KHOA HOC I Nguyen N h d m au su CO hat nhan Nhat Ban, ngudi dung dau Co quan Nang luqng Quoc te (lEA) ba Maria van der Hoeven da tuyen bo: "lodi ngudi van can nang lupngnguyen tikbdtchdp cuoc khung hoang tai nha may dien Fukushima I cda Nhat Bdn vd y dinh tie bd nang lupng hat nhan cua mpt so nudc"^^K Nang luqng dien hat nhan, thuqc nhdm nang luqng sach nen no van la nhu cau tat yeu bdi canh nguy CO can kiet cac ngudn nang lirqng truyen thdng dang can ke Sau su co hat nhan Nhat Ban, van de an ninh hat nhan duqc dac biet coi trqng, ca d khau quan ly van hanh, thiet kl, lua chqn cdng nghe va nhat la bo tri khong gian, dia diem lip dat ed tinh den cac yeu to cua tham hoa thien nMen Cung nhu nhilu nude khac, Viet Nam tilp tuc kien dinh chii S truong phat tnen nang luqng dien hat nhan cd tinh din nhung bai hqc tir Nhat Ban va dac diem dat nude Dac biet la viec lua ebon cdng nghe thi he mdi vdi he so an ninh hat nhan cao hon so vdi nhiing du bao ve tham hoa tMen nhien ed the xay Cho den nay, toan the gidi da cd gan 450 Id phan ling hat nhan phat dien Den trudc xay ddng ddt sdng thin d Nhat Ban, cac nude tren thi gidi da cd ke hoach xay dung 56 Id phan ung dien hat nhan mdi Du bao den nam 2030 se cd them khoang 450 Id phan ung dien hat nhan, din nam 2050, the gidi se can them 900"' nha may dien hat nhan nua de dap ling nhu cau nang luqng Viet Nam ciing da cd kl hoach xay dung cac nha may dien hat nhan d Ninh Thuan, vdi su hqp tac ciia Nga, Nhat Ban, My, Phap Sau su CO dien hat nhan d Nhat Ban, cac nude deu xem th^no3-2012 ! S ! W ! f f f B W B I W ^ ^ J IS I KHOA HOC xet lai hoac tam dung kl hoach phat trien nang luqng dien hat nhan ciia minh Tuy nMen, cho din mdi chi cd Nhat Ban thay dd'i kl hoach de han che su phu thuqc vao nang luqng dien hat nhan ciia nude va nude khac la Diic, Italia, Thuy ST da tuyen bo hoac cd y dinh tOr bd dien bat nhan Theo danh gia ciia cac chuyen gia nang luqng quoc te tM dien hat nhan van thuqc nhdm nang luqng sach ma ngudi khdng the khdng quan tam SAU THAM HOA CHERNOBYL Sau gan hai thap ky, ke tii tham hqa Chernobyl (26 thang nam 1986), khdng cd nha may dien hat nhSn nao duqc xay dung mdi cho din kM ngudi nhan th4y nhu cau nang luqng dang cang gia tang, KM cac nguon nang luqng tunMen lieu hda thach nguy CO can kiet da cdn ke, gia ca leo thang, d nhiem mdi trudng tram Cac nguon nang luqng thay the van cdn qua dit dd, cdng nghe chua cho phep thuc M6n tren quy md thuong mai md rqng, thi nhieu nude quyet dinh quay trd ve vdi ngudn nang luqng nguyen tii My chii truong tang ty trqng dien hat nhdn 16n 50% so td'ng diSn nang quoc gia Td'ng thong My Obama tuyen bo, Chinh quyen Lien bang se diing bao lanh de giiip Cdng ty Dien luc Phuong Nam vay 8,3 ty USD de xay dung hai Id phan ling dien hat nhdn mdi, cdng suat 1.100 MW nham md rqng nha may dien hat nhan d gan Ogusta Hai Id phan ling se giiip lam giam 16 trieu tan thai COJ gay nMem moi nam, cung ling dien cho 50,000 ho gia dinh vdi gan 1,5 trieu dan Du an cung se tao 3.000 cdng an viec lam linh vuc xay dung va khoang 850 nhan vien van hanh nha may Trong nam tai khoa 2011, My tang gap lan so tien bao lanh (hon 54 ty USD) de xay dung cac nha may dien hat nhan'^l lai Trung Quoc da dl kl hoach tang san luqng dien len muc 50 GW vao nam 2020, nhu vay moi nam can bd' sung trung binh 3.500 MW Muc tiSu dai ban la dat 240 GW vao nam 2050'^' Tai Nhat Ban (trudc 11/3/2011): Da cd 55 nha may dien hat nhan hoat ddng vdi san luqng dat 48 GW, nha may dien hat nhan dang duqc xay dung va du kiln cd 11 nha may di8n hat nhan tiep theo vdi cdng suat dat 17 GW se duqc xay dung Theo ke hoach dai ban, cdng suat dien hat nhan cua Nhat Ban se tang gSp ddi vao nam 2050"' Tai Han Qudc va An Do, mdi nude deu cd khoang 20 nha may dien hat nhan dang hoat dong va ciing Chau A cd cdng su4t dien hat nhan tang nhanh: cd them nhieu nha may dien hat nhan khac dang Tai cac nude va vung lanh thd d Ddng va Nam A, dirqc xay dung Mdt nhdm cac cdng ty Han Quoc hien cd 111 Id phan ling hat nhan dang boat ddng, da duqc trao hqp ddng tri gia tdi 40 ty USD de xay 21 Id dang xay dung va theo kl hoach se xay dung dung nha may dien hat nhan d Cac tieu vuong tilp khoang 150 Id quoc A-rap thong nhit (UAE) nha may dien hat nhan Tai Trung Quoc: Nhu cau ve dien nang tang hon du kiln se hoat ddng vao nam 2020, kM dd nhu 8%/nam Trung Quoc hien ed 11 td' may phat dien cau dien nang ciia UAE se tang gap hai lan hien hat nhan dang van hanh, vdi td'ng cdng suat lap dat Cdc nude dang phat trien cung day manh phat trien la 9.000.000 KW; 27 Id phan ling dien hat nhan dang cac nha may dien hat nhan Argentina, Brazil, Nam duqc xay dung va 50 Id se duqc xay dung tuong Phi dang du dinh md rqng boat ddng cac nha may 16 •SIE9IBaa9I[9thang3.20l2 KHOA H O C I tao dilu kien de cdc cdng ty ciia My ban thiet hi, cdng nghe hat nhan va hqp tac vdi Viet Nam phdt trien bat nhan dan su vi muc dich hoa binh Ngay thdng 12 nam 2010, Viet Nam va My da ky thoa thuan ve viec chuyen dd'i hoan toan Id phan ling nghiSn ciiu hat nhan d Da Lat tii nhien lieu uranium lam giau cao sang lam giau thap va thao dd so nhien lieu lam giau cao cdn lai Bd Cdng thuong va Tap doan Rosatom cung da ky ban Du thao "Hiep dinh lien Chinh phu vdi Lien bang Nga ve Du an diSn hat nhan Ninh Thuan /" Theo do, Nga va Viet Nam se hqp tdc xay dung nha mdy dien hat nhan tai Ninh Thuan, gom x6 may, cdng su4tmdit6 1.000 MW Ngay 31 thdng 10 nam 2010, Viet Nam chinh thiic cdng bd chqn Nhat Ban la doi tac xay dung nha mdy dien hat nhan so Theo dd, Nhdt Ban se xay dung Id phan ling bat nhan tai Ninh Thuan/Viet Nam, cdng suat moi Id 1.000 MW, tri gia du an khoang 7,42 ty USD SAU S U C D I E N HAT N H A N NHAT BAN ed san Nhieu quoc gia chua ed chuong trinh dien bat nhan da bay td vdi IAEA ve su quan tam ciia ho din kha nang xay dung cdc nha may dien hat nhan de ddp ling nhu cau nang luqng nhu Thai Lan, Ai cap, Thd' NhT Ky, Lybia Tinh chung, neu khong cd gi thay dd'i 10 nam tdi, nganh nang luqng the gidi se can them khoang 100 nha mdy dien nguyen tii, dd khoang 40 nam d chau A Cac nha khoa hqc nang luqng udc tinh, den nam 2050, the gidi se can them 900 nha may dien nguySn tii dl dap ung nhu cau nang luqng d Viet Nam, chiing ta ciing da cd nhiing budc di dau tien viec phat triln dien hat nhan phuc vu kinh te xa hdi Ngay 30 thang nam 2010, Viet Nam va My da ky ket Ban ghi nhd hqp tac iTnh vuc nang luqng hat nhan Day la co sd phdp ly de hai nude trien khai hqp tac cdc ITnh vuc: dao tao nhan luc, phdt trien co sd ting an ninh va an toan hat nhan; quan ly chat thai phdng xa va phdt triln cdc Id phan img hat nhan nude nhe Ngay thang nam 2010, My va Viet Nam da dat duqc thoa thuan vl hqp tac hat nhan dSn su Theo dd, hai nude se chia se ve nhien lieu va cdng nghe hat nhan nham Sau tran sieu ddng ddt/sdng than 11 thdng nam 2011 d Nhat Ban, lam cho hon 28.000 ngudi tii vong va mat tich, tMet hai vat chat va co sd tang udc tinh tii 16.000 din 20.000 ty yen Dac biet la su CO da dan den rd ri phdng xa thi nhieu nude nhu: Trung Quoc, Bulgaria, Nhat Ban tuyen bo tam diing xay dung nha mdy dien hat nhan; Due, Thuy ST tam thdi ddng ciia mot sd nha may dien hat nhan; cdc nude Gioocdani, Co Oet, Quata, Ai Cap, A rap Xe lit, Venezuela tuyen bo ddng bang hoac xem xet lai ke hoach phat trien dien hat nhan ciia minh, Viet Nam ciing khdng nam ngoai le Tuy nhien, cho din mdi chi cd nuwc tuyen bd han cbl suphu thuqc va tli bd nang luqng dien hat nhan Hien nay, hau het cdc qudc gia khoi EU deu sii dung nang luqng bat nhan, dd dan dau la Phdp vdl 19 nha mdy va58 Idphaniing Nathalie KosciuskoMorizet, Bq trudng Mdi trudng Phdp tuyen bo: "Tham hpa tai Nhdt Bdn khong the phii nhan Id mot nhimgsuco hat nhan vo cungnghiem trpng Tuy nhien, khong the vi the md chung ta tu bo phdt trien dien hat nhan" Tai Trung Qudc, nha chiic trach ndi rang ho se day manh cac no luc tim kilm nang luqng nguyen tiibk thang 3-2012 I KHOA HOC chap tham hqa phdng xa tiem tang d Nhat Ban Thii trudng phu trdch van de bao v8 mdi trudng ciia Trung Quoc Zhang Lijun ndi: "Ke hoach vd quyet tam phdt trien nang luanghqt nhan dTrung Quoc se khdng thay dor My, Nga, Cong hoa Sec tilp tuc xdy dung va theo dudi chinh sach phat trien nang luqng dien hat nhan, cd tinh den nhimg bai hqc tii su co dien hat nhan Nhat Ban Bq trudng Nang luqng My, dng Steven bud'i dieu tran ciia Ha vien lien quan din viec xin du toan ngan sach nam tai khda 2012 bay td, "My CO nhimg yeu cau nghiem Hgat deddm bdo an ninh cong nghiep nang luang Trong tiep tuc day manh cong nghiep nang lupng hat nhan, My se no luc hpc hoi kinh nghiem ciia Nhat Bdn" Cac chuyen gia Nga cdn cho biet thdi gian qua, chua mot quoc gia nao ma Nga dang cung lam viec, td y thay dd'i ke hoach xay dung nha mdy dien hat nhan Hdi nghi thuong dinh BRICS tai Trung Quoc ciing Aa.xici3hBn:"kh6ngcdsuthaydoitrongviecluachpn chien luac dien hat nhan" Theo AFP: ba Maria van der Hoeven, ngudi viia nham chiic Giam doc dieuhanh ciia lEA, ndi rang mdt so quoc gia se khdng the dap ling duqc nhu cau tieu thu dien neu ddng ciia cdc nha may dien hat nhan, Trong trudng hqp cac nude muon thay thi nang luqng hat nhan bang nang luqng tai sinh (gid, dnh sang mat trdi, thiiy trieu), bq phai chdp nhan thuc te la nang luqng tdi sinh chua the dap ling nhu cau vl dien tuong lai gan Ba Van der Hoeven khang dinh nang luqng hat nhan van can thiet doi vdi tuong lai ciia loai ngudi ''Neu ngudi muon giam luang CO2 tuang lai, chiing ta chi co lua chpn thuc te: nang luang hat nhan, nang luang tdi sinh vd dot Mqi cdng nghe nang luqng tai sinh Men van tao thai gay hieu ung nha kinh Chang ban, cac turbin gid khdng tao thai ttong qua trinh hoat ddng, song ngudi lai tao kM CO2 hrong qua trinh san xuat, bao dirong, iSp dat Mrbin; dot vSn tao CO2, song luqng kM CO: ma dot tao chi bSng mdt niia so vdi than dd; cdc nha mdy dien hat nhan cd the tao CO2 qua trinh xay dung, song khdng tao rakhi dd qua trinh van hanh Vi the, dien hat nhan van nSm nhdm nang luqng sach, van de dac biet quan tam la dau tu vdo cdng nghe an toan hat nhdn 18 B!ff!W!l!I^WWBIBItH:i,n»- on^^ A N NINH HAT NHAN D U O C D A C BIET COI TRQNG Vdi dinh nghia IAEA dua tM co sd ba tang ciia dien hat nhan: "Id tat cd cdc hoat dong, cdc cong trinh, cdc van bdn, cdc nguon luc kink te vd ngudi nhdm phuc vu cho chuang trinh phdt trien dien hat nhdn " Theo quan Mem nay, mot du an nha may dien hat nhan khdng cM la mdt cdng trinh cdng ngMep don thudn, ma nd cM cd duqc huy ddng nguon luc rat Idn xa hdi tu vat chat, tri tue din khdng gian phap ly Chuong trinh dien nguyen tii la mot chuong trinh quan trqng ddi hdi su quy hoach, chuan bi, dau tu rat than trqng va ky ludng ve thdi gian va nguin nhan luc Quyet dinh ciia mot quoc gia de bat dau mdt chuong trinh dien nguyen tu se phai dua tren cam kit su dung nang luqng hat nhan vi muc dich hda binh, an toan va an ninh nang luqng Cam kit ddi hdi phai xay dung mot co sd tSng qu6c gia ben vung Co sd ting se ddi hdi su hS trq ciia cMnh phii, su ho trq ve the che Mat phap, quan ly, cdng nghe, cdng nghiep va nhan su cho chuong trinh hat nhan suot thdi gian thuc Men Viec dua mot chuong trinh diSn hat nhan bao ham mot cam kit tri co sd tang quoc gia ben vung it nhat 100 nam, tii liic van hanh din kM thao dd va chdn cat chat thai Muc tieu chii ylu ciia an ninh hat nhan la bao ve eon ngudi va mdi trudng tranh khdi nhiing anh hudng cd hai ciia biic xa ion hda Nguyen ly an toan ddu ti8n khang dinh rang, trach nhiem cuoi cung ve an toan thuqc ve to chuc van hanh Sau su CO d nha mdy dien hat nhan Nhat Ban ngudi ta cdn thdy nguyen nhan xuat phdt tu cdng tdc tMit kl va xay dung nham chong lai nguy co tii tham hoa thien nhien Phat bilu mot cuqe hqp ky mem 25 nam tai nan Chernobyl td* chuc tai Kiev 19 thdng nam 2011, cdc chuyen gia Nga cho ring sau su kien Fukushima, khang dinh cdn phai that chat hon niia mot s6 quy tac, dong thdi phai phat triln hat nhan hda binh tren nhung nguyen tac hoan toan khac Ong Valery Yazev Chii tich Hiep hdi Khi dot Nga da nhan manh bai hqc: Mpt 1^ "can thiet chuyen sang the he mdi cdc nhd mdy dien hat nhdn cd dp an toan tu nhien, Id phan ung se duac bdo ve trudc tai nan nghiem trpng bang quy luqt tu nhien, chic khdng chi bang cdc thiet bi ky thuat." Hai 1^, cdc Id phan ling khdng the bo tri qua gan Dilu ndy dSn din viSc vu no' tai mot Id phan ling cdn trd cdng viec tai nhtmg co sd ben canh Theo dng Valery Yazev, cdn phai dao tao nhan vien nha may lam viec dilu kien tai nan Day la cdng viec chua duqc thuc hien d Fukushima, nhung duqc tien hanh iien luc d tat ca cac tram dien ciia Nga Ba la, can sii dung nhiing dl an va ddi hdi mdi hoat ddng khdi phuc nha may nang luqng hat nhan ciia Nhat Ban, dd kho chiia nMen lieu hat nhan da qua sii dung, khoang 1.700 tan, phai duqc di chuyin khdi khu vuc nha mdy dien hat nhan Ngoai ra, ddi hdi hang loat cac bien phdp an toan mdi chong chqi tham KHOA H O C I hqa tMen nMen phiic tap nhat Nhiing bien phap nhu vay ciing can duqc thdng qua tai nhung khu vuc khac, tren bd dai duong ciia Tnmg Quoc, My hay bat cii ncd nao cd tram dien ben bd bien Ddc biet la d California, noi cd nguy co ddng dat cao Bd trudng Nang luqng My Steven cho bilt, phan ling dien hat nhan ciia My can phai dam bao an toan My se nit kinh nghiem tu tai nan rd ri hat nhan da xay dNhat Ban, tiing budc hoan thien cdng ngMSp nang luqng hat nhan ciia nude Trong bud'i dieu tran ciia Ha vien lien quan din viec xin du toan ngan sdch cho nam tai khda 2012 dng Steven bay td, "My cd nhung yeu caungMem ngat de dam bao an mnh cdng nghiep nang luqng Trong kM tiep tue day manh cdng nghiep nang luqng hat nhan, My se nd luc hqc hdi kinh nghiem ciia Nhat Ban" Theo Idi gidi thi8u cua dng Ban giam sdt My yeu cau ban tMet ke va xay dung dien hat nhan phdi dam bao tranh khdi tmh trang toi te nhat nhu ddng dat hay sdng than Ong Steven ndi: "chung ta can phdi xem xet Id ludng rang chung ta se hoc hdi duac dieu gi tu tham kich ndy, detung budc nang cao tinh an toan can thiet cho lo phan ung cda chung ta." La ngirdi kien dinh ling ho nang luqng hat nhan, dng cdn bay td: "My van se no luc viec phdt trien nguon nang lupng ndy" Ong cho rang, nham dap 'Wignhu cau nang luqng My phdi dua lai vao nguon ij \, luqng da dang dd cd siic gid, nang luqng mat trdi, tMen nhien, than sach vd cd nang luqng hat nhan Trong ngdn sdch tai khda nam 2012, chinh phii Obama dukienphe chuan bao lanh von vay 36 ty USD'*' diing de xay dung nha may dien hat nhan Td'ng thong Obama cdn keu gqi se doc tai va siic de dau tu nghien ciiu nang luqng va xay dung Id phdn ling hat nhan hien dai Ong Obama da bay td My se no luc hit sue de dam bao tinh an toan va hieu qua ciia CO sd hat nhan, viec xay dung nha may dien hat nhan mdi se van duqc tien hanh theo diing ke hoach Ong Sergei Kiriyenko, lanh dao tap doan nhd nude Rosatom, xae nhan tai Kiev la cac nhd may dien hat nhan Nga theo tMet kl mdi cd the diing viing trudc tinh huong dan tdi tai nan Fukushima-1 d Nhat Ban Ong cho bilt: Xet ngMem khiing hodng duqc thuc hien tai cdc nha mdy dien hat nhan d Nga sau tai tan Fukushima-1, da khang dinh an toan ciia cac co sd ndy Chiing tdi da md phdng tmh huong tren thac I KHOA HOC tl Neu bo tri nha may dien hat nhan Nga dFukusbima, cd trudng hqp tran ddng dat manh va sdng than cao 14 met, nha mdy vSn dii kha nang tri an toan thdi gian dai Theo ngudi diing ddu hang Rosatom, nhiing cdng nghe Id phan ling mdi phu hqp toan bd vdi he thong an toan Ong Kiriyenko ndi: "Suan todn dien hat nhdn CO the duac bdo dam Nhung dieu ndy khong cd nghia Nga CO the "phay tay "trudc bdi hpc Fukushima Cdc nhd mdy dien hat nhdn hien tai cua chiing toi da siic chiu cugidng tham hpa Cdc tram dien hat nhdn Nga ddp ung moi tieu chuan vd ddi hoi quoc te Nhung chung toi tien xa han, vd sau su kien Fukushima, khang dinh can phdi thdt chat han nUa mpt so quy tdc Cdc nhd mdy dien mdi se ddp ung moi yeu cau co theco" Vi6t Nam, theo kl hoach cii, nha may dien hat nhan dau tien se duqc bat dau xay dung vao nam 2014 va se di vao hoat ddng nam 2020, vdi mot so v6n udc tinh vao khoang ty USD Trong dai ban Viet Nam se xay dung khoang 10 nha may dien hat nhan dat tai nhieu noi toan quoc Cdc nude Nga, My, Phap, Nhat Ban"' da bay td su quan tam va san sang tham gia cdc du an dien hat nhan Viet Nam yeu cau ly hat nhan va nguyen tii, Trudng Van phdng dai dien ciia Ban chuan hi dau tu Du an dign hat nhan vd nang luqng tai tao tai Ninh Thuan, cho bilt, lich sii Viet Nam da ghi nhan tung xdy ddng dat manh 6,8 Richter d khu vuc Tay Bdc; 6,1 Richter d ngoai khoi tren thim luc dia Dong Nam; vd chan ddng 3,4 Richter tai Ninh Thuan "Hai nhd mdy dien hat nhdn tai Ninh Thuan se dupfc thiet ke a muc du phdng cao hon tu-15 den 30% so vdi muc dp dpng dat cao nhat dd tung xdy d Viet Nam Doi vdi song than, mac du lich su muc song cao nhat ghi nhdn duac d Ninh Thuan Id 8m, nhung cdc de chdn sdng cua nhd mdy dien hat nhdn Ninh Thuan dd duqc thiet ke cao 15m "