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2*NLN 119''''9/20U v/, HAI MUm NAM PHAT TRIEN VUffT BAG NHl|T DIEN DOT THAN 0 VIET NAM (Thdi KY 2011 2030) N H O N G THOI 0 0 VA THACH THOC PGS TS Truvmg Duy Nghia Tren nhieu so Tap chi Nang luxyng Nhiet[.]
2*NLN-119'9/20U v/,HAI MUm NAM PHAT TRIEN VUffT BAG NHl|T DIEN DOT THAN VIET NAM (Thdi KY 2011 -2030) - NHONG THOI 0 VA THACH T H O C PGS TS Truvmg Duy Nghia Tren nhieu so Tap chi Nang luxyng Nhiet chung tdi da neu cic y kiin v§ viec phat thin nhiet di& ddt than (NDDT) ' d Viet Nam Trong bai bao chung toi mong muon tdng hop lai va neu ten nhOvg van di mang tinh chiin luxfc cho su- phat thin nganh va cac nganh kinh ti lien quan khic, bao dam cho nganh NDDT duxyc phat tnin hai hoa, bin vOng va dat hieu qui cao nhit I MdrDAu Quy hoach Dien VII- Quy hoach phat triln dien ti> 2011-2020, djnh hu-dng ddn nam 2030, da duac Thu tu'dng Chinh phu phe duyet tai Quyet dinh sd 1208/QD-TTg 21/7/2011 da md tndn vpng to ldn cho su" phat tridn nganh dien ndi chung, dd cd su" phat tri4n vup't bac cac nha may nhiet di$n ddt than (NDT) a Viet Nam, theo dd, vdi su phan bd ddng ddu ca nu'dc se hinh cac trung tam dien luc ldn (cac trung tam ma chu yeu la cae nha may NDT) ed cdng suit phd bien 4.0005.000MW Theo Quy hoach Dien VII, cdng suit va san iLcang dien nang nhLC sau (bang 1) Bang Cong suit va san iwgng di$n nang & Viet Nam TT Dai l u v n g 2010 Sfiii Tiing Nhici diijn d6l than Nhiet diijii dot Thuy dign Div'ii lir iiilny linrng Dien hill nhan 2011 San 2020 liiffng 2030 Cong sunt Slin Uecrng Cong sual SM Ivffng 94.600 ty k W h 107.225 IV kWh -75 000MW 330 ly k W h 146-800 M W 6951ykWh 15.600 Iy kEh 18.884 l y k W h 36.000 M W 156[ykWh 75.750 M W 3911ykWh 16.50% 17,61% Ty 10 tttang 39.150 l y k W h T} IC- 48,0% 14 000 M W 79.0 ly k W h 17.320 M W 36,510% 19.1% 24.0% 11,8% 19.120 M W 64,7 ty k W h 23,048 M W 25,5% 19,6% 200MW 14.,1tykWh 5,6% 56,4% 51,6% 46,450 Iy kWh 43,32% r> IC' 46,8% 100,0 t y k W h 14,4% 64,6 ty kWh 9,3% 15,7% 13.800 M W 4l,7tykWh 9.4% 6.0% 975 M W 6,93 ty k W h 9,689 M W 70,195 ly 1,3% 2,1% 6,6% 4,5% kWh 10,1% Nhif vay theo quy hoach Bien VII, t6c (Jo tang tSng san lu-p-ng dien va san lifgng NOT cho thfti ky 2010-2020 va 2020-2030 nhif sau (bang 2), Bang Tdc tang trimng cac san Iwgng dien San liei/ng Siin l u o n g dien, ty k W h 2010 2020 2030 Tang truong, % 2010-2020 2020-2030 long sail lir^nii;tlicii 94,6 3.10.0 95,0 348.8 210.6 San kri^my dii;n N O T 15,6 156.U 391.0 1.000,0 250.6 flni; iritimf; binh quan hang nam chu long san lu^mgtlicn fVnSm 13.3 7.8 Ch()NDI.''ii'ni-im 25,9 9.6 ' DL' dio ^i chiing lui ggt nhd n V nhiel dien dot than Id Nhiei di^n than (NDT) nhd mdy nhiet di4n dot la Nhiit dien (\DKl HLN'119-g/20U'3 Nhu" vay tdc dd tang san l i / g n g dien nang cua Viet Nam thdi ky la rdt l d n , vu'pl xa tde dd tang tdng san pham quoc dan (GDP), he sd VLfpl t n f d c (he s6 dan hdi) Idn h o n Hy vpng thdi ky 2020-2030, he sd vu'pl tru'dc se giam di nhidu dd tidn tdi nhu'ng giai doan sau se dao ddng quanh va cd thd nhd hon D e dat d y p c tdc tang tru-dng tren thdi ky 2011-2020, da va se du-a vao van hanh hang loat NOT dung bien td may 300MW vd 600MW, dung thdng sd hci can tdi han (-180 bar) va sidu tdi han (240-250 bar) nhu' cae NOT Quang Ninh (4x300 MW), Hai Phdng (4x300 MW), Nghi S o n (2x300 MW), Vung Ang va (4x600 MW), VTnh Tan va (4x600 MW) VTnh Tan (3x660 MW) Duyen Hai va (4x600 MW), Quang Trach (2x600 MW), Long Phu (2x600 MW), Sdng Hau (2x600 MW) Thai Binh (2x300 MW), Nghi S o n (2x600 MW), Mdng D u o n g (2x500 MW), Mdng D u o n g (2x600 MW) Ngoai nhidu nhd mdy NDT thudc Tdng cdng ty Dien to'c Vinacomin cd edng sudt td may be hon: Na D u o n g (2x50 MW), Na Du*ong (2x150 MW), Cao Ngan (2x55 MW) C i m Pha (3x300 MW), S o n Dpng (2x100 MW), Mao Khe (2x220 MW) Da sd cac nha may NDT du-a vao van hanh thdi ky 2011-2020 la thupc giai doan hoac eua cac Trung tam Dien ILTC Idn Trong thdi ky binh quSn mdi nam can xay du'ng va du*a vao van hanh 3.600 M W NDT, t u o n g du-ong nha may NOT cdng sudt 1.200 M W (2x600 MW) va thdi ky 2021-2030, mdi nam phai du'a vao v$n hanh 75,750 MW, tLrong d u o n g nha may NDT cdng suat 1.200 M W (2x600 MW) hay nha may NDT cdng suat 2.000 MW(2x1 000 MW) V d i suat dau tu' bidn hien cho nh_a may NDT la 2.100 USD/kW thi trung binh mdi nam can khoang 7,5 ty USD cho thdi ky 1 2020 va 16 ty USD cho thdi ky 2021-2030, chi rieng eho vipe dau tLf xay d y n g cac nha may NDT, chL^a kd cac khoan dau tLr cho cac nha may dien khac (dipn khi, dien hat nhan, thuy dien) va cho du-dng day va Xr^m dien Day la nhOng khoan kmh phi dau tu' rat Idn kha nang dap d n g cua ndn tai chinh qudc gia cdn nhieu han chd S y tang t r u d n g vu'p't bac san lup'ng dien cac nha may NDT da m d nhO'ng thdi c o to ldn va d6ng thdi cCing cd nhOng thach thdc khong nhd cho s y phdt tnen nganh II N H O N G THdi c a Trong 60 nam xSy d y n g va phdt tridn nganh OI$n Vi$t Nam (1954-2014) tinh ke t y cd nha mdy thuy dien Thac Ba, g^n nhu- c h y a bao g i d san iLfp-ng dien cac nha may NDT chidm t d i % tdng san iLcpng dien qudc gia Vi vay tdc dp tang trLfdng vu'pl bac san lu-ang dien NDT, dac biet giai doan 2015-2025, vdi s y hinh thdnh va phan bd rai rac ea nu'dc eae trung tam dien l y c Idn (do cae nha may NDT) cd cdng suat tdi 4-000-5 000 MW) (tn> cac tinh midn nui Tay Bac, Viet Bac, Tdy Nguyen) vdi to may cdng s u i t phd bien 600 M W va 000 M W la mpt thdi CO vd cung to ldn cho ngdnh NOT va nhOng nganh kinh td lien quan NhO'ng thcyi cadd la: 2.1- Tao tidn dd cho viec nghien ed'u khoa hpc vd CO ban, ve cdng nghe va vd ky thuat cac imh VLfC ky thuat nhiet, phuc vu va giai dap cac van de cua nha may NDT 2.2- Tao nhu cdu to Idn eho viec dao tao nhan lyc a cac trinh khae nhau, dap u'ng nhu c l u nhan lyc thidt kd, ehd tao, l i p dat va van hanh nha may NDT 2.3- Tao nhu c l u to Idn va do tao cdng an viec lam vdi gia tri san iLfong Idn eho nganh c o che tao cac trang thidt bj cua nha may NOT, cho nganh xay l i p nha may NDT, thu'c hien ndi dja hda d i n viec chd tao vd xay d y n g nha may dien hinh mpt nganh cdng nghiep chd tao nha may dien, tidn tdi x u l t k h i u nha may dien Nha may NDT la mdt cdng trinh cdng nghipp cd quy md rat ldn vd - vdn d i u tLf (ti> hay ty USD den ca chuc ty USD), - dien tich chidm dat/ ti> 100,200 den 400,500 ha); - thidt bi la cac hang muc thidt bj sieu t r u d n g (co thd dai vai chuc met), sieu trpng (nang 100 ddn 200 t i n ) , ap s u i t sieu cao (can tdi han hay sieu tdi han) He thdng dieu k h i l n cac thidt bj cd trinh dp t y dpng hda rat cao va phCrc tap; - tieu thu mpt so l u p n g r i t Idn than (tiJ mpt vai trieu tan /nam den hang true tripu t i n /nam) Chinh vi vay, s y phat tridn v y p t bac nganh NOT se keo theo s y phdt t r i l n manh me cua hang loat cac nganh kinh t l lien quan 2.4- That CO vang cua nganh NDT va cac nganh kinh t l lien quan Tai bang gidi thieu tdng san l u p n g dipn vd tdc dp phat t r i l n dipn cua cac nwdc thudc nhdm G7, thupc nhdm cac nu'dc mdi ndi va nhdm cdc n L f d c D d n g Nam A, ' N L N - 1 * 9/2014 Bang Tong sin twang dienya toe phit trien dien cua mgt s6 nw&c Qu6c gia Todn th4 g i i Tang t n r d n g , %/15nam San ItfOTig d i e n , tykWh 1980 1995 2010 4.463 6.682 7.338 19801995 49,7 19952010 18,8 A Nh6m cac n u o c phat triSn cao (G7) 46,6 21.6 427 3,556 4.326 Nhat 572 981 145 71,5 Canada 373 551 630 47,7 14.3 Dij-c 367 533 621 45,2 16,5 My Phap Anh y 257 489 537 90,3 16,7 9,8 "•""284 333 381 17,3 14,4 183 237 298 29,5 25,7 B NhoiT cac nufcfc md'i noi Trung Quoc 972 4,207 332,8 An D Q 351 922 162,7 Han Ouoc 185 497 168,6 Dai Loan 118 247 109,3 ; N h m c dcnu75 3.2.2 Nang cao chat lwng nghien cuu dly du, chi tilt nen viec quylt djnh chung iogi than d p cho nha may NDT cdn chua chuln xac, dd chua dap ung dugc muc tieu d l cua d l an D I bao dam d p than ed chit lugng on dinh suit cupc ddi van hanh nha may NDT, can nhanh chdng thye hien cae cdng viec sau: 1- Nganh than d n bao dam san lugng va chit lugng khai thdc than cua tung md vd d p cho tung nha may NDT cu the, khdng t h i cung d p theo phuang chdm cd gi d p niy, cd bao nhieu d p biy nhieu 2- Than d p cin cd tinh chit tuang dong vdi than thilt k l , nlu bude phai d p than khac nhieu vdi thilt k l thi nha may NDT d n tiln hanh c^c nghien cuu d l chinh djnh lai thilt bi va cac chi tieu kinh t l ky thugt 3- Ddi vdi nhiJng nha may NDT nguyen dupc thiet k l ddt than npi dia cua khu md Quang Ninh thi la than antraxit it chit bdc, rit khd chay nen rit d n trdn them than nhdp khiu d l chay (a bitum hay bitum) d l nang cao hieu suit qua trinh chay va d l giam lugng diu ddt phu tra Doi vdi nhijng nhd may NDT nguyen dupc thilt k l ddt than nhap khiu la loai than bitum hay a bitum, cd ham luang chit bdc rit cao, rit dl chay thi khdng nen vi than ndi dja hien dang tr dpng, ehua xult dugc, chuyin sang ddt toan than ndi dja, than ndi dia khdng du thi lai chuyin ve dot toan than nhap khiu Dilu ndy la phi k? thuat vi Id hoi dupc thilt k l ddt than antraxit npi dja co thi d l dang chuyen hin sang ddt than nhgp khiu la bitum hay a bitum nhung ngupe Igi thi khdng thi dupc, Tuy nhien, d l tang tinh kinh t l , tinh an ninh cung d p than, nhO'ng nha may NDT nguyen dupc thilt k l dot than nhgp khiu cd the chuyin sang ddt than trpn giu'a than ndi dja va than niiap khiu, than nhap khiu cd ty le chu ylu, than nOi dja cd ty ie nhd han Viec ddt than trdn ddi vdi ca hai logi nha may NDT d n dwc/c nghien cu'u d l xae djnh ty Id tii a'u eac loai than trdn 3.3 Nhanh chong xay dung nganh cc c h i tao nha may nhiet dien Nhy da phan tieh tai mue II, thdi kJ 2011-2030 la thai ky ed tdc dp tang san lugng didn nhanh nhlt, sau nam 2030, tdc dp s§ giam di nhilu, nhu clu xay dung cac nhd may dien ndi chung vS NDT ndi rieng se khdng cdn nhiiu nO-a Niu thd'i ky niy v&i nhu cau can xay di^g rat nhieu nhi miy NDT ma nwac ta khong xiy dyng cho minh nganh ca che tao nha miy NLN* 119-9/2014* NDT (chung toi muon nhan manh chi tao nha miy NDT, khong phai la chi tao mgt s6 trang thiet bj cua nha may NDT) thi se bd la mat thai ca ma chOng tdi ggi la thdi ca vang va mai mai se khong bao gia co dwac thai ca vang nwa va se khong the hinh nganh ca chi tao nhi miy NDT dwac Ngdnh c c che tgo nha may NDT ma ehu y l u la e h l tao Id hai-tuabin hai, cac trang t h i l t bj phu cua Chung n h u mdy n g h i i n than, b a m n u d c d p , bam n u d c lam'mat, ma ddng ea t r u y i n ddng cho cac bam cd cdng s u i t t d i 50.000-60.000 kW, la ddng c a dien dp cao, cac binh gia nhiet, may phat dien, may b i l n ap, may d t dien, eae thiet bj loc bui tTnh dien, k h u SO2 va NOx khdi, V V la nganh c a nang vdi cac may mde edng cu khdng Id n h u may ep thuy lue khoang 10.000 t i n , may tien CNC d l tien rote tuabin dai hang chuc met, eung vdi nganh luyen kim de due van (ngng hang tan, chju d u o c ap s u i t tdi 300 bar), d l due true tuabin ( b l n g thep khong ri logi dac biet vd r i t dai), d l san x u l t cac loai thep t i m va dng thep hgp kim chiu d u g c nhiet dp cao, v.v, D I cd t h i xay dyng d u g e ngdnh ea nang ndy, ngodi ngudn kinh phi d i u t u ldn, cdn c i n cd doi ngu can bp ky thuat gidi, n h i l u kinh nghipm thilt k l , chi dgo edng nghe e h l tao va k i l m tra c h i t lupng c h i tgo, nhi>ng cong nhan lanh n g h i Bay gid mdi dat vipe xay d y n g nganh ca c h i tgo cac t h i l t bj chu y l u cua nha may NDT la qua cham nhyng d i l u khdng cd nghTa la c u cd chu truong Id se hinh d u a c nganh cdng nghiep Cdc n u d c Ddng Au t r u d c day n h u Ba Lan, Tiep K h i c , Rumani, Bungah, Hungari, sau T h i c h i l n 11 k i t thuc, da xay d y n g cho n u d c minh nganh c a c h i tao cac t h i l t bj chinh cua nha may NDT Ngay sau giai phdng 1949, Trung Quoc da d u g c Lien Xd (thdi Stalin) vien trg cho trdn 150 cdng trinh dgi quy md, ed nha may e h l tao Id hoi, tuabin, mdy dien la nha may tgo nen pho^cdng nghipp Cap NhT Tdn, Ba nha may cd t h i che tao td may phat dien (Id hai, tuabin, mdy phat dien, may b i l n ap) cdng s u i t 100 MW, ap s u i t 90 bar, la cdng s u i t va ap s u i t thuOc loai cao n h l t eua t h i gidi lue ^ ^ Chung ci'r la nga}> sau ndm 1954, Ba Lan dd trang bi cho nhd may NDT Yen Phy, Cua cdm Hai Phong cdc Id hoi OR-32 CO cdng sual ldn gap 3-4 Idn cong sual cdc Id hai cS cua Phdp Hungari dd viC'n Irg nha mdy NDT Hdn Rong, Tnmg Quae sau ndm 1955 dd xdy dirng cho yifl Nam cdc nhd mdy NDT 'i('l Tn Thdi Nguyen, Hd Bdc rdi Ninh Binh Han Qude t u lau da t y trang bj d u g c cho minh cdc nha may NDT cdng s u i t ldn D i n hp cung da x u l t k h i u d u g c nhd may NDT Lien doanh Doosan (Han Quoc) tgi Quang Ngai da e h l tgo d u g c Id hai cdng s u i t 300-600 MW va da x u l t k h i u sang An D d Hdn Qudc cung chi d n 15 nam xay dung dien hat nhan va sau la c h i l n luge x u l t khau dipn hat nhan, nghta la nganh c a che tgo cua ho da e h l tao d u g c nha may dien hat nhan va cung da x u l t k h i u dien hat nhan sang An Dp Lien Xd t r u d c day, v d i k h i u hieu chu nghTa Cdng san la chinh q u y i n Xd V i l t cdng vdi dien hda, nganh nang l u g n g da cd tdc dp phat tnen nhanh ehdng, da hinh thdnh ca mdt he t h i n g cdc nha may c a e h l tao Idn dam nhiem hoan toan viec cung d p toan bd t h i l t bj eua cac loai NMD (than, d i u , khi, thuy dien, dien hgt nhan) Cac nha mdy c a cua hp da e h l tgo d u g c cac td may phat dien (Id hai, tuabin, may phdt dien) cdng s u i t tdi 13d0MWW 1500 M W Id nhO'ng td mdy cd cdng s u i t Idn n h l t hien then t h i gidi Ngay 21/11/2012 Thu T u d n g Chinh phu da Quyet djnh so 1791/QD-TTg phe duyet "Ca che thwc hien thi diim thiit ki, chi tao nwac thiit bi cac nha may NDT giai doan 2012-201S' Theo Q u y l t djnh nay, Viet Nam se thi d i l m thyc hien che tao n u d c (npi dja hda) cho nha may NDT (Quynh Lap 1, Quang Trach 1, Song Hau 1) eac hang muc trang t h i l t bt phu sau: - He t h i n g eung d p than; - He t h i n g thai tro xi, - He t h i n g Ipc bui tTnh dien; - He t h i n g khi> luu huynh (SO2) khdi; - He thdng n u d c lam mdt; - He t h i n g cung d p d i u dot phu trp; - He t h i n g ong khdi; - He t h i n g x u ly n u d c d p Id hoi va he t h i n g x u iy n u d c thai; - Tram phan phdi vd may b i l n ap chinh; - H e t h d n g phdng chdy ehu'a chay; - P h i n k i t c l u thep cua nha may _ Hat^ p h i n : he thdng PCCC va k i t c l u thep d h l u h i t cac d y an xay d y n g nha may NDT d i u Vipt Nam dam nhiem (Viet Nam la B phu cua nha t h i u chinh n u d c ngoai) Tong cac hang muc tren cd gia trj kinh l l vao khoang % t i n g m u c d i u t u cua toan bp d y an Theo Q u y l t dmh , eac nha t h i u Viet Nam la ngudi che tao va trang bj cac he thong tren cho d y an, khdng phai la nha t h i u phu cua nha t h i u ehinh n u a c ngoai, nghta la cac hang muc la cac gdi t h i u neng khdng thupc hgng mue eua gdi t h i u chinh d l gpi t h i u nha t h i u n u d c ngoai, Cac nha t h i u Vipt Nam sau t h y c hi^n thi d i l m vipe t h i l t k l e h l tao va trang bj cac hp thong * NLN-119* 9/2014 tren se phin diu d l trd' ngudi cung cap chinh nhung trang thilt bj nay, Theo Quylt dinh 1791/QD-TTg, lln diu tien da chinh thLPC hda viee Viet Nam phai tu c h i tgo din eac trang thilt bi eua nha may NDT blng nipt van ban chi dao cua Thu tudng Chinh phu Dilu la hit su-c quan trpng cd tac dung to ldn vipe thue dly ndi dja hda cdc trang thilt bj cua nha may NDT Tuy nhien viee trienkhai thuc hien nghj quylt cdn cd nhu'ng vin d l tdn tai sau' 3.3.1 Chung ta mdi chi dat nhiem vu c h i tao mpt sd he thdng trang thilt bj phu Day la he thdng thiet bi md cac nha thiu phu Viet Nam v i n dam nhiem xay lip cua nhilu dy an xay dyng nha may NDT, dudi sy chi dao va giam sat theo thilt k l ciJa nha thau chinh Dilu khae biet a day la cac nha thiu Viet Nam iam chu hoan toan, tu thilt kl, chi tao lap dat, chay thu nghiem thu, bao hanh, blng ngudn kinh phi td' dy an Song vi la mpt hang muc cdng trinh rieng biet, ddc lap vdi nha thiu chinh nen d n hai hda vdi cac hang muc cua nha thiu chinh, d l mdt td hgp thilt bj hoan chinh v l thilt k l , v l cac yeu clu chit lugng, v l cac cht tieu van hanh, cac chi tieu kinh t l ky thugt bao dam, v l dap u'ng tiln xay lip v.v nghta Id phai cd sy ehi dao thdng nhlt glQ'a nha thiu chinh nudc ngoai vdi cac nha thiu Viet Nam 3.3.2 Thdi gian triln khai cac hang muc nay, theo tiln dp dua vao van hanh nha may NDT lya chpn d l thuc hien ndi dja hda cdn keo dai, tdi sau ndm 2020, va l y mdi ehi xong viec chi tgo thu nghiem, nhu vay cho thai ky tdi nam 2030, chijng ta cung mdi chi lam chu du-oc viee chi tao eae he thing trang thiet bj phu, ehua h i chi tao cae trang thilt bi chinh, nghta Id bd la thdi ca vang cho nganh ca ehl tao 3.3.3 Khi nganh ca da chi tao dugc cae thilt bj chinh cua nha may NDT thi chi l y ta mdi iam chu dugc viee npi dja hda hodn toan nha may NDT, nha thiu Viet Nam mdi la tong thiu EPC theo dung nghta, mdi cd thi nght din viec xult khiu nha may NDT dupc, mdt giam duae ngudn kinh phi ngoai te to ldn diu tu cho nha may NDT Vi vay d n nhanh chdng di thing vao che tao cac thilt bj chinh cua nha may NDT, song each td chi>c khdng thi di theo loi mdn cu la diu tu xay dyng nha may ca trudc rdi mdi dt vao ehl tgo, vl ca v l von va thdi gian khdng cho phep, d n tranh thij tgi dung mdt thuc t l la tat nhOng nudc cd nln cdng nghiep ca ehl tao nha mdy NDT Idn nhung san luang dien da bao hda, nhu clu xay dung cac nha may NOT mdi gin nhu khdng cd, eae nha may ca rai vao tinh trang khdng cd edng an viec lam nang luc cija hp hit sue to ldn Diln hinh trudng hpp ndy la Nga Chung ta d n tao cho hp chuyin nha may ca cue hp sang Viet Nam, ehi djnh cho hp dugt trung thiu trang bj mdt vai nha may NDT, sau chuyin toan bp nha may ca cho Viet Nam, hoac theo hudng Viet Nam mua trpn nha may ea cua hp, ngudi Viet Nam cd the nhanh chdng nim bit duac thilt k l va cdng nghp chi tao Viec diu tu ehle chin se re han nhieu so vdi viee diu tu c h i tgo thu nghiem, ^cdc hp thing trang thilt bj phu (chi chilm 20% tdng mil'c diu tu) va v i n phai chju 80% tdng muc diu tu dl trang bj cac thilt bj chinh Cac nha may ca ndy cdn dap u'ng kha nang cung d p vdt tu, phg tdng d l thay thi, si>a ehu'a sau 3.4 V I n d l thai tro xi cua nha may NDT Nha may NDT la mpt cdng trinh quy_ md ldn va phijc tap, se sinh rit nhilu v i n d l khoa hgc ky thugt cin dugc giai quylt dua nhd may vao van hanh, dd ndi com len viee su dyng tro xi cua nha may Rit nhilu nha may NDT su dung than cd ham lugng tro Idn, sd lugng tro xithai hang nam len tdi hang trieu tin, kha nang chua cija cac bai chua tro xi, du da len tdi ea tram nhung cung ch? diJ chi>a vai ba nam, cCing lim la 7-8 nam tudi ddi cua nha may NDT thudng tren 30-35 nam Day la mdt v i n d l khd khan hit sue to Idn eua nhd may NDT^ Tro xi cua nha may NDT dung Id hai ddt than bdt, nlu hdm luang eacbon chua chay cdn lgi tro it (75 3.2.2 Nang cao chat lw