NGHIEN cufu & UfNG DUNG XnV DUNG BO CONG CU DRNH GIO TRONG DAV HOC DV AN CAC UNG DUNG Kl THUAT CUA VAT l l • Tran Van Thanh TrUdng Cao dang SU pham Ha Nam I Bo cong cu danh gia • trong day hoc d\i an[.]
NGHIEN cufu & UfNG DUNG XnV DUNG BO CONG CU DRNH GIO TRONG DAV HOC DV AN CAC UNG DUNG Kl THUAT CUA VAT l l • Tran Van Thanh TrUdng Cao dang SU pham Ha Nam 1.2 So theo ddi DA So theo ddi DA la mpt hinh thii'c ciia ho sd hpc tap So theo ddi DA la khdng I.l Bdng kiem/phieu quan sdt Quan sat DHDA la sif gian cho sii sang tao va tim tri giac va ghi chep lai mpi yeu hieu ve ban than; Khuyen to' hen quan de'n boat dpng hpc khich niem say me hpc tap; tap ciia hpc sinh (HS) dif Dinh hu'dng HS tdi hpc sau va an (DA) Quan sat du'dc thifc hpc tap lau dai; Thiic day HS hien thdng qua bang chii tam vao viec hpc, yeu kiem/phieu quan sat va difdc thich va cd trach nhiem cua sijf dung cac tinh hud'ng ban than; La cau nd'i giUa HShpc tap: lam viec nhdm, dieu GV, HS- HS, HS- GV- cha tra phdng van, trinh bay mpt meHS Quy trinh DG qua so theo van de, giai mpt bai tap, tien ddi DA: 1) GV xay difng hanh thi nghiem, Quy trinh xay duhg bang mau sd theo ddi DA; 2) GV kiem/phieu quan sat: 1) Chuan cung HS xay du'ng cac tieu bi: xac dinh muc dich, each chi DG sd theo ddi DA thtfc thu thap thdng tin ttf phia (thdng qua bang kiem DG ho HS (trpng diem can quan sat, sd DA), bao gdm ndi dung, phu'Png tien ki thuat can hinh thiic, sap xep thdng tin dung, ); 2) Xay difng phieu sd theo ddi DA; 3) Lap quan sat: cac tieu chi, cac hd sd hpc tap bao gdm cac mtfc dp danh gia (DG), nhan thdng tin thu thap, bai trinh xet ciia GV ii'ng vdi ttfng tieu bay, ; 4) DG muc tieu ciia chi Thdng thifdng, cd mii'c DA thdng qua eac thdng tin dp DG ttf de'n 5, dd: 1- thu thap, bai trinh bay cung kem, 2- ye'u, 3- trung binh, 4- nhif sif tien bp qua hd sd hpc kha, 5- td't; 3) Quan sat, ghi tap thdng qua cac tieu chi da bien ban: cho diem iJhg vdi xay difng; 5) Du'a nhiing moi tieu chi, ghi chep thdng nhan dinh ve viec thifc hien tin, ; 4) DG: phan tich thdng muc tieu cung nhif sif tien bd tin, nhan ,xet ket qua, quyet de cd nhu'ng dieu chinh can dinh, thiet Bo cong cu danh gia • day hoc d\i an (DHDA) I 1.3 Bdng kiem (rubric) Bang kiem la mdt cdng cu can c\i het ke danh sach cac tieu chi cho mdt ndi dung cdng viec ciia DA (chang ban: ke hoach, thu thap thdng tin, san pham, trinh bay, boat ddng nhdm, thu'dng nhtfng gi tinh de'n viec thifc hien mdt ndi dung ciia DA); ngoai ra, nd ke't hdp cae miic dp ciia chat lifdng cho mdi tieu cbi, ttf xuat sac de'n kem Trong DHDA, bang kiem la cdng cu hiiij hieu cho day hpc va DG; Giiip HS suy ngam ve chat lifdng cdng viec cua minh va ciia ngufdi khac; Giup lam giam thdi gian ciia GV viec DG HS; Cho phep GV xem xet nhiing ldp hdn tap; suf dung mpt each de dang de md ta, giai thich Quy trinh ddnh gid qua bdng kiem: Bifdc Liet ke danh sach cac tieu chi: Suf dung thao luan nhdm ve cac ndi dung cdng viec can thifc hien de bat dau mpt danh sach cac tieu chi Du'dc Khdp ndl nhO'ng miic dp chat lu'dng: Md ta mii'c dp tdt nhat va kem nhat ctia chat lifdng, sau dd viet vao nhiing cdt d giti'a nhiing mii'c So 64 thang 12 nam 2010 [_ NGHIEN cdu & iiUG DUNG t « psrs: dp trung gian; gan diem sd cho cac mtfc dp chat lifdng, chang ban: xua't sac - 5, kha 4, trung binh - yeu - 2, kem - Du'dc Sii dung afDGva DG ddng ding: De nghi HS sif dung bang kiem de DG chung va DG HS khac Du'dc Xem lai: Ludn ludn de nghi HS danh thdi gian de xem lai cdng viec tren cd sd phan hdi minh thu difdc bifdc BUdc Sii dung DG ciia GV: Svi dung bang kiem tifdng tif HS da dung de DG cdng viee cua minh Cac loai bang kiem DHDA: Trong DHDA, cd the sii'dung bang kiem de DG: bai trinh dien da phifdng tien; san pham che tao cua HS (md hinh vat chat, bp thi nghiem, ); an pham (poster) eiia HS; trang web HS; tdng the DA Ngoai ra, cdn cd cac loai bang kiem nhu': tif cua HS (gdm tif phe phan va tu* sang tao); trinh bay ciia HS; thao luan nhdm; bai tap d nha; sif hdp tac ctia HS; sd theo ddi DA, 1.4 Thang thdi (thang Likert) Mdt thang Likert bao gdm mpt chudi cac muc (item) la cac phat bieu tu'dng thuat HS du'dc yeu cau chi ddng y hoac khdng ddng y \'di mdi phat bieu Ndi chung, cd lifa chpn du'dc chi ra: "rat ddng y,", "ddng y" "trung tinh" "khdng ddng y" va "rat khdng ddng y" Cac thang Likert ndi chung se bao gdm tif den 30 muc Mdt sd muc se difdc dien dat bang ldi each thii'c du'dng tinh (tich cifc) va nhiihg phat bieu khac se difdc dien dat bang ldi each thti'c am tinh (tieu cifc) NhCilig phan tilig ca nhan "rat khdng ddng y"' de'n "rat ddng y " difdc gan sd, thu'dng ttf den Trong each thtic nay, nhiihg phan hdi ciia HS du'dc dinh lu'dng va ed the difdc tinh tdng qua cac phat bieu de cung cap mdt diem so tdng cpng cho ca nhan d tren thang Vi vay, thang Likert cdn difdc gpi la thang tdng cdng Quy trinh xay difng thang Likert: 1) Xac dinh muc tieu ttfc la xac dinh nhting gi can lifdng; 2) Tao cac mue Can ctf vao muc tieu de tao cac muc thang do; 3) Phan loai cac mue Gom nhdm cac mii'c dp hifdng u'ng ddi vdi mdi muc Thdng thu'dng ddi vdi cac phat bieu du'dng tinh, ngu'di ta sti dung mdt thang miic dp ttf de'n nhu sau: = rat khdng ddng y; = mpt phan khdng ddng y; = chu'a quye't dinh; = mpt phan ddng y; = rat ddng y Ddi vdi cac phat bieu am tinh, cac mii'c dp du'dc gan diem sd ngu'dc lai; 4) Sif dung thang de thiJ DG tren mdt nhdm nhd de kiem tra sif phti hdp ctia thang do, qua dd tien hanh dieu chlnh, bd sung (neu can); 5) Thifc thi thang ttic la sii dung thang Likert DG So 64 thang 12 nam 2010 Ung dung thang Likert: Trong DHDA, cd the sif dung thang Likert de: (1) lifa chpn chii de va tieu chti de ciia DA, (2) dac thai dp ciia khan gia vdi bai trinh bay, (3) DG hiing thii cua HS vdi DA, (4) DG gia tri ctia cac bai thuyet trinh dd'i vdi HS 7.5 Bdi kiem tra: Bai kiem tra difdc thifc hien sau HS da hoan DA GV cd the thiet ke cac bai kiem tra vdi ti le cac cau hdi trac nghiem va tif luan hdp li nham kiem tra kien thtfc, kl nang ciia HS Can chii y siif dung nhtfng cau hdi ddi hdi van dung kien thiic lien mdn, lien he thifc tien va cac kl nang tif bac cao de DG difdc sif tien bp ciia HS sau thifc hien DA Suf dung bo cong cu danh gia DHDA: Chting tdi da thie't ke tien trinh DHDA cac iing dung kl thuat ciia Vat H gdm pha Pha Thdng tin, sif kien thifc tien: Cach tdt nhat de bat dau mpt DA la de cho HS liia chpn chu de theo sd thich GV neu mpt cau hdi khai quat, HS sti dung sd dd td de tra ldi cau hdi Mdi nhanh ciia sd dd tif dan de'n mdt chu de DA GV sii dung thang Likert de dieu tra hiing thii ciia HS ve cac chu de DA Tap hdp y kien ciia toan bp HS ldp la cd sd de phan chia nhdm DA Sau da cd nhdm DA, GV phat bieu cac y tu'dng DA NGHIEN cufu & OfNG DUNG Pha Van de can giai quyet: Ttf y tu'dng DA din den van de can giai quye't la thie't ke, ehe tao, van hanh mdt thie't bi ki thuat thoa man yeu cau nha't dinh HS sii dung sd dd tif de trien khai cac tieu chti de Tu'dng tif nhuf d pha 1, GV ed the yeu cau HS sii dung thang Likert de lifa chpn tieu chii de, nhiing HS cd cung sif quan tam den mdt tieu chu de du'dc ghep mpt nhdm giai quyet cdng viec cua DA Pha Phat bieu mau thuan kl thuat (MTKT) hoac mau thuan vat li (MTVL): MTKT la mau thuan ben ciia mdt he kl thuat: ne'u dting mdt cac phifdng an quen biet de cai tien mdt phan (mpt thdng sd) ciia he kl thuat thi phan khac (thdng sd khac) se kem di den miic khdng the sii dung du'dc Viec phat hien chinh xac MTKT tdn tai bai toan sang che la dieu quan trpng Vi dii nd khdng chi du'dc ldi giai cu the, song nd van khie'n cho van de trd nen sang siia va cho phep loai phifdng an khdng phu hdp Cac MTKT cd nguyen nhan sau xa la cac MTVL MTVL difdc bieu hien d chd, cung mpt liic ddi tu'dng phai d cac trang thai cd tinh chat vat li trai ngifdc Sau HS phat bieu du'dc MTVL, hp lap ke hoach cac nhiem vu (NV) hpc tap (phan cdng cac vien thifc hien nhiem vu, thdi gian hoan thanh, SP can dat du'dc, each thti'c tien hanh, ) Sau dd, GV phat sd theo ddi DA cho HS, hu'dng dSn hp each ghi thdng tin vao sd theo ddi DA, de nghi hp thifdng xuyen suf dung sd sudt qua trinh thu'c hien DA Pha Gidi quye't mdu thudn: HS tien hanh thu thap thdng tin, xii h thdng tin, tdng hdp thdng tin de giai quyet MTVL Ket thtic giai doan la sd dd tif ve giai phap thiet ke, che' tao thiet bi kl thuat eung sd dd ca'u tao cua nd Sau HS xay difng difdc sd dd tif ve san pham (SP) can hoan thanh, GV hlfdng dan HS xay difng bang kiem DG Viec giiip HS xac dinh rd rang boat ddng ciia hp se du'dc DG nhu" the nao va can dat du'dc ke't qua gi Vi vay, nang cao trach nhiem cua HS va chat lu'dng ciia SP can dat Cac bang kiem DG gdm: bai trinh bay da phifdng tien; md hinh vat chat ciia thie't bi ki thuat; sd theo ddi DA; hdp tac nhdm, Pha Sdn phdm: HS tien hanh xay diing SP Trong qua trinh xay difng SP, HS sii dung bang kiem de tif DG, ddi chie'u ket qua hien tai vdi muc tieu can dat tdi, qua dd dieu chinh each thiic thifc hien de cai thien chat lu'dng SP Sau hoan SP, lan lifdt cac nhdm bao cao trinh bay SP ciia minh Khi dai dien nhdm trinh bay SP, GV va HS sii dung bang kiem de theo ddi, dd'i chieu ket qua thifc hien vdi muc tieu dat Dti heu thu thap difdc la cd sd cho pha tie'p theo - pha DG Pha Ddnh gid: GV va HS sii dung bd cdng cu de DG DA (DG hdp tac, tif DG, DG ddng dang) - Viec HS difdc cho diem hoat dpng ciia minh va cua nhdm khac cd vai trd quan trpng giao due long tif trpng, tinh trung thifc, khach quan DG Viec cung lam tang htfng thti ctia HS vdi DA Tuy nhien, HS cd the cho diem nhdm minh cao hdn so vdi cac nhdm khac De khac phuc hien tifdng nay, GV can quy dinh rang, ne'u ke't qua DG nao cd sif chenh lech ldn vdi diem trung binh ciia cac nhdm thi ke't qua dd se khdng difdc cdng nhan GV cting de nghi HS sii dung bang kiem DG sd theo ddi DA de DG sif tien bd ctia hp qua trinh thu'c hien DA Nhif vay, bang kiem cd vai trd quan trpng DG qua trinh va DG ke't qua Khdng nhti'ng DG dinh tinh ma cdn DG dinh lu'dng Ngoai ra, GV cd the thu thap thdng tin ve hiing thii ctia HS dd'i vdi DA thdng qua thang thai dp Likert Thdng tin thu du'dc la ed sd de GV dieu chinh each day eung nhif each thiic td chiic DA de chuan bi cho nhti'ng DA tie'p (Xem tie'p trang 32) So 64 thang 12 nam 2010 DIEN DAN quan sat hien tu'dng phat sang gan day ma camera nha anh Hoai da ghi lai difdc khien nhieu ngifdi hoang mang Khi xem doan camera nha anh Hoai da ghi difdc, dng Khai tha'y vet sang hinh cong tren mai tdn, dng Khai nhan dinh: "Anh sang rpi len mai tdn (ciia mpt bdng den lOOW d phia xa, dau ngd - PDC) cd hien tifdng tan sac va phan xa tao nen hinh cong vi mai tdn hinh sdng Gidng nhif Mat trdi rpi xud'ng Trai da't sau mifa tao cau vdng" PGS TS Ngd Ngpc Cat, Giam ddc Trung tam Nghien ctfu mdi tnfdng va bien ddi kiu hau cd mat d dd cung ddng tinh vdi giai thich (PDC) Ong Khai cho biet: hien tu'dng gid'ng nhif thi nghiem ma dng da lam cho cac hpc vien cua hpc vien Hau can quan sat hpc ve sii dung kinh ngam hdng ngoai vao nam 1975 Hoac gidng nhif hien tifdng ma dng da cho sinh vien Dai hpc Tong hdp Ha Npi (cti) thifc hien budi ngoai khda ve khuech dai anh sang md De gia dinh yen tam, dng Khai ndi: ""Day la da't lanh, it nha't ddi nha anh Hoai da sinh sd'ng tai day, khdng cd md ma, ao hd, dam lay nen chang cd chuyen gi dau" De cac ban giao vien tham khao, neu hpc sinh thac mac thi cd the giai dap, tdi cd mdt vai y kien: Hien tifdng ludng sang "vd cung bi an" tdi da gap ttf lau Tdi da tha'y tren man hinh nhtfng dai sang thang va cong, tren nhtfng dai sang dd cd the cd nhiiiig vdng trdn sang nhu' camera nha anh Hoai da ghi du'dc Hang ngay, tdi thifdng md may quan sat ciia nha cac tdi tren mang qua camera mac d nha cac tdi Ve ban dem, thifdng xua't hien nhtfng ludng sang nhu'bai bao va video tren da de cap Nguyen nhan ludng sang khdng cd gi la bi an, dd chi la anh sang phan xa ctia nhiilig sdi td nhen tnfdc camera Cdn mpt sd vdng trdn sang tren ludng sang dd la nhifng hat bui dinh tren sdi td nhen, trdi mifa phtin thi nhiing vdng trdn sang tren ludng sang to hdn Mdi tha'y dai sang tren man hinh tdi lai gpi dien bao cho tdi gat bd sdi td nhen di de khdi anh hu'dng den hinh anh ghi lifu vao may (de rd mat ke gian, neu cd); gat td nhen di thi khdng cdn dai sang nao ntfa Nhtfng sdi td nhen phan xa ludng hdng ngoai d camera phat nen anh sang rat yeu vi vay ban ta khdng tha'y ludng sang nay.B M a y d l A i g b o c o n g CU (T^ep theo trang 9) theo - Phie'u quan sat ciia GV Ngoai bang kiem DG, sd theo ddi DA, GV sii diing phie'u quan sat nhif mpt cdng oil hd trd viec DG HS Ket thiic DA, GV nhan xet cdng viec ciia cac nhdm {du diem, nhu'dc diem) va dinh hlfdng HS chuan bi cho nhu'ng DA tie'p theo GV cd the yeu cau HS thifc hien bai kiem tra vie't de DG ke't qua hpc tap ciia HS 32 Thang, Day va hpc tich cifc, mot so phifdng phap va Id thuat day hpc, NXB DHSP, HN.2010 Tran Van Thanh, S^ dung sd tif day hoc dtf an Tap chi Thiei bi giao due, thang 11/2009 Heidi Goodrich Andrade, Understanding Rubrics, originally published in Educational Leadership, 54(4) © Heidi Goodrich 1997 Uebersax JS Likert scales: dispelling the confusion Statistical Methods for Rater Agreement webTai lieu tham khao Nguyen Lang Binh, Do Hifdng site 2006 Available at: hnp://johnTra, Nguyen Phifdng Hong, Cao Thi uebersax.com/stat/likert.htm De sii dung cd hieu qua bd cdng cu DG DHDA can de HS tham gia vao qua trinh xay difng cdng cu ma hp sii dung de DG; Cac tieu chi ciia bd cdng cu du'dc xay du'ng mdt each cu the; HS difdc ren luyen ve cac kl nang DG hp se sii dung hoc theo DA." Sd 64 thang 12 nam 2010 iyl'iif»Vi'Mtettiaail ... GV: Svi dung bang kiem tifdng tif HS da dung de DG cdng viee cua minh Cac loai bang kiem DHDA: Trong DHDA, cd the sii''dung bang kiem de DG: bai trinh dien da phifdng tien; san pham che tao cua... NhCilig phan tilig ca nhan "rat khdng ddng y"'' de''n "rat ddng y " difdc gan sd, thu''dng ttf den Trong each thtic nay, nhiihg phan hdi ciia HS du''dc dinh lu''dng va ed the difdc tinh tdng qua cac... Thifc thi thang ttic la sii dung thang Likert DG So 64 thang 12 nam 2010 Ung dung thang Likert: Trong DHDA, cd the sif dung thang Likert de: (1) lifa chpn chii de va tieu chti de ciia DA, (2)