Development and substantiation of the universal working organs parameters of sloped processing with minimal technologies lable at ScienceDirect Annals of Agrarian Science xxx (2016) 1e5 Contents lists[.]
Annals of Agrarian Science xxx (2016) 1e5 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Annals of Agrarian Science journal homepage: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/annals-of-agrarianscience Development and substantiation of the universal working organs parameters of sloped processing with minimal technologies A.P Tarverdyan*, P.A Tonapetyan National Agrarian University of Armenia, 74 Teryan Str., Yerevan, 0009, Armenia a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Received 25 August 2016 Accepted 28 September 2016 Available online xxx The article considers the problem of reducing energy consumption in the mountainous arable farming and approved that one of the effective ways to solve this problem is minimal technology of tillage machines with disk working organs, using cultivators and harrows Is proposed for universal working organ of minimum tillage, which is a spherical disc welded with segmented toothed flat disk When machining of soil with the elaborated spherical working body the value of overlap groove decreases, provided loosening of the ridges formed between the grooves, which provide high technological quality of soil processing and stability of aggregate motion That organ wich we are presenting makes it possible to reduce the number of disks in the battery and reduce the traction resistance of aggregate at identical working width © 2016 Agricultural University of Georgia Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Keywords: Working organs Minimum tillage Installation Disk Aggregate Introduction Objectives and methods One of the effective ways to improve the productivity of production processes in mountain farming is the reduction in energy consumption So, finding of the ways to reduce the energy consumption of the basic processes of tillage continues to be the main problem in mountain farming Research has established that one of the effective ways to solve this problem is minimal technology of tillage machines with disk working organs, using cultivators and harrows If a tillage on the plains by existing tillage machines basically provides sufficient technological quality, so the agronomical requirements for a minimum tillage during processing of slopes with them, are not satisfied, which reduces а fertility, increases the risk of soil erosion The processing of the slopes by disk implements is accompanied by instability dynamic and technological parameters of the unit The main reason of this instability is the redistribution of the unit's weight working on the slope The forces acting on the disc implement, which works on a slope, are shown in Fig Here reactive soil resistance, acting on the spherical disks, cannot be given to the single resultant, so they are presented by the forces R1 and R2, acting parallel to the disk's rotation axis and attached in the center of gravity of disks' segments embedded in the ground, F is a force, applied at the centre of gravity and acting in the opposite direction of the absolute velocity of the, T is a lateral force applied at the centre of gravity of the implement and directed down the slope, PXY is a drawing force (Fig 1a) The implement aspire to revolve around the instantaneous centre (p) under the effect of lateral forces T and deviates from a predetermined driving directions for some angle Then the angle of the battery disks, located on the upper side of the slope, increases and makes q ỵ 4, and the batteries, located on the lower side of the slope, vice versa, will decrease and make q-4 (Fig 1a) It is known that the resistance of disk implements, hence the forces R1 and R2, acting along the disks' rotation axis depend on many factors, one of which is the angle of disks' attack [1,2] The uneven penetration drives and change of the width of the implement's capture also affect the value of the forces R1 and R2 Discs moving on lower side of the slope are buried more as a result of redistribution of tools' weight Change of attack angle of the disks also significantly influences on irregularity of disks' motion Discs aspire to tend deepened and increase the tillage depth * Corresponding author E-mail address: rector@anau.am (A.P Tarverdyan) Peer review under responsibility of Journal Annals of Agrarian Science http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2016.09.014 1512-1887/© 2016 Agricultural University of Georgia Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Please cite this article in press as: A.P Tarverdyan, P.A Tonapetyan, Development and substantiation of the universal working organs parameters of sloped processing with minimal technologies, Annals of Agrarian Science (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2016.09.014 A.P Tarverdyan, P.A Tonapetyan / Annals of Agrarian Science xxx (2016) 1e5 Fig Moving the disk aggregate operating on a slope: a-in a plane of parallel to the field surface, b-in a plane perpendicular to the field surface with increasing of attack's angle up to certain limits [1,2] All this leads to the fact that force R1 is considerably larger R2 when working in cross slope The moment of all forces about the instantaneous center of rotation (p) should be zero for implements' balance in plane of parallel to a surface of the eld v2 f ML ỵ I þ F$r T$L cos f þ R1 l1 R2 l2 ẳ 0; vt R2 $r2 ỵ N$e ¼ R1 $r1 : (2) When q s 0, the forces R1 and R2 will not be in the same working plane, and moments R2$r2 and R1$r1 separately will contribute more burying of front discs This burying increases with increasing angle of attack disks (1) where M-weight of the implement, I- implement's moment of inertia about the axis normal to the surface of the field and passing through the center of gravity, T-lateral force, can be taken, T ¼ Gsinb, b-tilt angle, L-distance of implement's center of gravity from the instantaneous center of rotation(p), l1, l2 and r-shoulder of forces R1, R2 and F respectively For the study of disc's equilibrium of tillage equipment in the perpendicular to the surface of the field plane, assume that the disks' angle of attack is zero and equipment does not have a skew Then the batteries, located in the upper and lower side of the slope, will be on one line (Fig 1b): Conventionally, assume that the axial forces R1 and R2 continue to apply on equipment Besides them in the equipment's center of gravity, perpendicular to the surface of the field, the component of gravity G1 ¼ Gcosb and the reaction force N of the furrow's bottom act Reaction force is rejected by an amount e due to non-uniformity of processing (Fig 1b) The equation of equipment's equilibrium in the vertical plane of the field on Fig 1b will: Results and analysis To correct these deficiencies have developed a universal working organ of minimum tillage, which is a spherical disc [1] welded with segmented toothed flat disk [2] (Fig 2) When machining of soil with the elaborated spherical working body the value of overlap groove decreases, provided loosening of the ridges formed between the grooves, which provide high technological quality of soil processing and stability of aggregate motion Presenting working organ makes it possible to reduce the number of disks in the battery and reduce the traction resistance of aggregate at identical working width Fig shows the disc as circle of radius r, perpendicular to the fields of the plane, which in direction of aggregate movement amounts to an angle Q equal to disc's angle of attack Let us take an arbitrary point M of the circle, then MX - its projection on the X-axis, and MX-the projection of MX on the axis х0 (Fig 3) We write the equation of the circle in parametric form: Please cite this article in press as: A.P Tarverdyan, P.A Tonapetyan, Development and substantiation of the universal working organs parameters of sloped processing with minimal technologies, Annals of Agrarian Science (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2016.09.014 A.P Tarverdyan, P.A Tonapetyan / Annals of Agrarian Science xxx (2016) 1e5 Fig Universal working organ of minimum tillage: a-construction diagram, b-a general view, 1-spherical disc, 2- flat disc with segmented teeth height of the ridge at the bottom of the furrows (Fig 4b): b ¼ O1 O2 ¼ AC CB ỵ : 2 (7) The intersection point of two disks located at a distance h from 00 the surface From Fig 4a shows that the straight Y ¼ h intersects the ellipse at points A and C, the distance between which is the working width b: b ¼ AC ẳ q XC XA ị2 YC YA ị2 : (8) 00 Substituting equation Y ẳ h in the second of Equation (6) and solving it, we find the coordinates of points A and C: h ¼ rð1 sin utÞcos b r sin q cos ut sin b; (9) or r cos b r cos b sin ut r sin q sin b cos ut ¼ h: Fig The scheme for study working position of disk We denote rsinqsinb ¼ m and rcosb ¼ n then Equation (10) takes the form: X ¼ r cos ut; Y ¼ rð1 sin utÞ; (3) where ut-angular coefficient of any point M in parametric form Let us express coordinates of the point MX on Fig 3: X ¼ OX MX ¼ OX MX cos 900 q ¼ Xsin q: (4) We rewrite the formula [3] with regard to the expression [4]: X ¼ r sin q cos ut; Y ẳ r1 sin utị: (5) The disc is deflected at an angle b to the vertical when working on a slope of (Fig 4) We carry out corresponding transformation of the equation [5] 00 00 in order to bring the ellipse to a common coordinate system X Y : (10) 00 X ¼ rð1 sin utịsin b ỵ r sin q cos ut cos b; 00 Y ẳ r1 sin utịcos b r sin q cos ut sin b: (6) We determine interdisk distance on axis of battery from the n sin ut m cos ut ỵ n h ¼ 0: (11) After appropriate transformations of trigonometric Equation (11) we obtain the value of the parameter ut: ut1;2 ¼ 2arctg n p m2 h2 ỵ 2nh : mỵnh (12) We find working width b of a disc, substituting founded from Equations (6) and (12) the coordinates of points A and C, to the Formula (8) For example, if the disk radius r ¼ 255 mm, the angle of attack q ¼ 22 , the processing depth a ¼ 100 mm, then design value of interdisk distance on axis of battery is b ¼ 118,4 mm For optimization of design and technological parameters of developed working body the experimental model was made and carried out scientific-experimental research using experimental design techniques for symmetric composite designs such as BK (star point are±1) [4,5] The distance between disks in the battery (b) and the angle of attack (q) where taken as an variables (X), and the degree of soil loosening (h,%) was taken as the optimization parameter (Y) Factor levels (Table 1) selected by the “standard way” that is, so Please cite this article in press as: A.P Tarverdyan, P.A Tonapetyan, Development and substantiation of the universal working organs parameters of sloped processing with minimal technologies, Annals of Agrarian Science (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2016.09.014 A.P Tarverdyan, P.A Tonapetyan / Annals of Agrarian Science xxx (2016) 1e5 Fig The scheme to determination of interdisk distance Table Factors, intervals and varying levels The interval of varying and levels of factors The investigated factors The code mark zero level хi ¼ The interval of varying Dxi Lower level хmin ¼ 1 Top level xmax ẳ ỵ1 The distance between the discs in the battery (b, mm) Attack angle, q x1 150 30 120 180 x2 20 15 25 that their optimal values fall in the center of variation To determine the relationship between the changes in the degree of soil loosening (h) and the distance between the discs in the battery (b) and the angle of attack (q), the matrix of experimental design was composed (Table 2): The experiment was randomized in time, that is, in a random sequence to eliminate the influence of systematic errors caused by external factors As a result of mathematical processing of the experimental data the coefficients were determined and the following regression equation of 2-nd order was obtained, to determine the degree of loosening of soil: Table Planning matrix of experiment to determine the degree of soil loosening on the distance between the discs in the battery (b) and an angle of attack (q) No Natural values of the factors The encoded values of the factors b, mm q X1 X2 180 120 180 120 180 120 150 150 150 25 25 15 15 20 20 25 15 20 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 Response, (h,%) 40.2 66.1 72.7 84.2 64.2 78.2 57.3 81.3 72.8 hXị ẳ 73:68 8:57X1 12:43X2 3:6X1 X2 2:93X21 4:77X22 : (13) The obtained coefficients were checked by Student criterion, and Equation (13) - by Fisher test [4,5] Differentiating the equation for each of the variables and equating the derivative to zero, we obtain the system of linear equations Circulating the system of linear equations, we find the coordinates of the response center in the coded values X1 ¼ 0,833 and X2 ¼ 0.801 After substitution of founded values into the original Equation (13) we find the optimal value of degrees loosening of the soil hS ¼ 83,45% We obtain the equation for analysis of the factors after canonical transformation: h ¼ 83:45 2:93X12 4:44X22 : (14) According to Equation (14) surface the response degrees loosening of the soil on the distance between the discs in the battery (b) and the angle of attack (q) response surface isolines and graphics are the following (Fig 5) Analysis of the charts (Fig 5), constructed according to the regression Equation (14), show that the moving of the factors from the center on any side lead to a decrease of the parameter optimization (degrees loosening of the soil) After transition of response surface's center coordinates (X1 ¼ 0,833,X2 ¼ 0.801) to the valid we obtain the optimal values of parameters: the distance between the discs in the battery b ¼ 125 mm, disks' angle of attack - q ¼ 16 Please cite this article in press as: A.P Tarverdyan, P.A Tonapetyan, Development and substantiation of the universal working organs parameters of sloped processing with minimal technologies, Annals of Agrarian Science (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2016.09.014 A.P Tarverdyan, P.A Tonapetyan / Annals of Agrarian Science xxx (2016) 1e5 Fig Surfaces of dependence on the degree of the soil loosening on the distance between the discs in the battery (b) and the angle of attack (q) a - the response surface, b-twodimensional section Conclusion References Experimental studies with proposed universal working body for minimum tillage established that the maximum looseness of the soil - 83,4% ensured by at values of the angle of attack 16 and the distance between the disks on an axle battery 125мм Using of proposed universal working body for minimal processing of the slopes reduces the amount of groove's overlap, provides a loosening of the ridges formed between the grooves, which ensures temple technological quality of soil processing and stability of the aggregate motion Definition, analysis and conclusions of the energy indicators of field trials of proposed working body is the topic of another report [1] H.A Khachatryan, Operation of Tillers in the Conditions of a Mountainous Terrain, Armgosizdat, Yerevan, 1963 (in Russian) [2] G.N Sineokov, Disc Working Organs of Tillers: (Theory and Calculation), Mashgiz, Moscow, 1949 (in Russian) [3] N.A Bazikyan, P.A Tonapetyan, A.M Yesоyan, A.A Arakelyan, Disc Working Organ//Patent Armen 195U, 25.05 2010 (in Armenian) [4] ShM Grigoryan, A.P Tarverdyan, A.C Khachatryan, D.P Petrosyan, Elements of Mathematical Statistics and the Theory of Planning of an Experiment, Astghik, Yerevan, 2001 (in Armenian) [5] N.A Spirin, V.V Lavrov, Planning methods and processing of engineering experiment results, Yekaterinburg, 2004 (in Russian) Please cite this article in press as: A.P Tarverdyan, P.A Tonapetyan, Development and substantiation of the universal working organs parameters of sloped processing with minimal technologies, Annals of Agrarian Science (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2016.09.014 ... A.P Tarverdyan, P.A Tonapetyan, Development and substantiation of the universal working organs parameters of sloped processing with minimal technologies, Annals of Agrarian Science (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2016.09.014... A.P Tarverdyan, P.A Tonapetyan, Development and substantiation of the universal working organs parameters of sloped processing with minimal technologies, Annals of Agrarian Science (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2016.09.014... angle of attack - q ¼ 16 Please cite this article in press as: A.P Tarverdyan, P.A Tonapetyan, Development and substantiation of the universal working organs parameters of sloped processing with