn bao tri, gid nOt nhd san xuat, moi san phdm vdi mdi cdng Gia thilt cdc gia trj v l chi phf nguyen-nhidn lipu, igh$ c h l tgo khdc thi tuoi thp cua cdc thilt bj nhdn cdng, giao thdng, dang kilm, da bilt vd 'd Tsdck Id khac duac quy v l mOt dan vj thdi gian Ct (ding/ndm) thi CONG NGHIEP MO, sd 4-2015 ^^I_ KHOA HOC VA CfiNG NGHl MO chi phf van hdnh thidt bj vgn tai tren mo 10 thien du-ac xdc dinh nhu sau: Cvh=Ko.Tsdtb-Ci, ddng/nam (5) Tuy nhien, nhu trdn da d l cap thi cdc md lp thidn thudng cd tudi thp Idn, vdy chi phi van hanh cua cac thilt bj van tai lam viec tren cac md 10 thidn phai dup-c tinh theo gid trj cua cdc nam sau Mot each tdng qudt, ggi r la ty suit chiit khdu vdn ddu tu- tren thj trudng vdn thi chi phi van hanh thilt bj vdn tai d nam thu n cua nd dup-c xdc djnh nhu sau: ^"h; = ^ ^ - (6) (1 + r)" 1.3.2 Xac djnh chi phi bao tri thiet bj van tai tren md Id thien (CbO Dgc dilm vgn tai cua cae thilt bj vdn tai trdn md lp thien la khdi lup'ng hang hda van tai Idn, chu ylu la dat da va KSCI, tuyin dudng van tai thu-dng doc, kich thude cd hgt khdc nhau, Do vdy, cdc thilt bj vdn tai tren mo Id thien thudng cd nien han su dgng ngdn han so vdi thilt k l , chi phf bao tri thudng Idn han so vdi cdc thilt bj van tai khdc tuang duang Chi phi bao tri thilt bi van tai tren cdc md 16 thien dup'c xac dinh theo cdng thuc sau: k Cbt =nsc-Csctb+nbfCbtib+Z^-Csci (^/ndm (7) 1-1 Trong dd: nsc - So ldn sua chu-a thilt bj hdng hdc phai di>ng lai nam, ldn; Csdb - Chi phi trung binh cho ldn sua chua, ddng; n^ - S l ldn bao tri cua thilt bj ndm, ldn; Cbtib - Chi phi trung binh cho ldn bao tri, donp; 5, - Hd sd k l din vide cd hogc khdng sua chua cdp i (sua chua nhe, sua chOa vua, sua chua ldn, ) qua trinh bao tri thilt bj; nlu cd sij-a ch&a cap 1: 5|=1; nlu khdng sua chua cap i: 5|=0; Csc,i - Chi phi sua ch&a cap I qua trinh bao tri thilt bj, ddng; k Tdng so ldn sua chua cdp i Cung tuang ty nhu chi phi vdn hdnh thilt bj, chi phf bao tri cdc thiet bj van tai trdn md Id thien tgi nam thd n dup'c xdc dinh nhu sau: Ci,i„=-^.ddng (8) (1 + r)" Trong dd: r - Ty suit chiit khdu von dau tu tren thj trudng vdn 1.3.3 Xac dinh chi phi cung cap vpt tw, thiit bj qua trinh bao tri (Cp^ Chi phf vdt tu thilt bj qud trinh bao tri bao gdm cdc chi phf lien quan din cdc phu tung sudgng bao tri thilt bj, cdc dgng cg, phuang tien bao tri vd thi> thilt bj sau bao tri, cdc chi phi cung dng khdc, CONG NGHIEP MO Sill - Cdc vgt tu thilt bj su dgng thay thl, su-a ch&a qud trinh bao tri thilt bj phg thuOc vao s6 v|t tu thilt bj cd sdn kho vd anh hudng tryc tilp tdi he sd su dgng thilt bi Thdng thudng, ngudi ta xdc djnh sd lup-ng phy tiJng thilt b\ tdi thilu cdn thilt phai cd kho dl dam bao he so su dgng thilt bj theo yeu cdu va thudng phai dgt tdi thilu Id 85% ty le dap ung ydu cdu a [2] Gpi Npt Id sd luang vgt tu thilt bj cdn thilt til thilu thda man ty le ddp dng yeu cdu a, thi Np, dup'c xdc ^nh nhu sau [2]: '^exp(-AT).(AT)l' h k! (9) Trong dd: X - Ty le hu hong cua thilt bj, la gid trj ciJa cudng dp hdng Trong trudng hap dac b!§t, cudng dp hdng cd gid tri khdng ddi Vdi cdc thilt bj cd hdm mat dp hu hdng phdn b l theo quy luat htm mu thi X=const; T - Thdi gian su dung thilt bj nam; k - Tdng sd ldn sua chua cap i Nhu vdy, chi phf vat tu thilt bj tdi tfiilu cdn phai thda man t^ Id dap ung yeu c l u cua thilt bj nam Id: Cpt =(nsc +nbt).X(Npt,j.Gp,j), ddng (10) Trong dd: Npy - Sd lup-ng phg tung ioai j ; Gpu Gid thdnh cua phu tung logi j , ddng Tuang ty rihu chi phi van hanh va ehi phi bao tri thiet bj, chi phi vdt tu thilt bj cdn thilt cho qud trinh bao tri tgi nam thu n su dgng cua md se la: Cntn = -—^^^—, ddng pt^ ( U r ) " (11) Trong dd: r - Ty sudt chiit khau von dau tu trdn thj trudng von 1.4 Xac djnh chi phi vong doi thiet bj van tai tren md Id thien (C^atb) Theo md hinh xdc djnh chi phi vdng ddi cua thilt bi vgn tai tren mo 10 thidn (hinh 1) vd cac tinh todn d tren, chi phi vdng ddi cua thilt bi vdn tai frdn cdc mo 10 thien dup'c xac djnh nhu sau: D Cv tb=Co + X[Cvhn+Cbtn+Cp,^l, ddng (12) n-1 Trong dd: D - Tuli tho cua thilt bj van tai theo thilt k l ban ddu cua nha san x u l t Tinh toan thu* nghipm D l minh hpa cho md hinh xdc djnh chi phf vong ddi cua thilt bj van tai trdn md lp thien, nhdm tdq^ gia di tinh todn mdt vi dg cg t h l cho dtd vdn tai (^ dd trdn mo dd vdi Hoang Mai B vdi chung logi dtfl su dung Id CAT-769D: _^^ KHOA HOC VA COHG NGHE MO '> Chi phi mua sdm thilt bj ban dau cua md tinh cho xe dtd): Co=1.827.000.000 dong; •> Cung vgn tai da vdi tren md: L=1.010m ô ,01 km; ã Thdi gian lam vide cua dtd Id kip/ngdy, mdi kfp i tiing va mdi nam lam vipc 315 ngay; • Van tdc xe chgy cd tai Id 20km/h, ;hdng tai Id 25 km/h; • Thdi gian chu ky cua chuyin xe Id 9,2 phdt Jhu vdy, xe chgy xip xT 79 chuyin, tuang luang vdi hdnh trinh 158 km Moi nam Id 49.770 km; • Thdi gian su- dung trung binh giua cdc ldn jao dudng djnh ky Id 30 tuang duang vdl ianh trinh la 4.740 km; • Thdi gian d l thyc hien bao dudng dinh ky la igdy tuo-ng duang vdl hanh trinh Id 158 km; • Khi xay hu hdng ngau nhien, thdi gian cin Id khdc phgc Id ngdy, tuang duang vdi hanh rinh Id 316 km; •:• Quy lugt hu hong cua dtd tuan theo hdm mQ tdi ty Id hu hdng X,=eonst; • Thdi gian su dgng trung binh gi&a cdc ldn hu ldng Id 3.160 km; • Chi phi vgn tai quy v l mpt dan vi thdi gian la 13.000 ddng/km; • Chi phi trung binh cho bao dudng dinh ky Id 25.000.000 ddng; • Chi phi trung binh d | khdc phgc hu hdng cua ihiit bjld 15.000.000 ddng; • Su-a ch&a vua cho dtd dup-c thyc hidn sau 24 thang, chi phi eho sua ch&a vua 3oHi=150.000.000 ddng; •> Sua ehua Idn cho dtd duac thyc hien sau 48 Ihang, thyc hien ldn dau sau nam; chi phi cho sua ch&a Idn COH2=250.000.000 ddng; • Lai suit tiln gui trung binh r=6 %/nam; •:* Chi phi cung edp vgt tu tnjng binh moi lln bao Iri, sua chua hong hdc Cpt=35.000.000 ddng De tinh toan chi phi vdng ddi cua thilt bj Cvatb : l n luu y dol vdi thilt bi cd hdm hu hong theo Dhdn bd mu, ta cd quan hp sau [1], [2]: nsc=X.Tsd,b f^3) Khi cho trudc gia tri thdi gian van hdnh trung Dinh gi&a cae ldn hu hdng Tsdhh ta cung ed quan ipsau [1, 2]: (14) • sann Xac dinh chi phi v6ng d&i cua thiSt b\ vln tai ren mo iO thiSn cho dSn hit dot sira chCra I6n lap Jau (6 nam), c4c don vj th*! gian deu quy vk khdi U'ang v?n tai (tan), vdi I dyng thiel bi H Sa dd xac dinh chl phi vdng ddi cOa cdc thiit bj van tai trdn md Id thien 1.3 Xac djnh cdc chi phi... van tai (Cvh) Chi phf van hdnh cua thilt bj van tai tren cdc mo lg thien bao gom cdc chl phf lien quan tryc tilp tdi yan hdnh nhu: chi phf nguyen - nhien lipu, chi phf nhdn cdng, chi phf giao