CHUYÊN ĐỀ 9 LIÊN TỪ (CONJUNCTIONS) * PHẦN 1 LÝ THUYẾT * Liên từ dùng để liên kết từ hoặc nhóm từ * Các loại liên từ 1, Coordinating conjunctions Liên từ đẳng lập 2, Correlative conjunctions – Tương li[.]
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 9: LIÊN TỪ (CONJUNCTIONS) * PHẦN 1: LÝ THUYẾT * Liên từ dùng để liên kết từ nhóm từ * Các loại liên từ 1, Coordinating conjunctions Liên từ đẳng lập 2, Correlative conjunctions – Tương liên từ 3, Subordinating conjunctions – Liên từ phụ thuộc 4, Conjunctive Adverbs trạng từ liên kết I Coordinating Conjunctions (Liên từ đẳng lập) Những liên từ ngắn, đơn giản gọi Liên từ đẳng lập: and (và), but (nhưng), or (hoặc), nor (hoặc khơng), for (bởi vì), yet (tuy nhiên), so (do đó, vậy, là) Một liên từ đẳng lập nối phần có vai trị ngữ pháp tương đương ngang câu Một liên từ đẳng lập cho thấy thành phần mà liên kết có cấu trúc tầm quan trọng tương tự Hãy xem ví dụ sau – thành tố in nghiêng nối với liên từ đẳng lập - I like tea and coffee - Ram likes tea, but Anthony likes coffee - She says she does not love me, yet I still love her Liên từ đẳng lập ln đứng từ nhóm từ mà liên kết Khi liên từ kết hợp liên kết mệnh đề độc lập, phải đặt dấu phẩy trước liên từ: Vd: I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying Russian at university Tuy nhiên, mệnh đề độc lập ngắn đẳng lập, khơng thiết phải có dấu phẩy: VD: She is kind so she helps people Khi "and" dùng với từ cuối danh sách liệt kê, dùng khơng dùng dấu phẩy: Vd: - He drinks beer, whisky, wine, and rum - He drinks beer, whisky, wine and rum Liên từ đẳng lập ngắn đơn giản chúng gồm 2-3 chữ Có cách dễ nhớ sau: F A N B O Y S For And Nor But Or Yet So II Correlative Conjunctions – tương liên từ Tương liên từ loại liên từ kết hợp theo cặp cần phải sử dụng hai từ vị trí khác câu để làm rõ nghĩa Tương liên từ gồm cặp từ “both/and” (vừa…vừa…), “whether/or” (có nên….hay là….), “either/or” (hoặc… hoặc…), “neither/nor” (khơng… khơng…), “not/but” (khơng phải… ngồi/mà là….) “not only/but also” (khơng những… mà cịn…), “hardly/when” (khó lịng… khi…) - I want either the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate - I’ll have both the cheesecake and the frozen hot chocolate - I didn’t know whether you’d want the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate, so I got you both - Oh, you want neither the cheesecake nor the frozen hot chocolate? No problem - I’ll eat them both - not only the cheesecake but also the frozen hot chocolate - I see you’re in the mood not for dessert but appetizers I’ll help you with those too Một vài cặp Tương liên từ khác: as/as (gống như) - Bowling isn’t as fun as skeet shooting such/that (quá… đến nỗi) - Such was the nature of their relationship that they never would have made it even if they’d wanted to scarcely/when (khó lịng… khi…) - I had scarcely walked in the door when I got the call and had to run right back out again as many/as (nhiều … như…)- There are as many curtains as there are windows no sooner/than (vừa mới…thì…) - I’d no sooner lie to you than strangle a puppy rather/than (thích…hơn…/ thà…cịn hơn…)- She’d rather play the drums than sing III Subordinating Conjunctions – Liên từ phụ thuộc Liên từ phụ thuộc đứng đầu mệnh đề phụ, mệnh đề đứng độc lập khơng thể tạo thành câu có nghĩa hồn chỉnh Liên từ phụ thuộc nối mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính, làm bổ ngữ cho mệnh đề Ex We will go whale watching if we have time *Các Liên từ phụ thuộc Time (thời gian) Purpose (mục Manner (cách Contrast (tương đích) thức) phản) After (sau khi) In order that (để As if (như thể) Whereas (trong khi, As (khi) mà) As though (như ngược lại) As soon as (ngay So that (để mà) thể) While (trong khi, khi) That (rằng) ngược lại) As long as (khi) So (để mà, Before (trước khi) đó) Since (từ khi) So as to (để mà) Until (cho đến khi) In order to (để When (khi) mà) Whenever (bất nào) While (trong khi) Condition (điều Cause (nguyên Comparison Other kiện) nhân) (so sánh) Although (mặc dù) Because (bởi vì) As (như) Lest (sợ rằng) + V0 As long as (chỉ cần) As (bởi vì) Than (hơn, so Whether (hay khơng) Even if (thậm chí) Since (bởi vì) với) Even though (mặc Whereas (bởi vì) dù) If (nếu) Though (mặc dù) Unless (trừ khi) Provided that (miễn là) While (mặc dù) Supposing (giả sử) In case (trong trường hợp) Once (một khi) After – later than the time that : later than when Example: “Call me after you arrive at work” Although – despite the fact that : used to introduce a fact that makes another fact unusual or surprising Example: “Although she was tired, she couldn’t sleep” As – used to introduce a statement which indicates that something being mentioned was known, expected, etc Example: “As we explained last class, coordinating conjunctions are sentence connectors” Because – for the reason that Example: “I painted the house because it was a horrible colour” Before – earlier than the time that : earlier than when Example: “Come and visit me before you leave” How – in what manner or way Example: “Let me show you how to knit” If -used to talk about the result or effect of something that may happen or be true Example: “It would be fantastic if you could come to the party” Once – at the moment when : as soon as Example: “Once you’ve learnt how to cycle, it’s very easy” Since – used to introduce a statement that explains the reason for another statement Example: “Since you’ve studied so well, you can go outside and play” Than – used to introduce the second or last of two or more things or people that are being compared — used with the comparative form of an adjective or adverb Example: “My sister is older than I am” That – used to introduce a clause that states a reason or purpose Example: “Olivia is so happy that it’s summer again” When – at or during the time that something happened Example: “A teacher is good when he inspires his students” Where – at or in the place that something happened Example: “We went to the bar where there most shade” Whether -used to indicate choices or possibilities Example: “Bruno wasn’t sure whether to go to India or Thailand” While – during the time that something happened” Example: “While we were in Paris, it snowed” Until – up to the time or point that something happened” Example: “We stayed up talking until the sun came up” IV Conjunctive Adverbs – trạng từ liên kết Trạng từ liên kết trạng từ có chức liên từ đẳng lập, chúng thường liên kết câu độc lập với Trạng từ liên kết thường đứng trước dấu chấm phẩy theo sau dấu phẩy VD: - You must your homework; otherwise, you might get a bad grade - I will not be attending the show Therefore, I have extra tickets for anyone that can use them - Amy practiced the piano; meanwhile, her brother practiced the violin Marion needed to be home early Consequently, she left work at p.m Các trạng từ liên kết thường gặp Instead (thay vào đó) Later (sau đó) Moreover (hơn nữa) Nevertheless (Tuy nhiên) Otherwise (khơng thì, khơng) Still (vẫn) Therefore (do đó) Thus (do đó, vậy) Accordingly (do đó, cho nên) Also (cũng) Besides (ngồi ra) Consequently (do đó, cho nên) Finally (cuối thì) Furthermore (hơn nữa) However (tuy nhiên) Indeed (thật * PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG Exercise Paying attention to the expressions used in the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the given words Some can be used more than once and, but also, nor, or, than, when, I have both respect _ admiration for them It will rain either today _ tomorrow He could not decide whether to tell the truth _ keep silent It was not only a beautiful day, _ the first day of Spring He is neither proud _ condescending No sooner had I opened my eyes _ I remembered where I was Scarcely had I heard the news _ my friend arrived I not know whether he has seen the movie before not She could find the book neither at the Library _ at the bookstore 10 The crowd was both large _ enthusiastic Exercise Paying attention to the meanings of the sentences, and to the presence of inverted word order, fill in the blanks with the correct coordinate conjunctions chosen from the pairs given in brackets I opened the door _ looked out (and, yet) She was not in the back yard, _ was she upstairs (or, nor) The sun had set, _ it was still light outside (or, yet) Do you know his address _ telephone number? (but, or) - He has not arrived yet, _ have they (and, nor) I read the book, _ did not understand it (but, or) We searched diligently, found nothing (or, yet) I invited him _ his friends (and, but) Our washing machine hasn’t been working properly recently, and _has our dishwasher (neither, so) 10 the book _the magazine is necessary for me I will buy one of them (Both-and, Either-or) Exercise 3: Complete the following sentences using appropriate subordinating conjunctions I make it a point to visit the Taj Mahal ………………… I go to Agra This is the place …………… I used to stay when I was studying at college ……………… you get the first rank, I will buy you a car ……………… you work hard, you can’t pass the entrance test I am leaving tomorrow ………………… or not you give me the permission He could not get a seat, ……………… he came early The players delivered a splendid performance ………………… they had rehearsed well Parents should give enough attention to children ……………… they will not feel neglected He is ………………… dishonest ……………………… no one trusts him 10 I will note it down ……………… I should forget Exercise The following sentences are incorrect, because they contain correlative conjunctions, but not use parallel construction Rewrite the sentences correctly, using parallel construction The train proceeded neither quickly nor was it smooth ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… They will leave either today or they will go tomorrow ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… The child hates both getting up in the morning and to go to bed at night ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… She is neither kind nor has patience ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… He is not only talented, but also he has charm ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… The street is lined with both oak trees and there are elm trees ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… The lecture was not only very long but also it was very dull ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… You should either eat less, or should exercise more ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… I am not only proud to be here, but also feel happy to meet you ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 10 The town is both historical and it is picturesque ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… Exercise 5: Combine the following sentences using an appropriate conjunction We decided to set out It was raining ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… I respect him He is a brave man ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… He did not win the first prize He worked hard ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… He is not a knave (kẻ bất lương) He is not a fool ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… He was not there His brother was not there ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… I went to the market I bought some grocery ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… He didn’t come He didn’t write ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… He must be tired He has been working since morning ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… Men have fought for their country Men have died for their country ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 10 He didn’t want to miss the train He ran fast ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… Exercise 6: Combine the sentence with suitable conjunctions He is interested in gardening He is interested in collecting stamps In the summer school he studied writing He studied how to increase his vocabulary My sister can sing beautifully She can play the guitar very well He is good at math He is good at English She cleaned the house and she cooked the dinner We can fix dinner for them here or we can take them to a restaurant Brian doesn’t play sports and he doesn't watch them on TV We didn't hear the window break We didn't hear the thief come in I suppose we could watch TV this evening or we could go out for a snack 10.I haven't seen him I haven't heard him speak ... Correlative Conjunctions – tương liên từ Tương liên từ loại liên từ kết hợp theo cặp cần phải sử dụng hai từ vị trí khác câu để làm rõ nghĩa Tương liên từ gồm cặp từ “both/and” (vừa…vừa…), “whether/or”... Conjunctions – Liên từ phụ thuộc Liên từ phụ thuộc đứng đầu mệnh đề phụ, mệnh đề đứng độc lập khơng thể tạo thành câu có nghĩa hoàn chỉnh Liên từ phụ thuộc nối mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính, làm... came up” IV Conjunctive Adverbs – trạng từ liên kết Trạng từ liên kết trạng từ có chức liên từ đẳng lập, chúng thường liên kết câu độc lập với Trạng từ liên kết thường đứng trước dấu chấm phẩy