ighien cUu •Khoa hoc Gido due PHAN LOAI VA QUAN Ll CAC TRlTONG CO YEU TO QUOC TE mn • PGS TS NGUYEN LOC Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam Su can thiet cua t rodng eo yeu to qude te Viee xuat hien ngay c[.]
i g h i e n cUu •Khoa hoc Gido due PHAN LOAI VA QUAN Ll CAC TRlTONG CO YEU TO QUOC TE • PGS.TS NGUYEN LOC Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam mn Su can thiet cua t r o d n g eo yeu to qude te Viee xuat hien cang nhieu eae loai trudng ed yeu td qude te d Viet Nam hien xuat phat tU mdt quy luat don gian va van nang eiia mdt nen kinh te theo dinh hudng thj trudng la: d dau cd eau, d dd ed cung Hon nua day cung la xu hudng kha phd bien d nhung noi, nhQng qudc gia ma he thdng giao due cua hp ehua dap Qng duoc mpi nhu cau ve giao due eua ngodi dan Mat khae, du edn nhieu tranh cai song dieu can thOa nhan la giao due eung trd mdt ITnh voe djch vu ed the mang loi nhuan (Thomas Fuller, 2003) Nhong nghien cQu gan day da edng bd nhQng sd lieu ve nhong lpi nhuan khdng Id ma dich vu giao due mang lai eho "nhQng node cung cap" djeh vu giao due Cach day ban 10 nam, nam 1996, neng Hoa Ky da xuat kha'u djeh vu giao due va dao tao dat 8,2 t! USD, sd thoang mai ITnh voe giao due la ti USD (Frase and Brendan O'Sullivan, 1999) Chinh vi vay ma tai lieu quan nhat da ban hanh la GATTV GATS^ va TRIPS3, Td ChQe thoong mai the gidi (WTO) nhan manh den tinh djch vu eua giao due tai lieu GATT - Thda thuan ehung ve thuong mai va djeh vu Trong GATS, WTO cd phan loai nhieu loai dieh vu giao due, dd ed djeh vu giao due xuyen qudc gia Ban ehat eua dieh vu giao due la eae nha dau to tO mdt qude gia nao dd mang tien dau to xay dpng trodng hoe d mdt qudc gia khae va van hanh trOdng theo md hinh eiia eua qude gia dau to cd chat loong dOde eho la mong mudn d node hodng dau to Mae dii gan day node ta mdi gia nhap WTO, song d Viet Nam eae trQdng qude te da xuat hien tO kha lau trode dd Cae trodng xuat hien vdi mue dieh hang dau la dap Qng nhu cau hpe hanh eiia eon em nhong gia dinh node ngoai lam viec va sinh sdng d Viet Nam Sau nay, ed the ddi topng phue vu eiia eae trodng dope md rdng sang eon em ngodi Viet Nam Mdt dang dau totheo xu the la viee van hanh eae trudng ehi ehuyen day mdt mdn nao dd ed nhu eau Idn ve sOedng nhan qude te Od la eae trQdng, trung tam day ngoai ngO (tieng Anh) tin hpe Cae trodng day theo ehoong trinh, phQpng phap va danh gia qude te Ddi topng chinh cua cac loai trOdng la com em ngodi Viet Nam Dae diem ndi bat eua loai trodng la cap ehOng ehi qude te hoae node ngoai eho eae khda hpe hp tien hanh Mdt xu the quan khac can de cap d day la ehinh saeh "xa hdi hda giao due" b i t dau dOde ap dung rdng rai d Viet Nam tO nhong nam dau 90 Khai niem xa hpi hda mac du dope hieu kha rdng, nhOng edt Idi eua nd ehinh la sO khuyen khieh "to nhan hda giao due", vdn rat phii hpp vdi xu the ehung ciia giao due the gidi hien Thoe qua trinh xa hdi hda giao due d Viet Nam dope eoi nhO mdt la mdt bien tOpng rat ddc dao eiia Viet Nam dodi gde dp to nhan hda giao due" Rieng thuat ngQ da gay sO tranh luan kha sdi ndi thdi gian gan day, nhien dieu khdng the phu nhan la xa hdi hda giao due da va dang ddng mdt vai trd het sOe quan trpng viec giam ganh nang ehi phi giao due eiia Chinh phii Viet Nam Cho den nay, ed the phan ehia qua trinh xa hdi hda giao due hai giai doan: (a) Giai doan dan lap hda giao due va (b) giai doan to lap hda giao due Ca hai giai doan nay, nhodooe phan tieh d tren, deu ed ehung mdt ndi dung ehinh la to nhan hda giao due nhong dOdc tien hanh dodi cae hinh thOc khae Cac nghien ciru gan day eiia qude te eho tha'y, d mOe dp nha't djnh, giao due to nhan ed nhieu ou diem hPn ve hieu qua va chat lopng so vdi giao due edng lap Day ehinh la die'm nhan tao nen trao ILTU eua eae phu huynh hoe sinh tim kiem nhong md hinh nha trodng hieu ^ The General Agreement on Tanffs and Trade Thoa thuan chung ve quan thue va thudng mai ^ The General Agreement on Trade in Services Thoa thuan chung ve thuong mai va dich vu The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Thoa thuan ve cac khia canh thuong mai cua so hCru tri lue K H G D so , t h d n g - 0 17 Khoa hoc Gido due- qua bon chat iQpng hdn so vdi nha trodng cdng lap Do vay ma cac nha dau to node b i t dau xem xet viee lap cac trOdng to nhan, dd cd trOdng cd yeu td qudc te Mdt nhan td rat quan trpng nOa la dieu kien ve tai chinh cua ngQdi dan Viet Nam da tang len dang ke nhQng thap nien vQa qua Nhin rdng hon, nen kinh te Viet Nam da phat trien vdi tde dp nhanh, kinh te Viet Nam lien tuc phat trien vdi tde dp tang trodng cao Thu nhap binh quan theo dau ngodi 10 nam qua tang lien tue tO 337 USD nam 1997 da len den 823 USD nam 2007 Odi sdng eiia nhan dan dope cai thien rd ret Ti le hd ngheo giam dang ke, cdn khoang 14% Viet Nam dang tich cQc tham gia vao qua trinh hdi nhap qudc te vdi nhjp dp tang trodng kinh te kha cao, vdi mdi trodng ehinh trj dn djnh va mQc sd'ng cua cac tang ldp nhan dan cang dope eai thien Viec chu ddng tieh cOc hdi nhap qude te, va gia nhap To ehOc ThOPng mai The gidi tao them nhieu thuan lpi eho qua trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hdi eua da't node Trodng cd yeu to qude te d cae node khu vOe Viet Nam khdng phai la node nha't ed phong trao eho em minh vao hpe eae loai trQdng qudc te khac Trong cae node tren khIp khu vOc, to lau eae bae eha me dang dua dOa eon tdi cac trodng qude te Li eung kha gidng la cac bae cha me mudn em minh dope hpe hanh tdt hon, tie'p xQe vdi nhong gi vOpt qua pham vi qudc gia eua minh, ehii dpng hpn, tptin hpn, vopt trdi hon va edng hon eude sdng Ndi eho eiing, li sau xa cua phong trao chinh la d sp yeu kem, thieu hut va lac hau d eae trodng qude gia "Ngay cang nhieu bae phu huynh hieu r i n g eon eai hp can nhieu kT nang hpn", va hp cang "ehan he thdng giao due qudc gia" Vi du, hien tai Thai Lan ed tdi 107 trodng qude te, chu yeu la hpe theo ehoong trinh cua Anh va My Can nhd r i n g , each day nam, sd trodng kieu ehi cd 30 Xu hodng dope ed vu bdi toan cau hda, vdi so xuat hien eiia hang loat cdng ty da qudc gia d Thai Lan va khu vpe nhQng nam 1990 Thai Lan la node dau tien khu vu'o ndi Idng cac quy djnh ve giao 18 due qude te, tO dau nhong nam 90, cho phep eae trodng tuyen tdi 50% hoc sinh la ngodi dja phopng Chinh phu Thai tO dd da rat ehu trpng va thau hie'u nhu cau 'tao nhong eon ngodi cd tam nhan thQc qudc te'"ma van mang ban s l e dan tpc Thai Cac trQdng qudc te chu yeu van thu hut cai cua cac nhan vien node ngoai lam viec d Thai Lan, nhOng nhu cau hpe d mdi trodng cua tre em Thai cang nhieu Theo sd lieu CLia Bp Giao due Thai Lan, so hpe sinh ban dja cac trodng qudc te da len den mdt phan ba TrOdng Qudc te Harrow d Bangkok la mpt vf du TrUdng dOdc lap nam 1998 va cd mdi lien he chat che vdi trOdng Harrow danh gia d Anh - npi ed tdi 23 cdng chua va hoang tQ, hoang than Thai Lan theo hpe ke tO the ky 19 Lue dau ehi ed 40 hpe sinh, gid trodng cd 1.200 em thupe 24 qude tjeh, dd 70% la ngOdi Thai O Thai Lan, sp xuat hien cua nhieu trodng qudc te giup cac bae cha me trung iQu khdng can phai gOi node ngoai Tuy the, hpe phi cung khdng phai re C h i n g ban khoan tien phai ddng mdt nSm hoc d trOdng American Pacific International School tai Chiang Mai len den 12.800 USD C i c trodng k h i n g djnh hp se dao tao hpe sinh vdi chat iQpng qudc te, van tri ban sac Thai NhQng lam dope dieu dd khdng phai la de dang Trodng Harrow cd gid hpe tieng Thai mdi tuan, va nhieu trOdng khac rat chu den viec td chQc nhong le eua ngodi dja phOPng Tuy nhien, can thOa nhan r i n g viee giao due theo chua'n qudc te d day ludn song hanh vdi cau hdi 'ban s i c Thai se nhopng bp tinh qudc te den mOc nao" Cae node khac eung dang theo ehan Thai Lan Oau nam nay, Malaysia - noi cd 32 trQdng qude te, da ndi Idng lenh cam dan dja phopng va cho phep cac trodng ngoai tuyen smh 40% hoc sinh ngodi Malaysia Tinh den thang 8-2008, ehi ed 500 ngOdi Malaysia theo hoc cae trodng nay, nhong cac chuyen gia giao due ndi r i n g hp hy vong viec ndi Idng lenh cam tren se khien sd lopng ddng hdn O Indonesia, ben canh nhong trodng thuan qude te, ngodi ta b i t dau ndi nhieu den eai KHGD so , thdng - 2009 CUU •Khoa hoc Gido due goi la Chuan giao due qudc te ', theo dd cac tieu ehi chuan qudc te dope xem xet tO cac khia canh nho kie'm djnh, choong tnnh, qua trinh day va hpe, danh gia, giao vien, hieu trodng, ngudn Ipc va tai chinh TQng khia canh dope md ta kT bdi he thdng eae ehi sd cu the, c h l n g han mdt trodng dope eho la dap Ong chua'n giao due qudc te ve mat kiem djnh, phai "dope kiem djnh bdi mdt td chOc kiem djnh nha trodng eua bat ki mdt qudc gia vien OECD" Bang gidi thieu cac chuan giao due qudc te bao gdm tieu ehi la mdt vi du rat dang quan tam (Hywel Coleman, 2009) Dictionary thi thuat ngQ "International" (qude te), dope djnh nghTa nho la: (1) bao gdm hoac tae dpng den hai qude gia hoae nhieu hon va (2) eiia, ed lien quan den hoae bao gdm mdt nhdm ed cac vien la hai qude gia hoae nhieu hPnS Van de phan loai eae trQdng cd yeu td qude te ed y nghTa het sQe quan trpng eho viec chi cac ndi dung can quan li ehUng bdi eanh cua sU da dang va phat trien nhanh ehdng eiia loai hinh Viee phan tich sau s l e cae dae trUng eiia c l e trudng ed yeu td qudc te d Ha Ndi va TP HCM eung nhu viee xem xet khai niem •Bang 1: Vi du ve Chuan giao due qude te cae trudng tieu hqc Indonesia - 2008 Cae tieu ehi quoc te Vi du ehi s d eu the Kiem djnh TrUdng dupe kiem djnh bdi mdt td chQc kiem djnh nha trudng eiia bat ki mpt qude gia vien OECD Chuang trinh Cd chuong trinh dUdng dUdng hoae eao ban chuong trinh dupe day mot qude gia vien OECD Qua trinh day va hpe Cac mdn Toan va Khoa hpe va mpt sd mdn chinh dupe day b i n g tieng Anh Oanh gia Bo sung them cac phoong phap danh gia eua mpt qudc gia vien OECD Giao vien Giao vien cae mdn Toan va Khoa hpe va mdt sd mdn chinh ed kha nang day bang tieng Anh , Hieu trudng SQ dung tieng Anh thao, ed tam nhin qudc te, ed kha nang tao lap eae quan he qude te PhUPng tien, ngudn lue Cd internet Quan li Nha trodng da van hda Tai ehinh Dat dope Chua'n qude gia Indonesia ve tai ehinh nha trodng De xuat ve phan loai va quan li Trode de cap den van de phan loai va quan li cae trQdng cd yeu td qude te, ta can phan tieh kT hpn mdt chQt khai niem eiia thuat ngQ "qudc te" Theo TQ dien Han Viet tO nguyen thi "qud'e"cd nghTa la node cdn 'te"la hdi hpp, giao thiep, va vay "qude te" la "sp giao thiep giOa eae node"' Trong Webster's New Encyclopedic eua thuat ngO "qudc te" neu tren eho phep ta de xuat phan loai cac trodng ed yeu td qudc te theo dau hieu qude tjeh hpe sinh hpe tai trodng; xet theo dau hieu ta ed the phan eae trodng ed yeu td qude te nho sau: trodng qudc te, trodng node ngoai va trodng ed djnh hodng eha't lopng qude te Trudng qudc te: La cac trodng dope •* Btfu K6' (1999) TudiSn Han Viet tU nguyen, NXB Thuan Hoa, tr, 1552 ^ Webster"s New Encyclopedic Dictionary, Konemann Cologne Germany 1994 tr 527 KHGD so 46, thdng 2009 19 Khoo hoc Gido due- lap n h i m muc dieh ehu yeu phue vu eae em hpe sinh cd qudc tjeh node ngoai khac dang sinh sdng tai Viet Nam Oieu co ban d day la sp da qudc tjeh cua hpe sinh Chinh sQ da qudc tjeh ddi hdi loai trodng phai day theo choong trinh cho gia dinh hpe sinh chuyen di node khae hoc sinh van duqc edng nhan va tiep nhan hpe theo choong trinh tOPng to, hay ndi each khac, choong trinh phai dope cdng nhan qude te Diem thO hai la can mpt ngdn ngo chung de day eho cac em hpe sinh da qude tjeh nen dieu d i hieu la tieng Anh thodng dope chpn lam ngdn ngO ehuyen tai ndi dung giao due nha trodng Oae diem thO ba la dpi ngu giao vien phai la nhQng ngOdi sQ dung tieng Anh thao nho tie'ng me de de day dd hpe sinh, ddng thdi phai gidi chuyen mdn de giup hpe sinh hoan tdt cac choong trinh dope qude te thQa nhan Oae diem tho to la dieu kien cd sd vat chat cua trQdng qude te ve co ban khdng dope thua kem cae trOdng d cac node phat trien vi ti le hpe sinh eua eae node theo hpe cae trodng qude te kha eao Oac diem cudi cung, nho la he qua eua eae dae diem tren, la hpe phi eung nhO eae loai phi khac eua trodng qude te thodng la eao nha't Theo thdi gian, dan dan cac trodng qude te b i t dau nhan hpe sinh ngodi ban xQ va xu the cang tang, song dieu hoan toan khdng thay ddi ban chat qude te eiia loai trodng O Ha Ndi eae trodng United Nation International School (UNIS) hoae Hanoi International School (HIS) la cae vi dp ve trOdng qude te Trudng nUde ngoai: La loai trodng danh cho bpc sinh ngodi node ngoai nhong ve co ban la CLing ehung mdt qude tjeh Dieu dang nhan manh d day la sp don qudc tjeh cua hpe sinh Cac loai trodng thodng day theo choong trinh eua qudc gia ed hpe sinh theo hpe Viet Nam cac qudc gia thQdng la Phap, Nhat, Han Qude Rd rang la neu theo hoc trOdng nay, c l e em hpe sinh trd ve dat node minh cd the hda nhap nhanh chdng vao he thdng giao due CLia qudc gia Ve ngdn ngQ chinh sir dung giang day thi hien nhien la ngdn ngO ehinh thOe cua qude gia dd G i l o vien dope tuyen dung la nhQng ngOdi ed the sir dung ngdn ngO eiia qude gia ed hpe sinh hpe nhQ tie'ng me de va ddng thdi ed chuyen mdn va hie'u biet tdt ve ehoong 20 trinh giao due eua qudc gia dang xet Oieu kien CO sd vat chat cua nhong trOdng thodng la tdt vi nd toong doong vdi cac trodng hien van hanh tai qudc gia xem xet, ma cac qudc gia thQdng la nhOng node phat trien va cd nen giao due chat lopng cao Cd the cae trQdng node ngoai cd hd trp khac nhau, ed the la ea hd trd tai chinh tQ qudc gia nen hoc phi kha cao nhong thap hdn nhieu so vdi hpe phi eua cae trodng qude te Trong bdi canh hpi nhap hien nay, cac trodng node ngoai cd nhan hpe sinh thudc cac qudc tjeh khac, ke ca hoc sinh Viet Nam nhong vdi ti le khdng Idn, va nhQng hpe sinh thodng phai tra hpe phi eao hon so vdi hpe sinh cua qudc gia dang xem xet Ha Ndi trQdng Trodng Alexandre Yersin la vi dp ve trOdng node ngoai Trudng theo chuan qudc te: NhQ thuat ngo da ngam djnh, loai trodng cd xu the ap dung mdt cho den nhieu tieu chi cua trUdng qudc te cung nhu trudng nude ngoai nham dap Qng nhu eau cua hpe sinh, phu huynh hoc sinh va cac lien ddi khac Tuy theo dieu kien ma tQng trodng se chpn tieu chi chat lOdng de lam theo Ban chat van de d day van la ddi topng hpe sinh C l e trodng theo ehuan qudc te nham den phue vu hpe sinh Viet Nam Chinh vi vay cae trodng van trien khai day va hoc theo chQdng trinh giao due Bd Giao due va Oao tao ban hanh Cai gpi la chuan qude te thudng dope the hien qua mdt hay nhieu mat sau: Cd them cae chOdng trinh tieng Anh tang eodng; Cd them viec day mpt sd ndi dung ciia mpt sd mdn (ed the la ea mdn) b i n g tieng Anh; Cd them mpt sd mdn du nhap tO qudc te, node ngoai dope day them, dOOng nhien la b i n g tieng Anh; Them mdt sd choong trinh du nhap tQ qudc te, node ngoai; Cd so edng nhan qude te, node ngoai ve mpt sd mdn hay ea ehoong trinh giao due; Cd hpp tac vdi cae trodng qude te hoae node ngoai; Cd giao vien qude te day b i n g tieng Anh; Co sd vat chat hien dai, sd hoc sinh tren mdt ldp hpe it Ha Ndi Trodng qude te VIP BIDV cd the la mdt vi du ve trodng theo chua'n qudc te KHGD so , thdng - 2009 CUU • Khoa hoc Gido due Ve CO ban eae trodng ed yeu td qude te thodng cd mpt dac diem ehung: chQng la dang trudng tuthuc tQc la mdt hay nhieu nha dau to ea nhan dau to Do vay viec quan li cac trodng ed yeu td qude te cua nganh g i l o due nen ehu y nhCrng van de sau: thdng cae trodng ed yeu td qudc te la mdt hien topng tat nhien xuat phat tO nhu cau cua xa hpi eung nho xu the cua giao due cang trd mdt ITnh vpe djeh vu O Viet Nam xu the dope tiep tue tang eodng nhd ehinh saeh 'Xa hdi hda giao due" b i t dau dope ap dung rdng rai - Cae trodng la doanh nghiep nen can to nhong nam dau 90 va to thue hda giao due ed so phdi hpp chat che vdi cac eo quan quan li nhOng nam gan day Dae biet, dieu kien ve ve dau to, doanh nghiep Can eo xQ vdi cae tai ehinh cua ngodi dan Viet Nam da tang len dang ke, cung nho ti le hp ngheo giam nhieu trodng nho trodng dan lap/tothuc; nhong thap nien vOa qua - Khi dang ki lap trOdng, cac nha dau to phai xep loai trodng minh vao mdt ba Dodi gdc dd qude te, eae node tren loai neu tren; k h I p khu vQc nho Thai Lan, Malaysia, Indonesia cac bae eha me eung ed nhu eau - Ddi vdi loai trodng qude te can ehu trpng cac minh chOng ve cdng nhan qudc te eua cac cang tang viec dOa eon tdi cac trQdng qude te va he thdng cac trodng cung dang choong trinh giao due Dpi ngu giao vien can phat trie'n manh me dope djnh ki giam sat ve b i n g cap va cac thdng tin can thiet khac Do ti trpng hpe sinh ngodi Viet Cdng tac quan li cae trodng ed yeu td qudc Nam eae trodng se cang tang, te d Viet Nam dOPe de xuat tren cP sd phan loai can ed eae bien phap de can b i n g cai gpi la 'tinh cac trodng theo dau hieu qudc tjeh hpe sinh qudc te" va 'ban s l e Viet Nam"; hpe tai trodng va bao gdm: trodng qudc te, trodng node ngoai va trodng ed djnh hodng chat iQpng - Ddi vdi cac loai trodng node ngoai can chU qudc te Quan ban nQa, ndi dung quan li trpng cac minh chOng ve cac choong trinh giao can xuat phat tO quan niem eoi eae trodng ed yeu due qudc gia ma hp ap dung Dpi ngu giao vien can dope djnh ki giam sat ve b i n g cap va eae td qudc te nho la eae trodng to thue mdt hay nhieu nha dau to ea nhan dau to thdng tin can thiet khae Theo ddi ti hoe sinh ngodi Viet Nam cac trodng nay; - Odi vdi loai trodng theo chua'n qude te can TAI LI$U THAM KHAO ehu trpng sO dam bao nghiem tUe viee thue hien Coleman H.(2009), Teaching Other Subjects through ehUdng trinh eua Bd Giao due va Dao tao Can English in Three Asian Nations: A Review, Bai tfiam eu the hda ehuan qude te neu tren va djnh luan khoa hoc Access English EBE SYMPOSIUM, Jakarta, 9-11 June 2009 lupng tdi thieu sd lupng chua'n qude te eho mot trudng theo chua'n qudc te Lun y den ten dat Do tien ti cho hoc truong qudc te, http://baovietnam.vn.the-gioi eho trudng de tranh sp hie'u lam hoac ngd nhan Fuller T (2003), Education Exporters Take Case to Giam sat chat che dpi ngu g i l o vien, nhat la giao WTO February 18, 2003 vien node ngoai Frase P and Brendan O'Sullivan B (1999), The Future Trong thdi gian tdi, can ehU y den mdt sd of Education Under the WTO 180/Movement for bien phap eu the sau: Democracy and Education, Hanoi International School, - Xay dung va ban hanh quy ehe tam thdi ve quan li cac trudng ed yeu td qude te; SUMMARY - To chOc tham quan nghien ciru viee quan Thanks to the policy on social participation in education li cac trodng ed yeu td qude te tai mdt sd node since the early "90s and privatization of education in recent nho Trung Qude, Thai Lan, Han Qudc; years the system of schools with international factors have been developing quickly Based on that the author presents - To chQc cac ldp tap huan ve eae chOPng trinh qudc te, he thdng trodng qudc te ddi vdi the necessity of schools with international factors, the development of schools with international factors in the region and ddi ngu eae bd quan li cap sd va phdng Ket luan So phat tnen kha manh me gan day cua he KHGD so 46, thdng - 2009 proposes the management of these schools by nationality of students enrolled: international schools, foreign schools and schools with international standards orientation 21