KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO U'NG DUNG GIS VA CHI SO WQI TRONG DRNH GIR CHflfT LITONG W6C M A T , THUr NGHIEM CHO KHU VlTC CAM PHA, QUANG NINH ThS NGUY§N TH] LE H A N G , TS VO DANH TUYEN Trwang Dai hgc Tai nguyen va Moi trwang PGS.TS TRINH LE HCJNG - Hge vien Ky thuat Quan sw I.Tong quan Viet Nam la mpt nu-dc cd ngudn tai nguyen khoang san phong phu, dd cd nhiJ-ng loai cd trii- lu-png thupc loai Idn d khu vu-c nhu- than da, sat, Viec khai thac khoang san ben canh lpi ich v l kinh tl-xa hdi mang lai cung gay nhu-ng anh hu-dng tieu cu-c ddi vdi mdi tru-dng O nhiem nu-de mat d cac khu vu-c khai khoang dang trd mdt van d l mdi tru-dng d p bach d i i vdi nhieu dja phu-ang d nu-dc ta, dd cd Quang Ninh Tru-dc day, d Viet Nam va nhilu nu-de tren t h i gidi, d l danh gia mu-c dp d nhilm nu-dc mat thu-dng du-a vao viec phan tich cac thdng s l chat lu-png nu-dc rieng biet, sau dd so sanh gia tri tCrng thdng s l vdi gia tri gidi han du-pc quy djnh cac tieu chuan/quy chuan nu-dc hoac quie t l Tuy nhien, each lam ed r i t nhilu han c h i viec danh gia tCpng thdng sd rieng re khdng ndi len d i l n blln c h i t lu-png t i n g quat cua nu-de mat D l khac phuc khd khan tren, d n phai cd mpt hoae mpt he thong chi so cho phep lu-png hda du-pc chit lu-png nu-de Mdt cac chi s l ehit lu-png nu-de du-pc u-ng dung rdng rai va mang lai hieu qua nhit danh gia chit lu-png nguin nu-dc tren t h i gidi la chf s l chat lu-png nu-de WQI (Water Quality Index) Ch? sd WQI du-pc d l x u i t vao nhu-ng nam 70 t h i ky tru-dc du-a tren cae thdng s l quan trie chit lu-png nu-dc Day du-pe xem la phu-ang phap chuin d nhieu quoc gia danh gia chit lu-ang mdi tru-dng nu-de mat U'ng dung He thdng tin dja ly (GIS) va ehi s l WQI danh gia chat lu-png nu-dc da du-pc thu-c hien d nhilu nu-dc tren t h i gidi va thu du-ac nhu-ng k i t qua kha quan Cdng nghe GIS vdi nhu-ng u-u diem vu-pt trpi so vdi cac phu-ang phap nghien CCPU truyin thing nhu- kha nang phan tich kh6ng gian, ching x l p Idp, npi suy b l mat, la mpt c6ng eu manh lap ban d l chit lu-png nu-dc Cho den nay, d Viet Nam da cd mpt s l nghien CLPU ap dung GIS va ehi s l WQI danh gia c h i t lu-png nu-dc [2]-!-[7] Cd t h i ke d i n md hinh WQI Le Trinh ap dung cho sdng, kenh rach d Thanh p h i H i Chi Minh va md hinh WQI Tdn That Lang ap dung tai sdng Ddng Nai [2], [3] Nguyin Duy Phu (2012) da SCP dung GIS va chT s l VVQI phuc vu danh gia chit lu-png nu-dc song Hdng doan chay qua Thanh p h i Ha Npi [5] Pham T h i Anh va Nguyin Van Huy (2013) su- dung GIS va chi sd WQI danh gia hien trang chat lu-png mdi tru-dng nu-dc mat Thanh p h i Da Lat [6] Trong nghien CCPU nay, tCp k i t qua xac djnh chi s l WQI, cac tac gia da d l xuat mdt s l bien phap quan ly t i n g hpp tai nguyen ngudn nu-dc mat cua Thanh p h i Da Lat theo hu-dng phat trien ben vCt-ng Le Van Thang va cpng su- (2013) Cpng dung GIS danh gia xu t h i biin doi chit lu-png nu-dc Sdng Hu-ang giai doan 2003-2012 theo khdng gian va thdi gian tren ea sd ehl so WQI [4] Nghien CCPU cua Tru-ang Van Dan va cpng su- (2014) da SLP dung cong nghe GIS va ehi s l WQI danh gia chit lu-png nu-dc mat phuc vu nudi thuy, hai san khu vu-c d i m pha xa Phu My, huyen Phu Vang, tinh ThCra Thien H u l [7] Nhin ehung, cac nghien CCPU tren da chCrng minh tinh hieu qua cua phu-ang phap SCP dung cdng nghe GIS va chi s l WQI danh gia c h i t lu-ang nu-dc mat d Viet Nam Phu'o-ng phap nghien cu'u 2.1 Xae djnh chi so WQI Phu-ang phap tfnh toan chi s l WQI nghien CCPU du-pc ap dung theo So tay hu-dng d i n tinh toan ehl s l chit lu-png nu-de, ban hanh kem theo quyet djnh 789/QD-TCMT 01/07/2011 [1] Quy trinh tinh toan va su- dung ehi s l WQI bao g i m eae bu-de sau: CONG NGHIEP MO SO - KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHl MO • Bu-de Thu thap, tap hpp s l lieu quan trie tu- tram quan trie mdi tru-dng nu-dc mat (so lieu da qua XLP ly) • Bu-dc - Tinh toan cac gia trj WQI thdng s l WQI thdng s l (WQUi) du-pc tinh toan theo cdng thCpcnhu-sau [1]: qi-Qw WQLi -(BPM-Cp) + qH (1) Trong dd: BP, - Ndng dp gidi han du-di cua gia trj thdng s l quan trie du-pc quy djnh Bang tu-ang Cpng vdi mCpc i; BP.+i - Nong dp gidi han tren cua gia trj thdng s l quan trac du-pc quy djnh Bang tu-ang Cpng vdi mCpc i+1; qi - Gia trj WQI d mCpc da cho Bang tu-ang Cpng vdi gia trj BP;; qi+1 - Gia trj WQI d mu-c i+1 cho Bang tu-ang Cpng vdi gia tri BPi+i; Cp - Gia tri cua thdng s l quan trac du-ac du-a vao tinh toan • Bu-dc 3: Tinh toan WQI ^ Sau tinh toan WQI doi vdi tCpng thong so neu tren, viec tinh toan WQI du-pc ap dung theo cdng' thCpcsau[1]: r WQI = 100 "1^'^ (2) • j=i Trong dd: WQIa - Gia tri WQI da tinh toan doi vai 05 thong so DO, BOb5, COD, N-NH4, P-P04; WQIb - Gia trj WQI da tinh toan doi vdi 02 thdng s6' TSS, dp due; WQIc - Gia trj WQI da tinh toan doi vdi thdng so Tong Coliform; WQIpH - Gia tri WQI da tinh toan d i i vdi thdng so pH • Bu-dc So sanh WQI vdi Bang cac mu-c danh gia chat lu-png nu-dc Sau tinh toan du-pc WQI, SLP dung Bang de SO sanh, danh gia Bang Bang quy djnh cac gia tii q, va BP, doi vdi mot sd thdnng sd chat Iwang nwac [1] C^cchiTso i qi 100 75 50 25 BOD5 (mg/l) 50 COD (mg/l) 80 Gia tri BPi quy dinh d i i vdl tCpng thong so Ddduc TSS N-NH4 P-PO4 (NTU) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) 00 f Coliform J (MPN/IOOm),^ 10.000 Bang Bang xac djnh gia trj WQI tuang img vdi mirc danh gia chit lirang nwac [1] Loai Gia tri WQI Mu-c danh gia chat lu-png nu-dc Su- dung tot cho muc dich c i p nu-dc sinh hoat 91H-100 Su- dung cho muc dich d p nu-dc sinh hoat nhu-ng d n cac bien II 76-H90 phap xu- ly phu hpp III 51^75 SLP dung cho muc dich tu-di tieu va muc dich tu-ang du-ang khac IV 26^50 SLP dung cho giao thdng thuy va cac muc dich tu-ang du-ang khac V OH-25 Nu-dc nhiem nang, d n cac bien phap XLP ly tu-ang lai 2.2 Ngi suy be mat GIS K i t qua xac djnh chi so WQI ehi phan anh ehit lu-png nu-dc mat d cae d i l m quan trie D l lap ban d l chit lu-png nu-dc mat cho toan bd khu vu-c thLP nghiem, nghien CCPU SLP dung phu-ang phap npi suy khdng gian Kriging Day la phu-ang phap ed nhilu u-u dilm so vdi cac phu-ang phap ndi suy b l mat khac nhu- phu-ang phap ndi suy khoang each ngu-pc cd trpng so (IDW), npi suy tuyin tfnh, npi suy da thCpc, Qua trinh thu-c nghiem du-pe t l l n hanh tren phin m i m ArcGIS 16.I Thu- nghiem danh gia chat lu'ong nuK5>c mat khu vyc Cam Pha, Quang Ninh bang chi so WQI Khu VLPC thLP nghiem du-pc lu-a chpn la Cam CONG NGHllP MO S - Thang mau Xanh nu-dc blln Xanh la cdy U Vang M Da cam ^ Dd 'ii Pha, Quang Ninh mpt nhCi-ng trpng diem khai thac than d Viet Nam Trong bai bao SCP dung s l lieu quan trac cua Cdng ty Co phan Tin hgc, Cdng nghe va M6i tru-dng Tap doan Than-Khoang san Viet Nam Mang lu-di diem quan trie chat lu-png nu-dc mat bao gdm 15 diem, ky hieu tu- NM1 d i n NM15 vdi cac ten dja danh nhu- Cang Ha Rang, Sudi Vu Mdn, Sdng Mdng Du-ang, Day la cac khu vu-e ed ngudn nu-dc mat chay qua ranh gidi khai tru-dng, tilp nhan nu-dc thai md cua cac md than eung nhu- nu-dc thai sinh hoat cua cac ho dan nam xen ke tren tuyin thai nu-dc thai cua md Thdi gian quan trie bao gom toan bd quy cCia nam 2012 va 2014 Cac thdng so chat lu-png nu-dc du-ac lu-a chpn d l tinh chi s l WQI bao gom: dd pH, KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO the mCpc dp nhilm nu-dc mat Kit qua xac djnh ch? sd WQI cho cae quy va ca nam 2012, 2014 cung nhu- kit qua danh gia mCpc dp nhiem nu-dc mat khu vu-c Cam Pha, Quang Ninh du-pc t h i hien cac Bang va Phan tich kit qua nhan du-pc cho thiy, nu-dc mat d khu VLPC khai thac khoang san Cam Pha, Quang Ninh dang bj nhiem nang ham lu-png oxy hda tan (DO - dissolved oxygen), nhu cau oxy sinh hda (BOD - biochemical oxygen demand), nhu d u oxy hda hpc (COD chemical oxygen demand), ham lu-png photpho, ham lu-png nita, chat rin la ICrng (TSS), dp due Sau tinh du-pc chi so WQI cho tCpng thdng s l , SLP dung cdng thCpc (2) tfnh chi s l WQI va so sanh vdi Bang gia tri WQI de danh gia cu Bang WQI nam cho cac quy va cho ca nam 2012 1-2012 11-2012 111-2012 IV-2012 Diem giao giu-a ba suoi Bang Tay 16 41 18 18 23 Trung lu-u sdng Mdng Du-ang 24 45 49 49 42 Suli HIO 52 39 40 40 43 Suoi Lep My 16 44 0 15 Suoi Ha Rang 24 20 20 20 21 Cang Ha Rang 38 36 46 46 42 Suoi Khe Re 50 50 60 60 55 Suoi Vu Mdn KPT 42 42 28 S u l i Ong Linh 60 45 45 38 10 Suli ciu 0 0 11 Suoi d u 0 0 12 Suli d u KPT 45 45 30 13 Suli d u 49 22 22 23 54 48 Diem quan trac Ky higu WQI2012 14 Suoi c i u 46 39 54 15 Suoi Khe Sim 16 56 22 22 29 Bang WQI nam cho cac quy va cho ca nam 2014 1-2014 11-2014 111-2014 IV-2014 WQI2014 D i l m giao giu-a ba suoi Bang T i y DiemQT 53 45 21 52 43 Trung lu-u sdng Mdng Du-ang 15 42 42 43 35 Suoi HIO 46 57 18 19 35 S u l i Lep My 16 44 42 19 30 S u l i Ha Rang 35 54 42 19 37 Kyhieu -^ •' Cang Ha Rang 41 61 46 35 46 S u l i Khe Re 44 40 23 45 38 S u l i VQ Mdn 41 49 24 42 39 S u l i Ong Linh 43 47 28 50 42 10 Suoi d u 47 49 27 52 44 11 Suli eiu 40 44 26 49 40 12 Suli d u 39 40 21 52 38 13 Suoi d u 18 40 19 47 31 14 Suli c i u 37 52 19 48 39 15 Sudi Khe Sim 17 42 45 20 31 CONG NGHllP MO S01 - 2017 KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO H.I Ban chit Iwang nwac mat khu vwc Cam Pha, Quang Ninh nam 2012 Ty le 1:75.000 H.2 Ban dd chat Iwang nwac mat khu vwc Cim Pha, Quang Ninh nam 2014 Tyle 1:75.000 Tai 6/14 d i l m quan trie nam 2012, chit lu-ang nu-de d mCpc dp " Nu-dc nhilm nang, c i n cac bien phap XLP ly tu-ang lai", 7/14 d i l m quan trac ed chat lu-png nu-de chi phu hpp cho giao thdng du-dng thuy va cae muc dich tu-ang du-ang, chi cd vj tri cd t h i SLP dung eho tu-di tieu D i i vdi k i t qua quan trie nam 2014, toan bd cae vj tri quan trie cd chit lu-png nu-dc bj d nhilm, chi CONG NGHllP MO S01-2017 phu hpp ddi vdi giao thdng du-dng thuy va cac muc dich tu-ang du-ang khac Ban ehit lu-png nu-dc mat khu vu-c Cam Pha, Quang Ninh lap bang phu-ang phap ndi suy Kriging tren ca s d chi so WQI du-ac t h i hien tren H.I va H.2 Ket luan Hien nay, d nhilu nu-dc tren t h i gidi, cdng nghiep KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHl MO khai thac khoang san van giO- vai trd quan trpng nen kinh t l quoc dan va mang lai lpi ich to Idn doi vdi su- phat trien kinh tl-xa hpi Mac du vay, qua trinh khai khoang cung anh hu-dng nang ne de chit lu-png mdi tru-dng, dd d nhiem nu-dc mat dang la mdt v i n d l d p bach d i i vdi cac dja phu-ang cd nganh cdng nghiep md He thdng tin dia ly (GIS) va ch? so WQI la mpt cdng cu hieu qua danh gia chit lu-png nu-dc mat, cho phep lu-png hda eung nhu- lap ban d l phan b l c l i i t lu-png nu-dc K i t qua danh gia chat lu-png nu-dc mat khu vu-c c i m Pha, Quang Ninh cho thiy, tai phin Idn cac diem quan trie cd chat lu-png nu-dc d mCpc dp d nhilm den nhiem nang K i t qua nhan du-pc nghien cu-u cung cung d p nguon tiidng tin quan trpng giup cac nha quan ly du-a cae bien phap phuc vu giam sat va giam thilu anh hu-dng cua qua trinh khai thac khoang san d i n nguon nu-dc mat.O TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Phu-ang phap tinh toan chi s l ehit lu-png nu-dc WQI, Trung tam quan trie mdi tru-dng, Tong Cue Mdi tru-dng, 2010, 79 trang Le Trinh (2008) Nghien eu-u phan vung chit lu-png nu-dc theo cac ch? sd chit lu-png nu-dc (WQI) va danh gia kha nang SLP dung cae nguon nu-dc sdng, kenh rach d Ho Chi Minh, D l tai nghien cu-u khoa hpc, Phan vien Cdng nghe mdi va Bao ve mdi tru-dng Tdn T h i t Lang (2010) Xay du-ng ca sd diilieu GIS k i t hpp vdi md hinh tinh toan va ehi mue chit lu-png nu-de d l phuc vu cdng tac quan ly va kiem soat c h i t lu-png nu-de he thong sdng Sai Gdn - D i n g Nai, D l tai nghien CLPU khoa hpc, Trung tam Cdng nghe va Mdi tru-dng Le Van Thang, T r i n Dang Bao Thuyen, Trin Quang Lpc (2013) Danh gia xu t h i blln doi chit lu-png nu-dc Sdng Hu-ang ILP nam 2003-2012, theo khdng gian va thdi gian bang ch? s l ehit lu-png nu-dc (WQI), Tap chi Mdi tru-dng, s l 08 Nguyin Duy Phu (2012) Ap dung phu-ang phap tinh toan ch? s l chit lu-png nu-dc (WQI) cho sdng Hong (doan chay qua dja ban p h i Ha Ndi), Luan van thac sT Piiam T h i Anh, Nguyin Van Huy (2013) l i n g dung eh? s l WQI danh gia chit lu-png mdi tru-dng nu-dc mat p h i Da Lat, Ban tin Khoa hpc va Giao due, trang 13-18 Tru-ang Van Dan, Le Van Dan, Vd Thj Phu-ang Anh (2014)^ IJng dung he thing thdng tin dja ly (GIS) va ch? so chit lu-png nu-dc (WQI) phan vung chit lu-png nu-dc phuc vu hoat ddng nudi thuy san d d i m pha xa Phu My, huyen Phu Vang, Tap chi Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn, trang Ngu'oi bien tap: Vo Chi My TO khoa; nu-dc mat, d nhiem, GIS, ch? so c h i t lu-png nu-dc, cdng nghiep md Ngay nhan bai: 15-07-2016 Ngay duyet dang: 22-11-2016 SUMMARY This paper presents the results of the application of GIS and Water Quality Index WQI assessment of water quality in the region Cam Pha town, Quang Ninh Province Results obtained in the study can use the service of monitoring and mitigating the effects of mining on surface water quality | Trilt gia la ngu-di cd du-p-c t i t ca su- hieu biet pham vi cd the du-pc Aristote Khdn ngoan tot dinh nghTa la cd nhu-ng g i i e ma du Idn de khdng lac hu-dng deo d u l l chung William Faulkner N l u ban khep cCpa khdng nhan tat d nhu-ng lli l i m , su- that se bj d lai d ben ngoai Rabindranath Tagore Su- khac biet giu-a ngu-di thdng thai vdi ngu-di ngu dot g i l n g nhu- su- khac biet giO-a ngu-di sdng vdi ngu-di c h i t Aristote Triet ly t h i n g d l dang nhu-ng dau ddn cua qua khCp hay tu-ang lai Nhu-ng cai dau hien tai t h i n g nd La Rochefoucauld Phu-ang phap thich dang n h i t de nghien cu-u dac tinh cua su- vat la suy luan xuat phat tu- nhCJ-ng cupc thi ngtiiem Isaac Newton Ban cd the lu-a ddi vai ngu-di s u i t ddi Ban cd the lu-a mpi ngu-di mpt thdi gian Nhu-ng ban khong the ICfa mpi ngu-di s u i t ddi Abraham Lincoln Su- may rui, xau hay tdt, se mai mai d vdi chung ta Nhu-ng nd se cd each giup da cho ngu-di thdng minh va quay lu-ng lai vdi ngu-di ngu d i n John Dewey VTH swu tam CONG NGHllP MO S - ... 3: Tinh toan WQI ^ Sau tinh toan WQI doi vdi tCpng thong so neu tren, viec tinh toan WQI du-pc ap dung theo cdng'' thCpcsau[1]: r WQI = 100 "1^''^ (2) • j=i Trong dd: WQIa - Gia tri WQI da tinh... due Sau tinh du-pc chi so WQI cho tCpng thdng s l , SLP dung cdng thCpc (2) tfnh chi s l WQI va so sanh vdi Bang gia tri WQI de danh gia cu Bang WQI nam cho cac quy va cho ca nam 2012 1-2012 11-2012... BOb5, COD, N-NH4, P-P04; WQIb - Gia trj WQI da tinh toan doi vdi 02 thdng s6'' TSS, dp due; WQIc - Gia trj WQI da tinh toan doi vdi thdng so Tong Coliform; WQIpH - Gia tri WQI da tinh toan d i i