Experimental evaluation of masonry infill walls of RC frame buildings subjected to cyclic loads

Experimental Evaluation of Masonry Infill Walls of RC Frame Buildings Subjected to Cyclic Loads Procedia Engineering 171 ( 2017 ) 191 – 200 Available online at www sciencedirect com 1877 7058 © 2017 T[.]

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200 6XVWDLQDEOH&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHVDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DWHULDOV6&(6&0 ([SHULPHQWDOHYDOXDWLRQRIPDVRQU\LQILOOZDOOVRI 5&IUDPHEXLOGLQJVVXEMHFWHGWRF\FOLFORDGV 0RFKDPDG7HJXKD  a Islamic Univerity of Indonesia, Kaliurang Street KM 14.5, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia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FRPSRQHQWVDSSOLHGWRQRQHQJLQHHUHGEXLOGLQJVZHUHDGRSWHGWR SHUIRUPW\SLFDOUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHIUDPHV7KHLUK\VWHUHWLFEHKDYLRURI5&IUDPHVDVZHOODVWKHHIIHFWRIJDSVEHWZHHQWKHIUDPH DQGWKHLQILOORQWKHVWUXFWXUDOEHKDYLRUDUHEULHIO\GLVFXVVHG © 2017 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI6&(6&0 Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016 Keywords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mail address:PWHJXK#XLLDFLG 1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016 doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.326 192 Mochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200 LQHODVWLFGHIRUPDWLRQVLQDZD\WKDWLVFRPSOHWHO\GLIIHUHQWIURPWKDWIRUVWHHOVWUXFWXUHV*LYHQWKLVFRQGLWLRQGULIW FRQWUROUHTXLUHPHQWLQWKHGHVLJQRIPXOWLVWRU\EXLOGLQJVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGWROLPLWRYHUDOOGULIWLQGH[RRULQWHU VWRU\GULIWLQGH[dLQRUGHUWRPHHWWKHEXLOGLQJFRGHVOLNH61,>@ZKHUHGULIWFDQEHGHWHUPLQHGEDVHG RQWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHODWHUDOGLVSODFHPHQWDWWKHWRSRIWKHEXLOGLQJUHODWLYHWRLWVEDVH&RQVLGHULQJWKHFRQFHSWRI HDUWKTXDNHUHVLVWDQWGHVLJQIRUWKHKLJKULVHEXLOGLQJVWUXFWXUHHDUWKTXDNHORDGGRPLQDWHGWHQGVWRRFFXUUDWKHUWKDQ JUDYLW\ORDGGRPLQDWHG>@ ,QVRPHVHLVPLFSURQHFRXQWULHVUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJVDUHFRQVWUXFWHGXVLQJERWKUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWH5&DQG XQUHLQIRUFHGPDVRQU\ZDOOV'HVSLWHRIWKHLUSRSXODULW\WKHUHLVDJHQHUDOODFNRINQRZOHGJHFRQFHUQLQJWKHVHLVPLF EHKDYLRU RI VXFK PL[HG V\VWHPV DQG WKH\ DUH RIWHQ GHVLJQHG XVLQJ RYHUVLPSOLI\LQJ DVVXPSWLRQV %XLOGLQJV ZLWK PDVRQU\ LQILOO ZDOOV LQ UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH 5&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asonry Materials and Construction System $YDULDWLRQRIUDZEXLOGLQJPDWHULDOVZLWKGLIIHUHQWFRPSRVLWLRQVLVZLGHO\XVHGIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIWUDGLWLRQDOO\ DQGLQGXVWULDOO\PDGHPDVRQU\XQLWV0RUWDULVXVXDOO\FRPSRVHGRIOLPHFHPHQWDQGVDQGLQYDULHW\RISURSRUWLRQV DQGPL[HGZLWKZDWHU,QIDFWWKHPRUWDUFDQEHDGGHGZLWKRUZLWKRXWDGGLWLYHVGHSHQGLQJRQLWVDSSOLFDWLRQ7R UHLQIRUFHWKHPDVRQU\ZDOOVWHHOUHLQIRUFLQJEDUVRIGLIIHUHQWVKDSHVDQGTXDQWLWLHVHPEHGGHGDQGFRQQHFWHGWR5& FROXPQVLQPRUWDUDUHRIWHQXVHGWRLQFUHDVHWKHLUVWUHQJWKFRQWULEXWLRQ(YHU\PDVRQU\ZDOOKDVLWVRZQVSHFLILF PHFKDQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKH\DUHJHQHUDOO\H[SHFWHGWRSURGXFHDKRPRJHQHRXVVWUXFWXUDOPDWHULDOLQUHVLVWLQJWR SHUPDQHQW DQG WHPSRUDU\ DFWLRQV 1RW DOO PDWHULDOV KRZHYHU FDQ EH HQFRXQWHUHG WRJHWKHU GHSHQGLQJ RQ ZKLFK PDWHULDOV PD\ EH FRPSRVHG WRJHWKHU LQ D VWUXFWXUH ,Q SUDFWLFH WKH PDVRQU\ FRQVWUXFWLRQ V\VWHP FRQVLVWV RI D XQUHLQIRUFHGSODLQPDVRQU\FRQVLVWLQJRIPRUWDUDQGPDVRQU\XQLWVEFRQILQHGPDVRQU\XWLOL]LQJPDVRQU\XQLWV PRUWDUUHLQIRUFLQJVWHHODQGFRQFUHWHF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 LQRUGHUWRSUHYHQWFUDFNLQJ,QDQDWWHPSWWRLPSURYHWKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIWKHXQLWVFHPHQWRUJ\SVXPRUIO\ Mochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200 DVKLVRFFDVLRQDOO\VXEVWLWXWHGDVVWDELOL]HUDQGRUILOOHU>@7KHFOD\EULFNDQGFRQFUHWHEORFNDUHXVXDOO\GULHGXQGHU WKHVXQIRUDFRXSOHRIGD\V ,QWKLVUHVHDUFKDOOPDWHULDOVHQFRPSDVVHGFRQFUHWHEORFNFOD\EULFNPRUWDUFRQFUHWHPDWHULDOFHPHQWFRXUVH VDQGDQGJUDYHODQGUHLQIRUFLQJVWHHOZHUHXVHGGRPHVWLFSURGXFWV7KLVUHVHDUFKLQYHVWLJDWHVVWUXFWXUDOSHUIRUPDQFH RI ZDOOLQJ V\VWHPV FRQVLGHULQJ WKHLU FRQVWUXFWLRQ PHWKRGV ZKLFK DUH DSSOLFDEOH WR QRQHQJLQHHUHG KRXVHV 7KHVH PDVRQU\SURGXFWVDUHFRPPRQO\SURGXFHGHLWKHUE\KDQGRUPDFKLQHPDGHIDEULFDWHGDQGWKH\PD\FDXVHPDWHULDO TXDOLWLHVGLIIHUHQWO\&RQVHTXHQWO\HDFKPDVRQU\SURGXFWSURGXFHVUDQGRPTXDOLW\RQLWVFKDUDFWHULVWLFDQGSUHFLVLRQ +DQGPDGHFRQFUHWHEORFNVDQGIDEULFDWHGFOD\EULFNVZHUHXVHGWRSUHSDUHVSHFLILHGVSHFLPHQV)RUWKHEHVWZDOO UHVLVWDQFHLWVKRXOGEHVHOHFWHGIDEULFDWHGFRQFUHWHEORFNVRUEULFNPDVRQU\IRUZDOOLQJV\VWHP>@)XUWKHUPRUHHDFK PDWHULDOXVHGLQWKLVUHVHDUFKZDVFDUHIXOO\REVHUYHGDVOLVWHGLQ7DEOH 1.2 Structural Behavior of Confined Masonry Wall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aterial Properties 7KHIRXQGDWLRQFRPSRQHQWZDVUHLQIRUFHGDQGFRQILQHGZLWKUHEDUGLDPHWHURIPPKDYLQJDFRQILQHPHQWSLWFK RIPP7KHFRPPRQGLPHQVLRQRIWLHEHDPVDQGWLHFROXPQVZDV[PP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ochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 –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  5HLQIRUFLQJ VWHHOV   &RQFUHWH   &OD\EULFN &RQFUHWHEORFN 0RUWDU                           $YHUDJHWHQVLOH VWUHQJWK03D $YHUDJHFRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK03D          0RGXOXVRI HODVWLFLW\03D 'HVFULSWLRQ [ )RXQGDWLRQ [ [ [ [ [ [   7LHEHDP WLHFROXPQ 6KHDUUHLQIRUFHPHQW )RXQGDWLRQ 7LHEHDP 7LHFROXPQ :LWKSODVWHU /RZVWUHQJWKPDWHULDO 0L[WXUHUDWLR FHPHQWFRXUVHVDQG  )LJVKRZVDW\SLFDOLQSODQHLQVWUXPHQWDWLRQLQVWDOOHGDWHDFKVSHFLPHQ7KHLQVWUXPHQWDWLRQFRQVLVWVRIVWUDLQ JDXJHDQG/LQHDU9DULDEOH'LIIHUHQWLDO7UDQVIRUPHU/9'7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ochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 –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 6*   %DUHIUDPH   6*¶VLQVWDOOHG   &RQILQHG   LQFRQFUHWHDW FRQFUHWHEORFN  HDFKEFMRLQW  &RQILQHGEULFN    2.2 Experimental Setup 7KHDLPRIWKHH[SHULPHQWDOFDPSDLJQLVWRHYDOXDWHVWUXFWXUDOEHKDYLRURIWKHSUDFWLFDO5&IUDPHVXVHGLQQRQ HQJLQHHUHGEXLOGLQJVZLWKDQGZLWKRXWLQILOOPDVRQU\ZDOOVFRQVWUXFWHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHWUDGLWLRQDOEXLOGLQJSURFHVV 7KUHHVSHFLPHQVFRQVLVWLQJRIDEDUHIUDPHDFRQILQHGFRQFUHWHEORFNPDVRQU\DQGDFRQILQHGEULFNPDVRQU\ZHUH LQYHVWLJDWHG XQGHU LQSODQH F\FOLF ORDGV XQWLO WKH\ UHDFKHG D SUHGHWHUPLQHG YDOXH  GULIW  )LJ  GHSLFWV H[SHULPHQWDOVHWXSVIRUWZRGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIVSHFLPHQ7KHPDLQFRPSRQHQWRIWKHWHVWLQJIDFLOLWLHVDVZHOODVWKH K\GUDXOLFHTXLSPHQWDQGORDGLQJIUDPHDUHVKRZQLQ)LJ             D E )LJ([SHULPHQWDOVHWXSVDEDUHIUDPHEW\SLFDOFRQILQHGPDVRQU\ZDOOV 2.3 Test Procedure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ochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 –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ysteretic Behavior of Bare Frame  6KHDUIRUFHN1 6KHDUIRUFHN1 7KHPRGHRIIDLOXUHRIWKHEDUHIUDPHZDVJHQHUDOO\FRPELQHGIOH[XUDO\LHOGLQJDWFROXPQEDVHVDQGDWEHDP FROXPQMRLQWVDQGERQGGHWHULRUDWLRQRIWKHEHDPUHLQIRUFHPHQWLQWKHFRQILQHGFRUHRIWKHMRLQWUHJLRQ)LJSUHVHQWV WKHORDGGLVSODFHPHQWK\VWHUHWLFEHKDYLRURIWKHEDUHIUDPHUHSUHVHQWLQJDIXOOVFDOHJUDSK)LJDDQGD]RRPHG K\VWHUHWLFORRS)LJE)LJGHSLFWVWKHPD[LPXPGLVSODFHPHQWRIPPDQGWKHODWHUDOORDGUHVLVWLQJFDSDFLW\ RIN1                 /DWHUDOGHIOHFWLRQPP         /DWHUDOGHIOHFWLRQPP               D      E )LJ+\VWHUHWLFORRSVRI5&IUDPHDEDUHIUDPHE]RRPHGK\VWHUHWLFORRS  ,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHWLHEHDPVDQGWLHFROXPQVXVHGWRIRUPDEDUH5&IUDPHZHUHVPDOOFURVVVHFWLRQVLH [PPDQGWKHFROXPQKHLJKWLQWRWDOZDVPP)RUWKLVFRQGLWLRQWKHFROXPQVZHUHYXOQHUDEOHWREXFNOH LQSODQHIUDPHGLUHFWLRQVXEMHFWHGWRF\FOLFVKHDUIRUFHV&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHEDUHIUDPHZDVYHU\ZHDNWRUHVLVWWKH 197 Mochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200 ODWHUDOORDGVDQGLWVVWUHQJWKZDVDOVRYHU\ORZGXHWRWKHKLJKVOHQGHUQHVVUDWLRRIWKHLUFROXPQV,QDGGLWLRQWKH VPDOOFROXPQVWLIIQHVVRI5&EDUHIUDPHILUVWVSHFLPHQFRQWULEXWHGWRVLJQLILFDQWODWHUDOGHIOHFWLRQVIROORZLQJWKH VKHDUORDGLQFUHDVHG 3.2 Hysteretic Behavior of Masonry Infilled Frame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DQGWKHFRQILQHGEULFNPDVRQU\ZDOOWKLUGVSHFLPHQH[KLELWHGW\SLFDOPDVRQU\ LQILOOHGIUDPHEHKDYLRUV7KHK\VWHUHWLFEHKDYLRURIPDVRQU\LQILOOHGIUDPHWKHUHIRUHFDQEHVXPPDUL]HGEDVHGRQD W\SLFDOIDLOXUHDFFRPSDQLHGE\H[FHVVLYHVZD\GHIRUPDWLRQV 6KHDUIRUFHN1 6KHDUIRUFHN1                  /DWHUDOGHIOHFWLRQPP        /DWHUDOGHIOHFWLRQPP              D     E  )LJ+\VWHUHWLFORRSVDFRQILQHGFRQFUHWHEORFNPDVRQU\EFRQILQHGEULFNPDVRQU\  ,WZDVREVHUYHGLQWKHVHFRQGVSHFLPHQWKDWWKHPD[LPXPGLVSODFHPHQWZDVPPDQGWKHODWHUDOORDGUHVLVWLQJ FDSDFLW\ZDVN1DVVKRZQLQ)LJD:KLOVWWKHWKLUGVSHFLPHQVOLJKWO\UHDFKHGKLJKHUYDOXHVRIWKHPD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQWDQGWKHODWHUDOORDGUHVLVWLQJFDSDFLW\FRPSDUHGWRWKHVHFRQGVSHFLPHQ7KHPD[LPXPGLVSODFHPHQW DQGWKHODWHUDOORDGDVGHSLFWHGLQ)LJEZHUHPPDQGN1UHVSHFWLYHO\ 3.3 Strength Contribution of Confined Masonry Wall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 XQGHU HDUWKTXDNH ORDGLQJ DV WKH IUDPH FRPSRQHQWV FRPSUHVVWKHLQILOOVDWVRPHORFDWLRQVSURGXFLQJVWUXWDFWLRQWRWKHIUDPH)LJDQG)LJ 198 Mochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 –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ypical Damage and Failure Mode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$VPDUNHGDUHG FLUFOHDWWKHWRSEHDPFROXPQMRLQW)LJEWKHVWUHVVVWUDLQUHODWLRQVKLSVKRZVWKHIOH[XUDOUHLQIRUFHPHQWKDVDOUHDG\ \LHOGHG VLQFH WKH IUDPH SURGXFHV VLJQLILFDQW ODWHUDO GHIOHFWLRQ )OH[XUDO FUDFN SDWWHUQV KDYH GRPLQDWHG DW ERWK FROXPQVDQGWKHWRWDOIDLOXUHVRFFXUDWWKHWRSDQGERWWRPEHDPFROXPQMRLQWV 'LIIHUHQW W\SLFDO GDPDJH FRQGLWLRQV ZHUH RFFXUUHG DW ERWK LQILOO ZDOOV )LJ  DQG )LJ  GXH WR PDQ\ IDFWRUV LQYROYHGLQWKHLQILOOZDOOV7KH\LHOGVWUDLQRIUHLQIRUFLQJVWHHOVDWWKHFROXPQEDVHLVVKRZQLQ)LJD0HDQZKLOH WKH IDLOXUH PRGHV RI WKH VHFRQG VSHFLPHQ KDYH RFFXUUHG LQSODQH DQG RXWRISODQH GLUHFWLRQV DV D UHVXOW RI ORZ FRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIFRQFUHWH)LJE,QWKLVVSHFLPHQWKHFRQFUHWHEORFNPDVRQU\ZDOODQGWKHOHIWFROXPQ EDVHZHUHWRWDOO\FROODSVH7KHWKLUGVSHFLPHQ)LJJDYHKLJKHUVWUHQJWKFRQWULEXWLRQDQGVWLIIHUZDOOFRPSDUHGWR WKHVHFRQGVSHFLPHQEHFDXVHRIWKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIFOD\EULFNZDVKLJKHUWKDQFRQFUHWHEORFN$WERWKFROXPQ EDVHVZHUHQRWVHULRXVO\GDPDJHEXWDWWKHERWKWRSEHDPFROXPQMRLQWVVXIIHUHGVHULRXVGDPDJH7KH\LHOGVWUDLQRI UHLQIRUFHPHQW)LJDDVZHOODVWKHPD[LPXPFRQFUHWHVWUDLQ)LJEZHUHUHDFKHGSURGXFLQJPRGHVRIIDLOXUHRQ WKHEULFNZDOO)LJDVKRZVKRZWKHVWUHVVDQGWKHVWUDLQRIWKHPDLQUHLQIRUFHPHQWDWWKHMRLQWZHUHDFKLHYHGRYHU WKH\LHOGVWUHVVDQGVWUDLQ7KHIDLOXUHPHFKDQLVPGHSHQGVYHU\PXFKRQWKHVWUHQJWKVRIWKHIUDPHDQGWKHLQILOOZDOO )DLOXUHPHFKDQLVPVRIPDVRQU\LQILOOHGIUDPHVZLWKULJLGFRQQHFWLRQDUHFRPSOLFDWHGGXHWRWKHXQFHUWDLQW\RILQILOO Mochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200 6WUHVV03D ZDOOIUDPHLQWHUDFWLRQ7KHIDLOXUHPRGHVDSSUR[LPDWHO\LQFOXGHGLDJRQDOFUDFNKRUL]RQWDOVOLSFRUQHUFUXVKLQJDQG VRPHFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHDERYHIDLOXUHPRGHV                     6WUDLQ         D       E )LJ&RQILJXUDWLRQRIWKHILUVWVSHFLPHQDQGWKHFUDFNLQJSDWWHUQVDWIDLOXUHD\LHOGHGIOH[XUDOVWHHODWWRSMRLQWEGHIRUPHGVKDSH   6WUHVV03D            6WUDLQ                D       E )LJ&RQILJXUDWLRQRIWKHVHFRQGVSHFLPHQDQGWKHFUDFNLQJSDWWHUQVDWIDLOXUHD\LHOGHGIOH[XUDOVWHHODWERWWRPMRLQWEPRGHRIIDLOXUH 6WUHVV03D           6WUDLQ                          D       E )LJ&RQILJXUDWLRQRIWKHWKLUGVSHFLPHQDQGWKHFUDFNLQJSDWWHUQVDWIDLOXUHD\LHOGHGIOH[XUDOVWHHODWWRSMRLQWEPRGHRIIDLOXUH 199 200 Mochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200 &RQFOXVLRQV 7KH LQILOO ZDOOV SURYLGH VLJQLILFDQW FRQWULEXWLRQ LQ WKH LPSURYHPHQW RI ZKROH ODWHUDO VWLIIQHVV RI WKH VWUXFWXUH 6WURQJLQILOOZDOOVKDYHRIWHQSUHYHQWHGFROODSVHRIUHODWLYHO\IOH[LEOHDQGZHDN5&IUDPHV7KHVWUXFWXUDOEHKDYLRU RI5&IUDPHVZLWKFRQFUHWHEORFNDQGEULFNPDVRQU\LQILOOVGHSHQGRQWKHFRPSRVLWHDFWLRQRIWKHIUDPHDQGWKHLQILOO 7KHVWUXFWXUDOUHVSRQVHLVTXLWHFRPSOH[DVLWLQYROYHVDQLQWHUDFWLRQRILQILOOEHKDYLRU5&IUDPHVEHKDYLRUDQGOHQJWK RIFRQWDFWEHWZHHQLQILOODQGIUDPH 7KHWHVWUHVXOWVVKRZHGWKDWWKHLQILOOZDOOVFDQSURYLGHDOWHUQDWLYHORDGSDWKVIRUWUDQVIHUULQJWKHORDGRULJLQDOO\ RQO\VXSSRUWHGE\WKHEHDPVDQGWKXVLPSURYHWKHFROODSVHUHVLVWDQFHFDSDFLW\RIWKH5&IUDPH7KHLQILOOZDOOV KRZHYHUPD\UHGXFHWKHGXFWLOLW\RIWKH5&IUDPHDQGPD\FKDQJHWKHIDLOXUHPRGHRIWKHIUDPH7KHHIIHFWRILQILOO ZDOOVLQWKH5&IUDPHVFDQEHVXPPDUL]HGDVIROORZVDHQKDQFHPD[LPXPUHVLVWDQFHEXWUHGXFHGXFWLOLW\RIWKH IUDPHVEFKDQJHVWUDLQVGLVWULEXWLRQVLQWLHEHDPDQGWLHFROXPQPHPEHUVFFKDQJHWKHFUDFNVGHYHORSPHQWDQG IDLOXUH PRGH RI WKH IUDPHV ,W LV FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH LQILOO ZDOOV PD\ DIIHFW LH HLWKHU LPSURYH RU LPSDLU WKH SHUIRUPDQFHRI5&IUDPHVDJDLQVWFROODSVHLQGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWV7KHLQILOOZDOOVFDQKDYHDEHQHILFLDOHIIHFWRQWKH VWUXFWXUDOUHVSRQVHSURYLGHGWKDWWKH\DUHSODFHGUHJXODUO\WKURXJKRXWWKHVWUXFWXUHDQGWKDWWKH\GRQRWFDXVHVKHDU IDLOXUHVRIWLHFROXPQV $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV 7KLVVWXG\LVSDUWRIWKH..0DPXOWL\HDUUHVHDUFKSURMHFW7KHDXWKRUZRXOGOLNHWR DFNQRZOHGJHWKH'LUHFWRUDWH*HQHUDORI+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ0LQLVWU\RI5HVHDUFK7HFKQRORJ\DQG+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ IRUWKHILQDQFLDOVXSSRUWRIWKLVUHVHDUFKDQGWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ)DFXOW\RI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJDQG 3ODQQLQJ,VODPLF8QLYHUVLW\RI,QGRQHVLDIRUJLYLQJWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRIH[SHULPHQWDOGHYLFHV 5HIHUHQFHV >@ 77XUJD\0&'XUPXV%%LQLFL*2]FHEH(YDOXDWLRQRIWKHSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOVIRUVWLIIQHVVVWUHQJWKDQGGHIRUPDWLRQFDSDFLW\RI5& IUDPHVZLWKPDVRQU\LQILOOZDOOV-6WUXFW(QJ$6&(9RO1R >@ (0DUWLQHOOL&/LPD*'6WHIDQR$VLPSOLILHGSURFHGXUHIRUQRQOLQHDUVWDWLFDQDO\VLVRIPDVRQU\LQILOOHG5&IUDPHV(QJ6WUXFW  >@ %613URFHGXUHRIHDUWKTXDNHUHVLVWDQFHIRUDEXLOGLQJVWUXFWXUHDQGQRQEXLOGLQJ61,-DNDUWD%613UHVV >@ 07RPD]HYLF6HULHVRQLQQRYDWLRQLQVWUXFWXUHVDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQ±YROHDUWKTXDNHUHVLVWDQWGHVLJQRIPDVRQU\EXLOGLQJV)XOVODQG2IIVHW 3ULQWLQJ6LQJDSRUH >@ $)XUWDGR+5RGULJXHV$$UHGH+9DUXP([SHULPHQWDOHYDOXDWLRQRIRXWRISODQHFDSDFLW\RIPDVRQU\LQILOOZDOOV(QJ6WUXFW  >@ )&KULVW\'7HQVLQJDQG06KDQWKL³([SHULPHQWDOVWXG\RQD[LDOFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKDQGHODVWLFPRGXOXVRIWKHFOD\DQGIO\DVKEULFN PDVRQU\´-RXUQDORI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\YRO >@ 07HJXK6WUXFWXUDOEHKDYLRXURISUHFDVWUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHIUDPHVRQDQRQHQJLQHHUHGEXLOGLQJVXEMHFWHGWRODWHUDOORDGV,QWHUQDWLRQDO MRXUQDORIHQJLQHHULQJDQGWHFKQRORJ\LQQRYDWLRQYROQR >@ +-LDQJ;/LX-0DR)XOOVFDOHH[SHULPHQWDOVWXG\RQPDVRQU\LQILOOHG5&PRPHQWUHVLVWLQJIUDPHVXQGHUF\FOLFORDGV(QJ6WUXFW  >@ -6.XDQJ