Efficiency of Use Underground (Dike) Multilevel Parking in Conditions of Cramped Housing Development Procedia Engineering 165 ( 2016 ) 1794 – 1800 1877 7058 © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an[.]
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 1794 – 1800 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development” Efficiency of use underground (dike) multilevel parking in conditions of cramped housing development Irina Duvanovaa*, Tatiana Bubnovab, Marina Romanovichb b a BONAVA Building Company, St Petersburg, Russia St.Petersburg State Polytechnical University, Institute of Civil Engineering, St Petersburg, Russia Abstract At the present time the problem of organization permanent storage sites car is relevant due to the high growth rate motorization in the world For example, over the past ten years the number of private vehicles in St Petersburg increased by almost three times Thus, dike parking is a solution to a number of problems associated with a lack of parking spaces in a residential area This article achieved a complex assessment of the effectiveness a project of this parking © 2016Published The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd © 2016 by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Urbanisation as aresponsibility Prerequisite of forthe Sustainable Development Prerequisite for Sustainable Development Keywords: dike parking; residential area; investment; economic efficiency; intercepting parking; Introduction Storage of personal vehicles is one of the major current problems There are more and more cars in big cities every year According to traffic police statistics, in the past years, the number of vehicles in Russia increased by almost 1.5 times and the main part of them - 76.7%, or 38.7 million units are passenger cars The increase in the number of car park is expected by times According to the forecast, automobilization level for population of St Petersburg will have risen from 242 cars per 1000 people in 2006 to 450 passenger cars per 000 people by 2025 Due to the promotion of automobilization growth rate of the population over the provision of * Corresponding author Tel.: +7(921)799 6988 E-mail address: duvanova.i@mail.ru 1877-7058 © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.924 Irina Duvanova et al / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 1794 – 1800 1795 cars with parking, problem of shortage of parking spaces is becoming more urgent in not only the city center, but also in residential areas Transport occupies not only space reserved for it (special areas and driveways), but also the territory of the residential areas: playgrounds, lawns, sidewalks, recreation area This is associated with the lack or complete absence of an organized space for storage of personal vehicles, a low degree of provision with vehicle storage locations in residential areas and the disparity of regulatory and technical basis of modern town planning requirements, what leads to a deterioration in the quality of living environment [10-14] Objective: to optimize the organization of a parking space in a congested residential area on the criterion of maximizing the use of intrayard space The following problems were posed and solved to achieve this goal: to develop the project of diked parking; to evaluate the efficiency of the project use in a constrained residential development Research methodology includes collecting literature data of parking construction, systematic analysis of the scientific and legal literature, experimental design; computer modeling, economic and mathematical modeling Scientific novelty consists of the design and application of diked car park in modern conditions of constrained residential development The practical significance of the work: the results of the research can be put into practice of design new residential complexes for the optimal organization of parking spaces taking into account cramped conditions and the possibility to save architectural image of the surrounding environment The project of Dike Parking Based on the analysis of the available materials and the experience of the organization of parking spaces in mature development and construction of new residential complexes are formulated methods of the necessity and the possibility of improving the organization of parking This chapter shows the result of a possible introduction of residential development is not enough popular type of car parks as boned parking, describes its main advantages, the basic principles for the development of spaceplanning decisions of the closed parking lot It presents various options for the development of the organization of parking space, a comparative analysis of their strengths and weaknesses, the utilization rate of the area of planning indicators The object of study selected projected residential complex, located in the UAB "Shcheglovo" neighborhood "Rumbolovo" of Vsevolozhsk district of the Leningrad region The area of the residential complex is divided into sections (see Figure 1) [9], determining the sequence of design and construction Organization of parking spaces will be made separately for 1, 2-4 and 5-6, the construction queue Fig - Scheme of planning organization of the stages of construction of the residential complex Efficiency of use project in conditions of cramped housing development 8.1 Calculation of efficiency of the project utilization in a congested residential area 1796 Irina Duvanova et al / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 1794 – 1800 The residential area is projected boned parking for 268 cars (128 m / m indoors (including 18 m / m for people with limited mobility), 140 m / m in the open area) The area of each parking spaces is 14,3m2 (2,6h5,5m) 8.2 The calculation of the cost of building parking and calculation of economic and social efficiency Overall construction volume, which is determined by the reduced area of one parking Spr: Sov= Sas + Sda/ММ + (Sr + Str+ Ssr)/ММ, (3.1) where: Sas – area parking spaces, м2; Sda – driveways area (entrances and exits), м2; Sr – ramp area, м2; Str – area of technical rooms, м2; Ssr– area security room and other ancillary facilities, м2; ММ – the total number of cars, pieces [4] Reduced parking spaces in the area of the parking lot will be bunded: Sov=14,3+(2060+2191)/268+(230+14+11,48)/268=31,12м2 Determining the cost per square meter parking lot project, consider the following: x the organization of construction work on the alignment of the site costs are minimized, x in a drop of relief heights does not require additional costs for the organization of the bund; x the upper level parking lot is open; x in the territory of the parking lot does not require the organization of engineering systems, with the exception of electricity In view of the analysis (Table 1) [8-9] pricing per square meter in the construction of the parking lot, and taking into account the above factors, we assume the cost of 1m2 12 000 rub Table - Determination of the cost of 1m2 parking No Type of parking Underground parking Surface parking Multi-level 4-storeyed parking GSK "Stavropolets" general purpose premises Multi-storey indoor parking with commercial premises and utilities Ramp, multistory Multi-storey parking with hoists for vehicles with driver Robotic, multi-tiered Cost of 1m2, rub 25 000 15 000 11 350 16 650 19 650 23 950 22 300 Cost of construction of a two-level parking are: 268m/mx31,12m2x12 000rub/m2=100 081 920rub Thus, the estimated cost of construction and equipment of two-level parking for 268 Dike cars amounted to RUB 100.1 million The projected parking, cost of sales will be 600 parking spaces 000rub in the open air, 800 000 rub in a closed area The cost of renting a parking space at 000 rub / month at a closed site, 000 rub / month in the open Start of construction of the parking lot and selling parking spaces - IV quarter 2016 Estimated date of commissioning of the object - I quarter of 2018 Technical and economic parameters of open parking Dike presented in Table Table - The main technical and economic indicators of the parking project 1797 Irina Duvanova et al / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 1794 – 1800 No Name of Indicator Total car parking area, m2 Building area, m2 Number of parking places, pcs * Cost of construction of a parking space, rubles Average market price sales of parking places rubles The total construction cost, rub Revenues from sales, rub The construction period, months * The reduced area of 31.12 m² per unit Indicator 365,7 282,2 268 373 440 600 000-800 000 100 081 920 79 918 080 12 The cost efficiency, consider three possible occupancy of parking areas are: x “optimistic option" - 100% occupancy rate (60% m / m sold, 40% m / m for rent) x “pessimistic option" - 50% occupancy rate (30% m / m sold, 20% m / m for rent) x «The most likely option" - 80% occupancy rate (60% m / m sold, 20% m / m for rent) Table - Summary of the project performance indicators No Optimistic option Efficiency indicators Total costs The total income Net income Discount rate Net present value Profitability index Payback period, year Payback period with discounting, year Internal rate of return % Pessimistic option Thous rub 113 226 77 245 -35 981 12% -37 348 0,63 20,11 (20 years month) 113 226 152 611 39 385 24 811 1,24 2,05 (2 years month) 2,12 (2 years month) 66,31 The probable option 113 226 126 138 12 912 161 1,03 3,08 (3 years month) 4,29 (4 years month) 17,44 - The calculation shows that at low occupancy of parking payback occurs only after 20 years Comparison of costs, revenues and payback period of the project at the expiration of years are presented in Figure thous rubles 250 000 year The occupancy rate of parking 25 20.11 200 000 20 150 000 15 100 000 10 3.08 50 000 2.05 50% 80% 100% -50 000 -5 Expenses The amount of income net income Payback period Fig - Performance Indicators for different% occupancy of parking On the basis of calculations, simulate project performance indicators at different percentage occupancy of the parking lot (see Figure 3) 1798 Irina Duvanova et al / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 1794 – 1800 thous rubles 60 000р 45 40 000р 40 20 000р 35 0р 30 -20 000р 25 -40 000р 20 -60 000р 15 -80 000р 10 -100 000р -120 000р 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% The occupancy rate of parking Net profit, thousand rubles Payback period, year Figure - Performance Indicators for different% occupancy of parking The diagram shows that the occupancy of parking less than 75% of the net income of the project at the end of years would be negative The project will pay for itself and turn a profit for 10 years at 65% occupancy of parking and more, the project can be regarded as cost-effective with a smaller percentage of the car park occupancy The projected number of housing complex originally projected spaces, provided just 65% of the fleet Dike construction of parking has increased the number of parking spaces and the capacity of the fleet to 95% (Table 4) Table - Provision of parking spaces in the projected residential complex Line construction 2-4 5-6 Total 5-6 Total Number of parking spaces It is necessary for the projected calculation * 94 73 285 179 283 191 662 443 In view of the parking lot diked 283 373 662 625 shortcoming -21 -106 -92 -219 +90 -37 Table 10 shows that the construction of the car park diked not only covers the lack of parking spaces in "their" stage of construction, but also provides the opportunity to compensate for the lack of them in the last lines Number of actually placed car with additional parking proves the feasibility of this type of underground and ground parking lots in residential areas (Figure 4) Irina Duvanova et al / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 1794 – 1800 600 It is necessary for the calculation of m / m It provided the project m / m 500 400 300 Lack m / m 200 100 Stage Stage 2-4 Stage 5-6 Stage 5-6 + parking Figure - Availability of parking spaces on residential area Construction of parking in the residential complex in addition to increasing the number of parking spaces is also slightly increase the area of landscaping area How to get to the parking area is now a planar lawn, and from residential buildings is "green" area (see Figure 5-6) Figure - Scheme of planning organization of land with parking planar Figure - Scheme of planning organization of land with parking Dike This green area can increase the use of intradomestic space In this area can be arranged and organized bench area for rest Conclusions Based on the developed space-planning solutions of the two-level open parking Dike, calculated the economic and social efficiency of the project The results obtained because of the calculation, suggest that: During the construction of multilevel parking Dike, the task of organizing entry / exit and outputs on the surrounding area is one of the most difficult; When the occupancy of parking less than 60% of the project will not generate revenue during the first 10 years Diked construction of parking in a residential area has increased the supply of parking spaces by 30%; The total provision of parking spaces in the projected quarter amounted to 95% of the fleet; Construction of parking in the residential complex let increase the landscaping area and thus increase the use intrayard space 1799 1800 Irina Duvanova et al / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 1794 – 1800 References [1] Ptuhina I., Spiridonova T., Musorina T Performance evaluation of high-rise complex construction depending on building site placement Applied Mechanics and Materials 2015 Vol 725-726 Pp 153-159 [2] Vatin N., Petrichenko M., Nemova D., Staritcyna A., Tarasova D Renovation of educational buildings to increase energy efficiency Applied Mechanics and Materials 2014 Vol 633-634 Pp 1023-1028 [3] Usmanov R.A., Vatin N.I., Murgul V.A Highly compacted and reinforced soil beds as an efficient method to build artificial foundation based on weak soils Applied Mechanics and Materials 2014 Vol 680 Pp 474-480 [4] Nurumbayeva L.M., Badanin A.N Justification for determination of the depth of an active zone based on the ii group of limiting states Applied Mechanics and Materials 2014 Vol 580-583.Pp 98-104 [5] Startsev SA Analysis of causes of ill cellars in Saint Petersburg Civil Engineering Journal 2009 № pp 31-42 [6] Dianov V.N., Gevondian T.A Parking system of high reliability innovation technologies 2014 Vol pp 531-535 [7] Gilbey J.D., Kalikow L.H Parking functions, valet functions and priority queues Discrete Mathematics 1999 vol 197-198 Pp 351373 [8] H.-G Kwak, J.-Y Song Live load design moments for parking garage slabs considering support deflection effect Computers & Structures 2001 Vol 79 Issue 19 Pp 1735-1751 [9] Frey R A parking spot in history // Alberta Report / Newsmagazine 1993 Т 20 Issue 13 Pp 6-7 [10] I.A Duvanova, T.L Simankina, Optimization of the conditions of parking space residential buildings Construction of unique buildings and structures 2016 (41) pp 108-117 [11] I A Duvanova, Car parking and parking in the metropolis Construction of unique buildings and structures.2015 12 (39) pp 43-56 [12] .Levashev A., Mikhailov A., Golovnykh I, Modelling parking based trips WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 2014 Vol 179 No Pp 1067-1076 [13] .Molenda I., Sieg G., Residential parking in vibrant city districts Economics of Transportation, 2013 Vol.2 No Pp 131-139 [14] Van Ommeren J., De Groote J., Mingardo G Residential parking permits and parking supply Regional Science and Urban Economics 2014 No 45 Pp 33-44 ... of use project in conditions of cramped housing development 8.1 Calculation of efficiency of the project utilization in a congested residential area 1796 Irina Duvanova et al / Procedia Engineering... 5-6 Stage 5-6 + parking Figure - Availability of parking spaces on residential area Construction of parking in the residential complex in addition to increasing the number of parking spaces is... Irina Duvanova et al / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 1794 – 1800 No Name of Indicator Total car parking area, m2 Building area, m2 Number of parking places, pcs * Cost of construction of a parking