Energy transfer diagrams and efficiency analysis of coal industry chain in jing jin ji region

Energy Transfer Diagrams and Efficiency Analysis of Coal Industry Chain in Jing Jin Ji Region 1876 6102 © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY NC ND license (h[.]

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 104 (2016) 532 – 537 CUE2016-Applied Energy Symposium and Forum 2016: Low carbon cities & urban energy systems Energy Transfer Diagrams and Efficiency Analysis of Coal Industry Chain in Jing-Jin-Ji Region Siheng Rena, Gengyuan Liua,b,*, Yan Haoa,b, Yan Zhanga,b, Meirong Suc a State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China b Beijing Engineering Research Center for Watershed Environmental Restoration & Integrated Ecological Regulation, Beijing 100875, China c School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China Abstract Nowadays, the air pollution of China is more and more serious, especially in Jing-Jin-Ji region The improper energy consumption structure and the pollutants emission of coal industry chain are the main cause of the air pollution In this study, based on the Energy Balance Tables of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei in 2012, we used the model of inter-regional transportation, proposed a Regional Coal Industry Chain Balance Table, clarified the material/energy flows, and accounted the energy utilization efficiency in Jing-Jin-Ji region It can help to realize the optimal balance of pollutant emissions control and energy supply, which is scientifically innovative © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) responsibility of of CUE Selection and/or peer-reviewofunder Peer-review under responsibility the scientific committee the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, CUE2016: Low carbon cities and urban energy systems Keywords: Jing-Jin-Ji Region, Energy Transfer Diagrams, Energy Transfer Efficiency, Coal industry Chain; Introduction The “Jing-Jin-Ji” region consists of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province, first developed by the capital economy circle, including the political, economic, and cultural center of China It has a very important strategic position in China For now, however, it is confronted with a severe atmospheric pollution problem For example, the annual average concentrations of PM 2.5 in the air in 2015 reached 80.57 μg/m3, which is 2.30 times that of the national standard limit Similarly, the annual average concentrations of * Corresponding author E-mail address: liugengyuan@bnu.edu.cn (G.Y LIU) 1876-6102 © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, CUE2016: Low carbon cities and urban energy systems doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.090 533 Siheng Ren et al / Energy Procedia 104 (2016) 532 – 537 PM2.5 in the air in Hebei Province amount to 77 μg/m3, 2.19 times that of the national standard limit, the annual average concentrations of PM2.5 in the air in Tianjin amount to 70 μg/m3, 2.02 times that of the national standard limit Studies show that pollution caused by PM 2.5 poses a threat to people’s health in the Jing-Jin-Ji region [1] In addition, smog caused by atmospheric pollution in the Jing-Jin-Ji region also has a certain influence on China’s international image Coal is the pillar of energy in the Jing-Jin-Ji region, and its associated atmospheric pollution problem is closely related to the energy structure Supposing that the energy structure remains unchanged, it is difficult to fundamentally solve this pollution problem It is certainly typical and representative in the north of China [2] Promoting the upgrading and transformation of the industry chain related to coal can both improve the ecological environment in the region and serve as a guide and exemplary role in northern China where coal is the main energy source It is advantageous to provide more targeted emission decreases and alternative countermeasures, as well as offer certain theoretical support and policy suggestions, for government decision-making [3] In this study, based on the Energy Balance Tables of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei in 2012, we used the model of inter-regional transportation, proposed a Regional Coal Industry Chain Balance Table, clarified the material/energy flows, and accounted the energy utilization efficiency in Jing-Jin-Ji region From the scientific sense, the introduction of the research method of the coal industrial chain and energy analysis provides a new viewpoint to solve atmospheric pollution problems in the Jing-Jin-Ji region and can make an overall and systematic evaluation of accounting on the coal utilization in the region from the angle of the industry chain [4] It can help to realize the optimal balance of pollutant emissions control and energy supply, which is scientifically innovative [5] Method According to the 2012 energy balance tables of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, we can only obtain respective inputs and outputs of the three provinces (municipalities) Without inputs and outputs among the three provinces (municipalities), the overall input and output of the three provinces (municipalities) cannot be obtained However, the following model can be used to calculate net energy carrying in the Jing-Jin-Ji region (net energy carrying = input - output) For a region : with n sub-regions, the input and output of some type of energy has the following model C1 =D1 +c12  c13  c1n (1) Ci represents the output of region i , D i is the amount that region i transfers to other regions from region : , and cij is the amount that region i transfers to region : In equation (1), R1 =E1 +r21  r31  rn1 (2) Ri is the output of region i , E i is the amount that region : transfers to region i , and rji is the amount that region i receives from region j In equation (2), cij In equation (3), in region rji : , the output from region i to region j region j receives from region i From equations (1), (2), and (3), we can derive equation (4): (3) is equal to the amount that 534 Siheng Ren et al / Energy Procedia 104 (2016) 532 – 537 i n i n i i ¦D1  ¦ E1 :D  E i n ¦C  ¦ R [ ¦ i i In equation (4), i i i n i n, j n i i i 1, j ¦ Ci  ¦ Ri  ( i n, j n i n i n i 1, j (cij  rij )] ¦ i n i n i n, j n i i 1, j cij  ¦ cii )  ( i n ¦ i n rij  ¦ rii ) i (4) ¦C  ¦ R i i i i :D  E is the entire net energy carrying of region : Using the respective input and output of some energy type in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, we can calculate the net energy carrying in the Jing-Jin-Ji region The sum of the data from the Beijing 2012 energy balance statistics (converting) (a), Tianjin 2012 energy balance statistics (converting) (a), and Hebei 2012 energy balance statistics (converting) (a) was calculated, and a structure list was constructed such that the X-axis is energy type, and the Y-axis includes the amount of energy consumption in the region, input and output of processing and conversion, loss, the terminal consumption, and other sub-projects Thus, we can obtain a 2012 general table of energy balance (converting) in the Jing-Jin-Ji region Results The main characteristics of coal utilization in the Jing-Jin-Ji region Raw coal was mainly dependent on dispatching According to embodiment calculations, the net input from other provinces accounted for 65.98% of the total raw coal available to consume Based on the analysis of the industrial chain related to coal, the region is a net coal importer The characteristics of coal conversion in the energy flow link Analyses from the angle of energy revealed that raw coal provides a great part of heating energy, accounting for 82.58% of its total energy This was followed by blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, and converter gas (10.36, 2.94, and 2.72%, respectively), and the rest of the energy was relatively small (İ 1%) Raw coal provided thermal power with most of the energy, accounting for 93.22% of its total energy It was followed by blast furnace gas and coke oven gas (accounting for 4.32 and 1.11%, respectively), and the rest of the energy was relatively small (İ 1%) Analyses from the perspective of embodiment indicated that blast furnace gas has the highest contribution rate for heating (53.61%), followed by raw coal, converter gas, and coke oven gas (36.77, 4.78, and 3.30%, respectively), and the rest of the energy was relatively small (İ 1%) Raw coal made the greatest contribution to thermal power (61.68%), followed by blast furnace gas, converter gas, and coke oven gas (33.20, 2.03, and 1.85%, respectively), and the rest of the energy was relatively small (İ 1%) Generally, the direct use of raw coal, coke and the coking process are the key contributors to the seven main pollutants of coal industry chain in Jing-Jin-Ji region in 2012 (see Fig.1) Siheng Ren et al / Energy Procedia 104 (2016) 532 – 537 535 536 Siheng Ren et al / Energy Procedia 104 (2016) 532 – 537 Discussion Table.1 energy utilization efficiency of coal conversion Item Products (J) Raw materials (J) Efficiency Coal cleaning 2.04E+18 22.32E+18 87.77% Coal products 4.73E+16 5.11E+16 92.46% Coking 2.11E+18 2.32E+18 90.97% The energy utilization efficiency of coal cleaning, coal products processing and coking of coal conversion in Jing-Jin-Ji in 2012 are 87.77%, 92.46 and 90.97% respectively, which are all less than the energy utilization efficiency of coal conversion in China of the same year [6] By comparing the structure of Jing-Jin-Ji region’s coal industry chain with the structure of China’s coal industry chain in 2012, we can find that the coal industry chain of Jing-Jin-Ji region is a typical representative in China The optimization and adjustment of Jing-Jin-Ji region’s coal industry chain are significant to the development of China’s coal industry chain According to the Jing-Jin-Ji region’s coal industry chain, we can take specific measures in the direct use of raw coal, coke and the coking process, so as to optimize the coal industry chain, to improve the efficiency of energy utilization and to reduce the emission as the prerequisite for guaranteeing energy security Conclusion Siheng Ren et al / Energy Procedia 104 (2016) 532 – 537 According to the status in the region, we suggest the following measures to improve the industry chain related to coal and reduce pollution on the premise of energy security Concerning coal terminal consumption, residential dwellings and other energy consumption, account for a large proportion, which requires further improvement At present, we can expand the forbidden scope of high-pollutants in cities, take compensation policy measures in the rural-urban fringe zone to promote natural gas and electricity rather than civil scattered coal, promote biogas, wind, solar, and other clean energy sources in rural areas, and decrease the scope of coal use We may also formulate strict product standards for civil coal, control the ash content, sulfur content, and volatile matter, and enact a complete ban on the production and sale of inferior and high-pollution coal Moreover, those areas that have to use coal can adopt the mode of government subsidies, popularize advanced coal stoves, and improve the efficiency of energy utilization Acknowledgements This work is supported by the National key research and development plan (No 2016YFC0503005), the Fund for Innovative Research Group of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 51421065), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 41471466, 71673029), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities References [1] Yang W,Zhao W J, Gong Z N, Zhao W T, Tang T Spatial Distribution of Inhalable Particulate and Association with Respiratory Disease in Beijing City ES,2013; 3401:237-243 [2] Aden Nathaniel, Fridley David, Zheng N N China' s Coal: Demand, Constraints, and Externalities IBNL,2009; 2334E:7-20 [3] Zhao J F Analysis and policy recommendation on coal industry clean-using from the perspective of low-carbon economy JCCS,2011;03:514-518 [4] Chen G Q, Zhou J B, Jiang M M Embodied Energy Account of Chinese Economy 2002 iEMSs2010, 2011;184-198 [5] Zhang L X, Feng R Y, Hu Q H Embodiment Analysis of Urban Energy System-A case of Beijing DES,2013;1:22-30 [6] Hu X L China energy flow chart and coal flow chart compilation and energy system efficiency research report in 2012 Report of World Wide Fund for Nature; 2014 Biography Dr Gengyuan Liu, Associate Professor, Doctoral Tutor Research interests cover Urban Ecological Planning and Waste Management, Emergy Analysis, Energy Economics and System Ecology Produced over 50 peer-reviewed papers on the journals like: Applied Energy, Science of the Total Environment, Energy Policy, and Ecological Modelling Involved in over 15 research projects 537 ... industry chain in 2012, we can find that the coal industry chain of Jing- Jin- Ji region is a typical representative in China The optimization and adjustment of Jing- Jin- Ji region? ??s coal industry chain. .. entire net energy carrying of region : Using the respective input and output of some energy type in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, we can calculate the net energy carrying in the Jing- Jin- Ji region. .. the energy utilization efficiency of coal conversion in China of the same year [6] By comparing the structure of Jing- Jin- Ji region? ??s coal industry chain with the structure of China’s coal industry