Carbon Release from Agricultural Cultivated Peats at Sungai Hitam Wetland, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 ( 2016 ) 71 – 76 2210 7843 © 2016 The Authors P[.]
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 71 – 76 International Conference on Inventions & Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture 2016, ICIISA 2016 Carbon Release from Agricultural Cultivated Peats at Sungai Hitam Wetland, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia Muhammad Faiz Barchia* Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu, Bengkulu 38371, Indonesia Abstract This research aimed to determine CO2 emission related to agricultural activities in peat soils The research was conducted in peak of drought season, August, 2015 at Sungai Hitam, Bengkulu, Indonesia In order to get representative sampling sites, field survey was conducted in May, 2015 in the research location Primary data was collected from rice field, vegetables, bare land, and oil palm involved incubated CO2 emissions, peat thickness, and level of water tables The data were analyzed statistically from 10selected samples of the rice fields, selected samples of lowland vegetables fields, selected samples of bare lands, and selected samples of oil palm fields CO2 emission values under the land on Sungai Hitam peat were as follow; 237.86, 238.57, 259.35, and 265.35 mg m-2 hr-1, respectively Moreover, carbon releases based on peat thickness; 250 cm, respectively were 119.71, 189.35, 229.47, 288.58, and 297.59 mg m-2 hr-1 The trend of CO2 emission (y1) related to peat thickness (x1) fit with a following equation; y1 = 3.996x10.778; R2 = 0.953 Level of carbon emission affected by water tables; 200 cm, respectively was 192.80, 245.54, 292.21, and 309.97 mg m-2 hr-1 CO2 emission rate (y2) related to lowering water tables (x2) conformed to a following formula; y2 = 23.96x20 48; R2 = 0.949 Peat ecosystems sequestering carbon have undegone for thousands of years Therefore, cultivated peat for sustainable agriculture development should consider in managing peat thickness and water table © 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier B.V (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of Peer-review of the the Faculty Faculty of of Animal Animal Sciences Sciences and and Agricultural Agricultural Technology, Technology, Silpakorn Silpakorn University University Keywords:agricultural cultivated peatlands; peat thickness; water table; CO2 emission * Corresponding author Tel.: +6281271954246; fax: +6273621170 E-mail address:faiz_barchia@yahoo.com 2210-7843 © 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University doi:10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.12.012 72 Muhammad Faiz Barchia / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 71 – 76 Introduction Indonesian peatlands lie on geographic areas which are characteristically prone to environmental impacts (Barchia, 2006; Sabiham, 2010) During a dry season, and the El-Nino effect, prolonged drought period initiates fire on peatlands, causing a hazard to animal environment and human Indonesia peatlands plays an important role on ecosystem sustainability (Wösten et al., 2008) Today, the peatlands are an increasingly significant land resource for livelihood and economic development While acting as a carbon sink under the natural forest, it turns into a carbon source of greenhouse gas once the peat forest is cleared and drained (Agus et al., 2010) Indonesian peatlands, one of important natural resources, maintain hydrological systems and other ecological functions for human life and the whole biodiversity In utilizing peatlands to support agricultural development, the peat should be cultivated under considerable management based on planning, suitable technologies, and perfect land management (Sowondo, et al 2010) By following considerable management steps, agricultural cultivated peatlands provide high productive sustainable agriculture and food productions (Barchia, 2006; Kyuma, et al 1992) Information about marginally peat characteristics and fragile ecosystems should be collected for accurate planning, perfect design in peat cultivation and conservation efforts (Agus and Subiksa, 2008) Indonesia peatlands become the fourth following Russia, Canada, and US in term of area of peatlands Based on the size of an area, the Indonesia peats cover 27,06 millions Ha, consisting of peat soil and peaty soil (Indonesia Soil Research Center, 1981) Ismunadji and Soepardi (1982) reported that in Sumatera Island, the peatlands may be 11 m in thickness Driessen and Soepraptohardjo (1974) stated that peatlands with thickness of 15 m were commonly found along eastern Sumatera areas In Sumatera and Kalimantan peatlands with thickness of – 100, 100 – 200, and > 200 cm will be at the proportion of 36.2%, 14,0% and 49.8%, respectively (Radjagukguk, 1991).These peatlands are ideal source for potential agricultural cultivation However, to develop peatlands for use in agriculture, careful consideration should be directed to productivity of the selected area, thicker of the peat, economical viability, and impact to environment, particularly the possibility of releasing CO2 gas to the atmosphere (WWF, 2008) Carbon transformation rates are quite related to peat thickness in which the thick peat would transform more carbon comparing to moderate and thin peat Carbon releases from peatlands occur not only because of abiotic factors but also because of anthropogenic modified resultants (Melling et al 2013) Various human activities working on peatlands affect natural peat ecosystems which disturb ecosystems with vary effect of carbon transformation (Hooijer et al., 2010) In western Sumatera, peatlands have been changed to agricultural cultivated area However, there is little information with respect to peat destabilization and carbon transformation In Indonesia, C-emission as a result of peat utilization have been given little attention compared with the application and utilization of peat for commercial purpose (Sabiham, 2010) Therefore, C-emission as a result of peat destabilization for use in agriculture in Western Sumatera was studied with respect to carbon emission rate from agriculture cultivation, peat thickness, and water table management Materials and Methods The research was conducted in the Sungai Hitam agricultural cultivated peatlands, Bengkulu, Sumatera, Indonesia The peatland covered about 2,500 The research was conducted in peak of El-Nino effect in August 2015 In order to get representative sampling sites, field survey was conducted in May, 2015 in rice fields, lowland vegetables fields, bare land, and oil palm cultivated areas Primary data collected from the land involved incubated emission gas, peat thickness, and level of water table in the agricultural cultivated areas Carbon emission was analyzed at Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu The gas emitted through the peat surface was trapped by closed chambers made of transparent mica (Aini et al., 2007) Rate of carbon emission characteristic from incubated peat in the field trapped by KOH 0.2 N solution, then the carbon emission in the form of CO2 measured through titration method Chemical solution indicator used for analisys of the CO2 emission was metyl orange of phenolphatalein, and then titrated by solution of HCl 0.1 N (Widyastuti and Anas, 2013) In oder to find equation formulas between CO2 emissions and peat thickness, and between the CO2 emissions and water tables, samples of CO2emissions, peat thickness, and level of water tables were analyzed statistically from 10 selected samples of the Muhammad Faiz Barchia / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 71 – 76 rice fields, seven selected samples of lowland vegetables fields, three selected samples of bare lands and eight selected samples of oil palm fields Results and Discussions 3.1 CO2 Emission from Different Land Use CO2 Release (mg m-2 hour-1) Agricultural cultivated peats with various plants managements on peatlands influenced the rate of carbon release Level of carbon emission from land of rice, vegetables, bare land, and oil palm was 237.86, 238.57, 259.35, and 265.35 mg m-2 hr-1 respectively These carbon emissions were lower than previous research in Central Kalimantan in which CO emissions were range of 350 – 670 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1(Rumbang et al., 2009) The CO2 emission on Sungai Hitam peat Bengkulu with various plant cultivation is shown (Figure 1) 300.00 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 Rice Vegetables Bare Lands Oil Palm Figure CO2 Emission from Agricultural Cultivated Peatlands CO2 emission with oil palm plantation and bare land was slightly higher than those of rice and vegetable cultivation although there was no statistically significant difference among these crops On agricultural peatland in West Kalimantan, CO2 emission from oil palm plantation (perennial crops) was higher than these from corn and vegetables (annual crops) (Rumbang, et al, 2009) CO2 release under dry season condition in Sungai Hitam peat was two times higher than that in Central Kalimantan which CO2 emission under drainage (-25 cm water level) of rice plant was reported to be in the range of 111.41 – 161.18 mg m-2 hr1 (Barchia and Sabiham, 2002) 3.2 CO2 Emission from Different Peat Thickness Using peatlands for agricultural purposes should understand the inherent characteristics of the peatlands, particularly the thickness of peat Rate of peat decomposition correlated with thickness of peat in the Sungai Hitam Average carbon emission in the form of CO2 of Sungai Hitam peatland Bengkulu in the dry season with various peat thicknesses is shown (Table 1) Table Rate of CO2 emission under various peat thickness on Sungai Hitam Bengkulu Peat Thickness CO2 Emission (cm) (mg m-2 hr-1) 250 297.59 73 74 Muhammad Faiz Barchia / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 71 – 76 Analytical regression between peat thickness and carbon release in form of CO2 on Sungai Hitam cultivated peat is shown (Figure 2) CO2 Emission (mg m-2 hr-1) 350.00 300.00 Over-all land uses y = 3.9963x0.7784 R² = 0.9534 Oil Palm y = 10.926x0.5905 R² = 0.9459 Rice Field 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 y = 2.8877x0.8394 R² = 0.9685 0.00 50 100 150 200 250 300 Peat Depths (cm) Figure Correlation between CO2 emission and peat thickness in agricultural cultivated peatlands Rate of carbon transformation usually correlated with the thickness of peat, with the carbon release on thick peat higher than that of moderate and thin peat The correlation between CO2 emission rate (y1) and peat thickness(x1) in Sungai Hitam Bengkulu can be presented in the following equation: y1 = 3.996x10.778, R2 = 0.953 Peat thickness contributed to value of carbon resources and these played as important characteristics carbon release in agricultural peatlands (Salampak et al., 2014) Peat thickness was a main factor that should consider in peat cultivation for agriculture in which the thicker peat is, the more carbon release would occur from the cultivated land (Handayani, 2009) With the occurrence of an acceleration of decomposition in thick peat, the area with thick peat used for agriculture should be managed carefully, and land productivity should be maintained by understanding peat inherent characteristics (Widjaja Adhi, 1997) 3.3 CO2 Emission from Different Water Table Soil oxidative and reductive conditions are regulated by level of water table Therefore, water level management could maintain CO2 emission from peatlands Main constraint in developing peatlands for agriculture use was about the implementation of suitable drainage infrastructures Changes in land use and plant management would affect the level of needed water table The average of CO2 emission and the level of water table in Sungai Hitam peat, Bengkulu were shown Table Table Rate of CO2 emission under different level of water table in Sungai Hitam, Bengkulu Water Table CO2 Emission (cm) (mg m-2 hr-1) 200 309.97 Muhammad Faiz Barchia / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 71 – 76 The emission of CO2from Sungai Hitam peat, Bengkulu in dry season was significantly high (Table 2) Carbon emission from Sungai Hitam peat, Bengkulu was two times higher than those of other studies (Barchia and Sabiham, 2002) The depth of water table in Sungai Hitam peat contributed progressively to the increase of carbon release from the peat in this location Rate of CO2 transformation from Sungai Hitam agricultural cultivated peat is shown (Figure 3) CO2 Emission (mg m-2 hr-1) 350.00 300.00 Over-all land uses 250.00 y = 23.968x0.48 R² = 0.9497 Oil Palm 200.00 150.00 y = 33.477x0.4132 R² = 0.9496 Rice y = 17.572x0.5386 R² = 0.9713 100.00 50.00 0.00 50 100 150 200 250 Water Table (cm) Figure Relation between CO2 emission and water table in agricultural cultivated peatlands Rate of CO2 emission (y2) in correlation to the level of water tables (x2) in Sungai Hitam agricultural land was formulated in the following equation: y2 = 23.96x20.48, R2 = 0.949 Accelerated CO2 emission was contributed to the shallow level of water table in Sungai Hitam There was linear correlation between level of water depth and CO2 emission values in agricultural peatland in Central Kalimantan (Rumbang, et al 2009) CO2 emission from drainaged peat increase following depth of water level (Nusantara et al., 2014).Therefore, to maintain sustainable agriculture productivity, the level of water table should be maintained at the depth of root zone Land and plant management, peat thickness, peat moisture and aeration, and depth of water tables were contributed to the values of carbon peat transformation (Barchia, 2006) Level of water table for sustainable rice productivity should be maintained at the level of +5 to +10 cm The depth of water table should be controlled in the level of -25 cm when cultivating vegetables Level of water table for the perennial crops, oil palm plantation should be maintained in the range of -50 to -60 cm to avoid the degradation of agricultural peat soils Conclusions The emission of CO2 in Sungai Hitam peat, Bengkulu from oil palm plantation and bare land was slightly higher than that of rice field and vegetables cultivation However, there was not statistical significant difference with respect to the release of CO2 among all crops Agricultural peat cultivation in thick peat and deeper water table contributed to the increase of CO2 emission in Sungai Hitam peat, Bengkulu Use peatland for agricultural development should take peat thickness and level of water table into consideration to maintain the productivity of sustainable agriculture References Agus, F., and Subiksa, I.G.M 2008 Lahan Gambut: Potensi untuk Pertanian dan Aspek Lingkungan Balai Penelitian Tanah dan World Agroforestry Centre(ICRAF) Bogor Indonesia 75 76 Muhammad Faiz Barchia / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 71 – 76 Agus, F., Wahyunto, Ai Dariah, Setyanto, P., Made Subiksa, I.G., Runtunuwu, E., Erni Susanti, Supriatna, W 2010 Carbon Budget and Management Strategies for Conserving Carbon in Peatland: Case Study in Kubu Raya and Pontianak Districts, West Kalimantan, Indonesia Proc.of Int.Workshop on Evaluation and Sustainable Management of Soil Carbon Sequestration in Asian Countries Bogor, Indonesia Sept 28-29, 2010 Aini, N., Barchia, M.F., and Prawito, P 2007 Bahan Organik dan Respirasi Tanah di bawah Lima Tipe Tegakan Hutan di DAS Musi Faculty of Agriculture University of Bengkulu Bengkulu Indonesia Barchia, M.F 2006 Gambut Agroekosistem dan Transformasi Karbon Gadjah Mada University Press Yogyakarta Barchia, M.F and Sabiham, S 2002 Release of phenolic acids and carbon from rice fields on Central Kalimantan peatlands In: Rieley, J.O and Page, S.E (Eds.) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Peatlands, Jakarta, 22-23 August 2001, pp 75-80, BPPT, Jakarta Driessen, P.M., and Soepraptohardjo, M 1974 Soil for Agriculture Expansion in Indonesia Bull SRI Bogor Indonesia Handayani, E.P 2009 Carbondioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4) Emission on Oil Palm Peatland with Various Peat Thickness and Plant Age Central Library Bogor Agriculture University Bogor Indonesia Hooijer, A, Page, S., Canadell, J G., Silvius, M., Kwadijk, J., Wösten, H., and Jauhiainen J 2010 Current and future CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in Southeast Asia Biogeosciences, 7, 1505–1514 Ismunadji, M., and Soepardi, G 1982 Peat Soil Problems and Crop Production in Indonesia Seminar IRRI 27 September – October 1982 Kyuma, K., Ambak, K and Zakaria, A 1992 Soil Respiration of Tropical Peat and Its Contributions to Nutrient Release and Land Subsidence In: Kyuma, K., Vijarnsorn, P and Zakaria, A (eds.) Coastal Lowland Ecosystems in Southern Thailand and Malaysia.MARDI Malaysia Melling, L., Chaddy, A., Goh, K.J., and Hatano R 2013 Soil CO2 Flux from Different Ages of Oil Palm in Tropical Peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia as Influenced by Environment and Soil Properties Proc IS on Responsible Peatland Mgt and Growing Media Production, Ed.: J Caron, Acta Hort 982 ISHS Nusantara, R.W., Sudarmadji., Djohan, T.S., and Haryono, E 2014 Soil Emission of CO2 due to Land Use Change of Peat Swam Forest at West Kalimantan J Manusia dan Lingkungan 21(3): 268-276 Radjagukguk, B 1991 Utilization and Management of Peatlands in Indonesia for Agriculture and Forestry In: Tropical Peat Proceeding of the International Symposium on Tropical Peatland MARDI Malaysia Rumbang, R., Radjagukguk, B., and Prajitno D 2009 Emisi Carbondioksida (CO2) dari Beberapa Tipe Penggunaan Lahan Gambut Kalimantan Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 9(2): 95-102 Sabiham, S 2010 Properties of Indonesian Peat in Relation to the Chemistry of Carbon Emission Proc.of Int Workshop on Evaluation and Sustainable Management of Soil Carbon Sequestration in Asian Countries Bogor, Indonesia Sept 28-29, 2010 Salampak, Sustiyah, and Amelia, V 2014 Fluks Gas Karbondioksida pada Tanah Gambut Pedalaman di Kalampangan, Kalimantan Tengah Jurnal Agri Peat 15(1): 24-33 Suwondo., Sabiham, S., Sumardjo, and Paramudya, B 2010 Analisis Lingkungan Biofisik Lahan Gambut pada Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit J Hidrolitan 1(3): 20-28 Widjaya Adhi, I.P.G 1997 Developing Tropical Peatlands for Agriculture In: Rieley, J.O and Page, S.E (Eds.) Biodiversity and Sustainability of Tropical Peatlands.Samara Publ Ltd Cardigan UK Widyastuti, R., and Anas, I 2013 Petunjuk Laboratorium Biologi dalam Praktek Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Pusat Antar Universitas Bioteknologi Institut Pertanian Bogor Bogor Wösten, J.H.M., Clymans, E., Page, S.E., Rieley, J.O and Limin, S.H 2008 Peat–water interrelationships in a tropical peatland ecosystem in Southeast Asia Catena 73: 212–224 WWF 2008 Deforestation, forest degradation, biodiversity loss and CO2 emissions in Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia WWF Indonesia Technical Report www.wwf.or.id ... of water table in Sungai Hitam peat contributed progressively to the increase of carbon release from the peat in this location Rate of CO2 transformation from Sungai Hitam agricultural cultivated. .. from Different Land Use CO2 Release (mg m-2 hour-1) Agricultural cultivated peats with various plants managements on peatlands influenced the rate of carbon release Level of carbon emission from. .. emission rate from agriculture cultivation, peat thickness, and water table management Materials and Methods The research was conducted in the Sungai Hitam agricultural cultivated peatlands, Bengkulu,