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NGHIEN CllrU NHAN THUrC LAI SUT MANG VA MUC TIEU GIAO DUG LA KHQII DAU VA GOT LOI CUA DOI MQll CAN BAN, TOAN DIEN NEN GIAO DUC QUOC DAN M df da u Doi mdi can bdn, todn dien thUc chdt la cdi each Giao[.]
NGHIEN CllrU NHAN THUrC LAI SUT MANG VA MUC TIEU GIAO DUG LA KHQII DAU VA GOT LOI CUA DOI MQll CAN BAN, TOAN DIEN NEN GIAO DUC QUOC DAN NGUYEN QUANG KJNH M df da u - Doi mdi can bdn, todn dien thUc chdt la cdi each Giao due phd thdng (GDPT) cung nhu ca he thdng giao due (HTGD) nuoc ta dang ddi mat vdi ydu c i u phdi doi mdi mpt cdch cdn tidn, todn dien O i l u da dupc d l cap khdng it van kien chinh tbUe, g i n day nhat va quan nhat la van kidn Oai hdi XI cua Oang CSVN (thang nam 2011) Ma cdn bdn, nhu da duoe cat nghia, la 'cai lam ndn gde, eai edt yeu quy djnh ban chat eua su vat"' cdn fodn diin, cd nghia la "diy du cac mat, khdng thieu mat nao"^ Vay tbi, ddi mdi can ban va toan dien v l giao due, cd t h i h i l u , la rboy doi tdn goc tdt cd cdc mat eua nin gido due Ma nhufng bp phan hpp ciJa mdt n i n giao due thi khdng the khdng ndi den sU mang va muc tidu giao due, nguyen li hoat ddng va CO e i u he thdng, md hinh nha trudng, ndi dung va phupng phap g i l n g day/ hpc tap, each thUc dao tao, bdi dudng, sCf dung va dai ngd giao vidn, each thUe td ehUc va quan li hoat ddng g i i o due Tit nhidn, mudn thay ddi nhCfng mat dd, lai la thay ddi mdt c i c h can ban, thi nhat t h i l t can ed nhdng thay ddi v l t u giao due, v l chinh saeh giao diie va ca v l eo sd phap li cua boat ddng giao due Rd rang, thac chdt cua doi mdi cdn bdn, todn diin khdng gl khdc Id tien hdnh cdi cdch gido due (CCGDy de chuyen HTGD sang mpt mP hinh phdt then mdi Nhan ndi d i n CCGD, xin dupe n h i c lai, Nghi quydt v l mdt sd chu truong, ehinh saeh Idn d l n i n kinh te phat t r i l n nhanh va b i n vCfng Viet Nam la vidn cua Td chUe thuong mai the gidi, Hdi nghi Trung uong l i n (khoa X) da ydu eiu:"Khan truong xay dung d l an tdng the cai each giao due va dao tao"" Sau dd, Thdng bao 242/TB-TW ' Tir di^n tilng ViW cua Men Ngdn ngu; Ban in nam 1994, trang 113 'Tu dien t i l n g Viet cua Vidn Ngon nga Ban in nam 1994, trang 15/4/2009 ve tiep tue thUc hidn Nghj q u y l t Tmng uong (khda VIII) va phuang hudng phat t h i n giao diJC, dao tao d i n nam 2020, Bd Chinh trj tai khing dinh s u e i n thiet thue hien chu truong eai each giao due nhu da dupc ndu tai cac nghi quyet Hdi nghj Tmng uong 4, va (khoa X) Mdt cudc CCGD nhU the, xet v l ca hai mat thirc tien va li luan, hoan toan phu hop vdi muc tidu "doi mdi md hinh tang trudng va co eau lai ndn kinh te"* Ve thue tien, nhu Bao cao chinh tri tai Oai hdi XI da nhan dinh: "Chit lupng giao due va dao tao chua dap Ung ydu c i u phat t r i l n , nhat la dao tao nguon nhan luc trinh dd cao van edn han chd; ehUa ehuyen manh sang dao tao theo nhu eau eua xa hdi Chua giai quydt tdt mdi quan he giCra tang sd lupng, quy md vdi nang cao chat lupng, giCra day chCf va day ngudi Chuong trinh, npi dung, phuang phap day va hoc lae hau, ddi mdi cham; co c i u giao due khdng hpp li gida eae ITnh vuc, nganh nghe dao tao; chit lupng giao diie toan didn giam sut, chua dap Ung dupc ydu c i u cua su nghidp edng nghidp hoa, hien dai hoa Quan li nha nude ve giao due cdn b i t cap Xu hudng thuong mai hoa va sa sut dao dUc giio diic khic phue cdn cham, hidu qua thap, dang trd ndi bUe xuc cua xa bpi." Nguydn nhan cua tinh trang ay, da dupe cbi tU Oai hdi X, la cdn thieu mpt tdm nhin tong thi] mdt ke hogch dong bp, dan den cdch doi mdi chdp vd Tuy nhien, CCGD khdng ehi vi sir kem edi/ lae hau eua cua nha trudng cung nhu, rdng hon, cua toan bp HTGD V i n d l la, "phat t r i l n giao due phai g i n lien vdi yeu c i u phat then kinh te - xa hdi" ma lue nay, r i t e i n ed mP hinh phdt trien mdi ve gido due deldm nen tang vd ddng luc c/io md hinh tdng tradng mdi vi kinh te, nhat la da xac dinh mpt giai phap chien lupc mang tinh dot pha la "dao tao ngudn nhan lUe chat lupng cao".' O i y eung ' CCGD Id sudoi mai cdn bdn, todn dien de HTGDQD de thich nghi vai hodn cdnh mdi vd ddp ting yeu cau mai stJphdt trien kinh ti • xd hdi quy dinh SiJ doi mai cdn bdn, todn dien dy hso g6m: d6i moi ve tu tuong giao due, doi mdi ve muc tieu giao due, doi mdi ve CO cau h i thong g i i o due, doi mdi ve noi dung, phuong p h i p g i i o due, ddi moi ve dao tao, dao tao lai doi ngu nha giao, d6i mdi ve q u i n li g i i o due doi mdi ve h i n h lang p h i p li danh cho hoat ddng g i i o due Nguyen Thi Binh v4 cdng su Bio cao tdng k i t t i i Bt -2 trang 22 ' Dilu niy cung da duoc J u j i o Chuong trinh hinh ddng cua • KHOA HOC GlAO OUC Chinh phu ban h i n h kem theo Nghi quyet sd 16/2007/NQ-CP n h i m thuc h i l n nghi quyet ndi t r i n cua Trang uong Ding CSVN ' Bio c i o ehinh tri Oai hdi Oang ISn thiJr 11 • Ba giai phap ddt pha chien luoc phat trien KTXH 2011 -2020: - Hoin thien the che kmh te thi tnJdng dinh hudng xa bdi chCi nghla, t i m la tao lap mdi trudng eanh tranh binh dSng va eai cieh h i n h ehinh - Phit trien nhanh ngudn n h i n luc, nhSt la ngudn n h i n luc chat luong cao, t i p trang v i o vile ddi mdi can b i n v i t o i n d i l n n i n NGHIEN CUU £ Q la dilu, ca khdi eae nude cdng nghidp phat ngudi ta cung dang nhic nhau: "Phii eai each sin pham va thi trudng lao ddng, tang cudng eho giao due (mdt sd nudc cdn d l van d l cdi cdch triet decdc nha tradng), doi mdi, tang trudng xanh, canh tranh, cac bidn phap thul, y t l - dd la nhCfng dilu ehung ta ndn tap trung ehinh cho mpt chien luoc lau dai d l phuc hdi tang tnidng bin vdng "' Siir mang giao due Trdch nhiem cua nhd tnrdng trudc xa hpi vd trudc doi tupng gido due Hoat dpng gido due, ddo tgo ngadi ham ehUa nd tinh chit eao ca ndn ndi/ vilt v l cdng vide ma mdt nin giao due phai thi/e hien, thay vi sU dung id nhiim vu thi ngudi ta lai thudng dung tU sUmgng Bdi vi, sUmgng (hay sUminh) \a "nhidm vu quan trpng, thidng lieng" nhu da dupc cit nghTa tU diln' Trong qui trinh ddi mdi, nhan thdc eOa cac nha lanh dao dat nudc v l vai trd va (cung vdi nd la) sd mang cua giao diJC t h i hidn cac van kidn ehinh thUe cang sau sic Nghj quyet Trung uong khda VII (1993) da ndu: "Cung vdi khoa hpc va cdng nghd, giao due va dao tao la qudc sach hang dau Od la mpt dpng lire thue diy va dilu kidn eo ban bao dam vide thuc hidn nhufng muc tieu kinh t l - xa hdi, xSy dung va bio veTd quoe." Oai hpiOing lan thUX da nhin manh thdm: giao due va dao tao cdn la "nin ting va ddng lire cdng nghiep hda, hidn dai hda gin vdi kinh te tri thdc, nhan td blo dim dit nude phat triln nhanh va bin vufng."Oay eung la quan nidm phd quat eua phin ddng cac nha cbinh trj, cae nha boat ddng xa hdi, eae nha khoa hpe, cac chuydn gia hoach djnh ehinh saeh kinh texa hdi trdn the gidi Tuy nhidn, xem xet van d l phat thin giao diJc mdi quan he vdi CNH, HOH ein tranh each hieu gian don, philn dien (rat de sa vao thien can va thue dung) nlu nhU mpt trudng hop nao dd, khu tru nhidm vii cua giao due vao eho ehi cdn la dap Ung ydu cau xa hdi v l mat nhan li/c, du ring nhan lue la cue ki can thilt va trdn thue t l dat nUde dang dUng trudc tinh trang khd khan la thilu nhan lue chat lupng cao den mUc nghiem trpng Oilu can phai nhin manh v l sU mang cua giao due ehinh la thien chUc phat trien ngudi, nhu t h i mdi nhan thdc day du y nghia nhan van cua hoat ddng giao due va di den tan gde cua van de Bdi vi, nhu K Marx da viet: "San xuat ching qua [eung] la sU phat then lue luong san xuat eua loai ngudi, tUc la phdt trien SI/phong phit cda bdn chdt ngadi, coi nha mpt muc dich ti/thdn."^° Thac te da chdng td, dilu kien quy md giao due dupe md rpng, ea ca nhan, gia dinh, edng ddng va xa hpi cang danh nhilu edng sUe, tri tue va tiln cua cho cdng vide giao due, thi giao due vUa la phue Ipi vUa la su nghidp cua toan t h i nhan dan va den luot nd, giao diic cd nang cai biln xa hdi mdt each nhanh chdng hon nhilu so vdi nhCfng gi nd da thuc hidn sudt chilu dai cua ljch SLf Nhu vay, gido due cd sUmgng vd cd khd ndng rin due cdc the hi vd doi mdi cd ddn tpc TU ed the khang djnh, tuong lai eua mpt qudc gia se phu thudc rat nhilu d thai dp eua cae nha lanh dao qudc gia ddi vdi sU mang eua giao due va each giai quylt cua cac vj ay ddi vdi vin de cbiln lupe ei/c ki quan trpng la nang eao vi t b i eua giao due he thdng ehinh saeh qudc gia d l thuc day giao diie phat then manh me va dung hudng Nhu vay, cung vdi su phat triln cua loai ngudi, giao due khdng ehi dUng lai chd dupe quan nidm nhu mdt phuong thUe truydn dat/ chuyen giao kinh nghidm eua t h i hd trude cbo the bd sau bao gdm eae gia trj dao dUe, tri thUe va ki nang, nhdng quy pham iifng,xU ddi vdi ban than, ddng loai va gidi tif nhidn ma, vdi su bung nd ve khoa hoc cdng nghe, khoa hpc trd mdt luc lupng san xuit true tiep thi giao due eung trd mdt phuong tbUe dau tuiam tang vdn ngudi, vdn xa hdi' de thuc day su phat triln VI sU mang eua giao due, chung ta da quen vdi each dien dat eae van ban/ van kidn la ndng cao ddn tri, ddo tqo nhdn lac, boi dadng nhdn tdi Nghi lai, cd t h i thiy nhu vay vUa khong day dti vUa de dan den sai sot Khdng ddy du bdi each each dien dat dd nghieng ban v l phin trach nhidm eua HTGD ddi vdi xa hdi, ma ehua the hidn tudng minh trach nhidm cua HTGD ddi vdi ca nhan ngudi hpc, mac diu mdi quan be giufa HTGD va ea nhan ngudi hpc thi, nhu cac nha li luan v l giao due tbudng ndi, ngudi hpc vUa Id doi taang vUa Id chu thi'cda qua trinh giao due Han nda, ddi vdi mdt nen giao due tien bd, the hidn trudc hit d tinh nhan ban, khdng t h i khdng nhan manh g i i o due qudc d i n ; g^n k i t chat che p h i t trien ngudn n h i n lUe vdi p h i t t r i l n v i tirng dung khoa hoc, cdng nghe - Xiy dung h i thdng k i t c i u t i n g ddng bd, vdi mdt sd edng trinh h i l n dai, t i p trung v i o h i thdng giao thdng v i tang dd thi ldn • Angel Gurria - Tdng Thu ky OECD -22-9-2011 Ngudn Nguyin Trung-Thdi dai mdi-Viln tudng Bii ' Theo TCr d i l n t i l n g Vilt, Trang t i m TU d i l n hpe soan, NXB O i N i n g 2011, tr 1127 • Theo Cohen v i Prusak (2001); "Vdn x i hdi bao gdm p h i n Idn 51/ hop t i c x i y dung giCra nhirng eon ngudi vdi nhau; Su tin tudng su hieu biet ISn nhau, v i su chia se nhdng gia tri dao dCrc, phong each ndi k i t nhu'ng t h i n h v i l n cic t i p doan, cic edng ddng lai vdi lam cho vile phdi hop hanh ddng cd k h i n i n g thuc hien dupc" Ngudn; Khii n i l m v l vdn xa hdiTrin Kilm D o i n - http;//trankiemdoan,net " C.Mac va Ph.Angghen; Toan t i p , t i p 26, ph3n II NXB Chinh tri qudc gia Ha Ndi 1995, t r i S6 77 - THANG 2/2012 • NGHIEN CUfU trach nhidm eua hoat ddng giao diJc ddi vdi ca nhan ngudi cu t h i dang ddi didn vdi nha giao due Mat khae, eo ehe thj trudng, giao due tdn tai vdi tueach dieh VIJ cdng - mpt thU hang hda dac bidt'' thi nha trudng, cung nhu toan bp n i n giao due, phai dap ung ydu eau phat t r i l n ca nhan ngudi hoc vi ea nhan ngudi hpe la mpt ddi tuong phuc vu/ khach hang cua djeh VII i y (ddi tuong phiie vu/khach hang la xa hdi) Cdn ndi r i n g each each dien dat dd de dan din sai sdt nhan thuc bdi vi tren thue t l , hoat dpng giao due tac ddng cung mdt luc d i n ca ba mat dan tri, nhan luc, nhan tai theo k i l u '3 V; dd khdng the khu tru nhidm vu cua giao due vao chd ehi edn la dap ung ydu cau ve mdt mat nao dd ba mat dan tri, nhan li/c, nhan tai, rdi xem mat ay la nhidm vu trpng tam cua mdt c i p hoc/ mdt nganh hpc hoac la nhidm vii trpng tam cua mdt giai doan Ching han, eho r i n g GDPT (nhit la d t i l u hpe va trung hpe co sd) thi lo dan tri, giao diic n g h i nghiep thi lo nhan lUe, giao due dai hpe thi lo nhan tai va nhidm vu tnpng tam cua giai doan ndy la nang eao dan tri, giai doan la tap trung dao tao nhan lUc Oe phdng ngUa each h i l u bidt lap ba mat dan tri, nhan lUe, nhan tai, ddng thdi tranh roi vao tinh trang xem nhe trach nhidm cua HTGD ddi vdi ydu eau phat t r i l n ea nhan, thire ehat la xem nhe ban c h i t nhan van eiJa boat ddng giao d u e , " thi v l sU mang giao due c i n nhan thUe lai va cd mdt each dien dat khae Ben eanh sUmgng rin due cdc thi hi vd doi mdi ca ddn roc edn phai ndi den sUmangp/idr trii'n nhdn cdch cho moi cd nhdn TU nhdng lap luan d trdn, xin dua mdt de xuat, theo dd, sU mang eua giao due la: phdt then nhdn cdch cho moi cd nhdn, phdt trien von ngadi cho ddt nadc va, tap trung d GDPT, lau gia vd Idm gidu bdn sdc ddn tpc cdc thi hi tiip noi Khi ndi giao diie cd sU mang phdt trie'n nhdn cdch dmoled nhdn, thi nhdn cdch daac h i l u la tap hpp nhdng dac t n i n g tam li tao ndn didn mao xa " 'Giio due khdng phai la h i n g hda cdng edng thuan tuy' (Joseph E Stiglitz, Kinh t l hoc cdng cdng, ban tieng Viet, NXB Khoa hpc v i Ki t h u i t H i Ndi 1995, tr.442) Cung cd the hilu ki hon ve giio due vdi tu c i c h hang hda d i e b i l t qua b i i v i l t cua Vu Quang Vilt v i Ngd Thanh N h i n , "ThCr tim hieu khia canh kinh l l cua hoat ddng n g h i t h u i t va g i i o due v i vai trd cua cic hoat ddng khdng vu loi mdt nen kinh t l thi trudng" New York 19-11-1991 " Nhan day, xm duoc n h i c lai mdt c i u cua C Marx; "San x u i t chSng qua l i su phat trien luc luong san xui't cua l o i i ngudi, tUc l i phdt triin suphong phu cua bdn chdt ngudi, coi nht/mqt muc(Jfc/it(/t/ida'(C.MicviPh.Angghen;Tointip, t i p , p h i n II NXB Chinh tn qudc gia H i Ndi 1995, trl68) Hi vong ring nhdng n h i hoaeh dinh ehinh sich q u i cham ehu v i o muc t i l u kmh t l xem ngudi chi cdn l i nhCrng phSn td cau t h i n h cua luc luong sin xuit s l nghi lai • KHOA HOC GlAO DUC hdi eua eon ngUdi vdi t u each chu the hoat ddng, the hidn mUc dd phu hop v l thang gia trj va dinh hudng gia trj eua ca nhan ddi vdi thang gia tri va djnh hudng gia tri eua cdng d d n g / xa hpi NOi mot each don gian, nhan each bao ham hai phin: phdm chdt vd ndng It/c Cdn ca nhan, khdng gian don ehi la mdt p h i n tUcua mdt tap hpp gdm nhieu phan tU cd nhdng thude tinh gidng ma, e i n dupc h i l u , la mdt thUc the tdn tai ddc lap tuong ddi edng ddng, nd ed t u duy, k i t qua phat t r i l n eua loai ngudi/ cua tdc ngudi/ cua dan tde Moi ca nhan deu cd khat vpng t u d o va m u d n t u khang dinh."Tren doi ngan van d i l u cay d i n g / Cay dang chi b i n g m i t tu d o " " , ca nhan cang hoan thidn thi khat vpng tu va mong mudn t u k h i n g dinh cang cao Ndi giao due cd sU mang phdt then von ngadi cho ddt nadc, thi trude h i t , ddi vdi moi ea nhan, vdn ngudi la gia trj kinh t l cua nhdng nang life ma ngudi dd sd hCfu, cdn ddi vdi mdt qudc gia, \i gia trj kinh t l tao bdi tdng hpp cac nang life cac edng dan thude qudc gia ay sd hCru'^ day, nhufng nang lue vdn ngudi ma mdi ngudi sd hiiru tao la nhUng kJndng, sakhio lio vd dcphdn dodn ciia ngadi, phdn Idn sa tUng trdi cupc song mang Igi, han naa, co the dgt dagc thdng qua w'ec/ioc tap nhd tradng vd ddo tgo tgi nai Idm viic" Vt tdng hop nang lUe cCia eon ngudi mdt tap the/ mdt cdng ddng khdng phai la mdt phep cdng don t h u i n ma phu thude rat n h i l u vao cac mdi quan he gida eae vidn nen ngUdi ta cdn d l cap den von xd hpi, vdn to chdc Bdn eanh sU mang phat trien nhan each cho mdi ea nhan va phat trien vdn eon ngudi eho toln xa hdi ma cac phan he HTGD cung chia sd trach nhidm, vdi hdng GDPT hay chinh xac hon, tap trung d GDPT n h u ndi d trdn, edn ed sU mang /uU giijfvd Idm gidu txin sac ddn tpc cdc the hi tiep noi thdng qua vide tri va phat t r i l n ngdn ngif vi nhCfng dae trung van hda'* eua ea dan tpc eung nhU eua ridng tUng n h d m sic tde/ tUng dia phuong, til dd lam eho dan tpc hpi nhap vao tien trinh van minh cua nhan loai C i n n h i n manh d i l u vi thifc te da eho thay, mdi qudc gia cd mpt nen GDPT rieng va thdng qua n i n GDPT ridng i y , mdi qudc gia co " Hd Chi Minh, N h i t ki tu " Theo Gary S.Becker, Human Capital - a Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference Education, Third Edition, The University of Chicago Press '* Theo Smith, dupc d i n Wikipedia - http//en.v^ikipedia.org '• "Vin hda bao gdm t i t c i nhCmg gi l i m cho d i n tpc niy khic vdt d i n toc khic, tir nhOmg san ph^m tinh vi h i l n dai nhat cho din tin ngudng phong tuc t i p q u i n , Idi sdng v i lao ddng" F Mayor (Nguyin Tdng Giim doc UNESCO), TU d i l n bach khoa Vilt Nam t i p - NXB Tu d i l n bach khoa H i Ndi nam 2005, trang 798 NGHIEN CUU ! t h i dao luydn trd em nhap c u / ed ngudn gde khae v l ehung tdc t r d cdng dan ctja minh Theo hudng dd, eae chinh phu cung ed chinh saeh k h u y i n khich edng dan sdng d ngoai lanh thd eho em hpc ngdn ngd, phong tue va Ijch sUdan tpc, tim hieu v l dja li dat nUdc, nghia la phan cdt Idi ehuong trinh GDPT d l khdi qudn ngudn gde Chinh vi t h i cd t h i tim thay mong m u d n qudc t l hda GDOH d mdt sd chien luoc phat t r i l n qudc gia ehU khdng t h i tim mue tieu qudc t l hda GDPT bat ki mdt suy nghi nghidm tuc nao ngoai t r d nhdng y dd mudn x u i t khau giao diie nhu su banh trudng v l van hda eua cac eudng qudc." Muc tieu giao due - Sudoi thay mue tieu gido due trudc yeu eau phdt trien kinh texd hpi (KTXH) Thue hidn sd mang phat t r i l n nhan each cho mdi ea nhan, phat t r i l n vdn ngudi cho d i t nudc, luu giCf va lam giau ban sic dan toe cac t h i he t i l p ndi ddi hdi muc tiiu eua HTGD c i n dupc xem xdt trdn hai phupng dien: mpt mat, dd la cai dich c i n dat d l hoan trach nhidm ddi vdi tUng ca nhan ngudi hpe (vi ngudi hpe la ddi t u p n g cua hoat dpng giao due) va mat khdc, la cai dich can dat d l hoan trach nhidm ddi vdi xa hpi Tat nhidn, sU phan dinh giufa muc tidu phat t r i l n ea nhan va miic tieu phat trien xa hdi chi ed y nghia v l cap dp, bdi "su phat t r i l n t u cua moi ngudi la d i l u kidn cho su phat trien t u d o cua t i t ca mpi n g u d i " " VI muc t i l u la cdi dich cdn dgt tdi dehodn thdnh nhiim vu''' ndn nd chinh la trang thai tupng lai dupc ki vpng mpt k l hoach, mpt ebUPng trinh banh d d n g hoac mdt d u a n Trong linh viie giao diie, ed bai trudng hop: Khi hoaeh dinh sti phat t r i l n eua HTGD, muc tidu duoc xac djnh b i n g cae tidu cbi v l quy md, c h i t lupng, hidu qua tai thdi diem k i t thuc mdt giai doan Od la muc tieu phat trien be thdng Khi xac djnh m i u ngudi ma HTGD mudn dao tao dupc, cae " T i c g i i b i i vilt ed cam g i i c l i p luin nhu t r i n t r i o ngoevdichu truong cho p h i p cic n h i d i u tu nuoc n g o i i md trudng eho tre em, hoc smh Vilt Nam Trong v i n ban ctJa Bd GD-DT tra Idi kiln nghi cud cir tn tai Kl hop thd ba, Qudc hdi k h o i XII cd vilt; "Vdi chmh sich md rdng quan h i qudc t l v i thu hut d i u tucua Nha nude ta, sd luong ngudi nudc n g o i i d i n V i l t Nam l i m i n ngiy c i n g ddng Vile cho p h i p m d cic co sd giao due m l m non, co s d g i i o due phd thdng d i n h eho ngUdi nudc ngoii l i c i n t h i l t Nhd ddu tunudc ngodi cung cd themd trudng cho tri em, hoc sinh Viit Nam vd phdi tudn thti cdc quy dinh ctjo phdp ludt Viet Nam' (Bio Giio due v i T h d i dai, sd 130, ngiy 28/10/2008) Mac du da cd y r i n g budc "phai t u i n thu cic quy dinh cua p h i p l u i t Vilt Nam'nhung t r i n thuc t l , "tinh qudc te"da vupt I l n t r i n 'tinh d i n tOc'trong chuong trinh g i i n g day cua eic trudng •• C Mac v i Ph Awngghen T i p NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia H i Ndi 1995, trang 628 • Til d i l n tieng Vilt H o i n g P h i chu b i l n NXB Giio due 1994, trang 627 nha giao due phai ndu eae gia tri ea nhan, nghia la nhufng pham c h i t va nang ltic, ma nha tnidng mudn hinh va phat t r i l n d ddi tUpng giao due Od la mue tieu dao tao hay muc tidu phat t r i l n nhan each eua HTGD Du xet v l phuang didn vi md (xac lap cac chi tidu/ tidu ehi nham gia tang vdn ngudi cho d i t nude/ xa hdi) hay xet v l phuong dien vi md (xac lap md hinh nhan each djnh hUdng phat t r i l n cho mdi ea nhan) thi muc tieu gido due cung khdng the la thU bdt bien Nhu Marx da tUng viet, moi thdi ki lieh sU d i u ed nhCfng quy luat rieng cua nd, mdt cudc sdng da vupt qua mdt thdi ki phat trien nhat dinh, da tU giai doan budc sang giai doan khae, thi nd eung b i t d i u bi nhdng quy luat khac chi phdi.™ Bdi vay, thtic hien cai each/ ddi mdi can ban ddi vdi HTGD thi rat c i n xac djnh lai mue tieu giao due d l phu hpp vdi nhCfng ddi hdi mdi eua xa hpi.Tit nhidn, vide xae djnh lai khdng ed nghia la loai bd hoan toan muc tidu cu ma nhat thiet phdi ed s t i k i thUa d l phat t r i l n Trdn thuc t l , giao due cac nude eung nhu giao due nudc ta d i u da trai qua nhufng budc ehuyin bien/ dieu ehinh n h u vay Ve mue tidu vi md, su tang tien v l ydu cau tri thue vdn ngUdi, tU gida the ki 20, n h i l u nudc, trudc h i t la nhCfng nude phat t r i l n , sau dd den eae nude dang phat trien da khdng ngUng md rpng quy md giao due bang each sifa ddi quy djnh v l sd nam eudng bUe giao due'' tU 5-6 nam Idn 6-7 nam rdi nam (ngbia la nang dan trinh dp hpe v i n tdi thieu can t h i l t eua cdng dan) Trdn thife t l , d i n eudi t h i ki 20, d cac nudc cdng nghidp phat trien (OECD), tdt nghidp trung hpe (11 hoac 13 nam tUng nUde hoac vung lanh t h d " ) da trd trinh dp phd cap du nha nudc khdng quy djnh trung hpe phd thdng la cap bpc b i t bupc (5 nude ta, mue tidu phat trien giao diJc eung dupc d i l u chinh theo tien trinh phat trien KTXH NhUng chi tidu ve m d rpng mang ludi, ve phd ••* C.Mac v i Ph.Ang ghen toan t i p NXB Chinh tn qudc gta Tap 23 1993,Tr34 " " L u i t b i t budc moi tre em mpt dp tudi nhit dinh phai t i l p thu mdt trinh dd hoc v i n n h i t dinh L i yeu c l u phd c i p giao due cua n i n g i i o due d i n chu ma nha nudc v i gia dinh p h i i bao dam cac d i l u k i l n can thiet d l thuc hiln.""Nam 1790, nudc Phip ban hanh Luat ve trung l i p v i eUdng bdc g i i o due tieu hoc N i m 1873, Nhat Ban ban hanh Luat co b i n ve giio due, cd mdt d i l u v l eudng bUc giao due t i l u hoe Nam 1985, Trung Qudc cdng bd Luat nghla vu giao due nam Nam 1991, Vilt Nam ban h i n h Luit phd cap giao due t i l u hoc, quy dinh giao due tieu hoc l i b i t bude ddi vdi moi tre em Vilt Nam tu d i n 14 tudi" (BKTT) Luat Giio due 2005 (cua VN) quy dinh cipTMCS l i d p hoe phd cap " Xin luu y, d mot sd nudc (vi du Canada) cd su khic b i l t ve sd n i m hoc phd thdng gida cic vung SA77-THANG2/2012 • Q NGHIEN CIJU cap giao due da dinh ki d u t x nang Idn, eang cao O i l u dang luu y la, d l thue hien duoc nhdng muc tieu mdi, ehinh ban than HTGD eung phai ducjc dieu chinh, thudng thi thay ddi v l quy md, nhung khdng hiem phai cau true lai ca he thdng V I muc tidu vi md, thdi gian dai, nhiem vu cua nhan dan ta la dau tranh gianh ddc lap va thdng nhat thi muc tieu giao diic la dao tao eon ngudi cd tinh than yeu nudc, s i n sang hy sinh vi li tudng ddc lap - t u do, duang nhien, dO cung la ngudi lao ddng (tri dc va chan tay), phue vtJ cho cdng cudc khang chien va kien qudc Sau dat nudc thdng nhat, vdi ehu truang kien tao mdt xa hdi theo md hinh xa hdl chu nghla dira trdn "che dp lam chu tap the, muc tieu giao due duoe xac dinh la 'eon ngudi Viet Nam moi cd nhung dac trung ndi bat la tinh than lam chii tap the, tinh than sang tao lao ddng, Idng ydu nuoc va ydu ehu nghia xa hdi, tinh t h i n qudc te vd san."" O i n giai doan ddi mdi, vide xac dinh lai mue tieu giao diic dupe xem la ndi dung d i u tidn cua t u tudng chi dao phat t r i l n giao due thdi ki edng nghidp hda, hien dai hda d i t nudc Theo dd, "Nhidm vu va muc tidu eo ban eua giao due la n h i m xay dung nhung eon ngudi va t h i he t h i l t tha g i n bd vdi li tudng ddc lap dan tde va ehu nghia xa hdi, ed dao dUc sang, ed y chi kidn cudng xay d i m g va bao ve Td qudc; ; gid gin va phat huy cac gia tri cua dan tdc, cd nang life t i l p thu tinh hoa van hda nhan loai; phat huy t i l m nang cua dan tde va eon ngudi Vidt Nam, cd y thdc cpng ddng va phat huy tinh tich cue cua ca nhan, lam ehu tri thuc khoa hpc va cdng nghd hidn dai, ed t u sang tao, ed ki nang thue hanh gidi, ed tae phong cdng nghidp, cd tinh td chuc va ki luat; cd sUe khde, la nhCfng ngudi thua ke xay dung ehu nghia xa hdi vUa ' h d n g vira "chuydn" n h u Idi can dan cua Bac H d ' ' ' ' n l p dd, Luat Giao diie 1998 rdi Luat Giao diie 2005 da t h i hien mdt each ngSn gpn: "Mue tidu giao due la dao tao eon ngudi Vidt Nam phat t r i l n toan didn, ed dao dUe, tri thUe, sUe khde, tham mi va " Nghi q u y l t 14-NQ/TW cua B6 Chinh tri BCH Tnjng Uong O i n g in Mdt sd v i n k i l n cua Oang CSVN ve edng t i e khoa giio, NXB Chinh tri qudc gia H i Ndi 2006 Theo Nghi quyet niy ed t h i t h i y cung vdi vHc t i l p tuc thee dudi muc tieu giio due t o i n d i l n ddc, tn, the, ml va luoc bd nhimg t i l u chi mang tinh y chf l u i n (nhu d i o tao ngudi V i l t Nam mdi v i lam chu t i p thi) d i cd t h i m nhifng quan diem moi ve sd mang cua g i i o due (ning cao d i n tn dao tao n h i n luc bdi dudng n h i n tai), v l vai trd ciia g i i o due (ciing voi khoa hoc va cdng nghi, g i i o due v i d i o tao l i qudc sich h i n g d i u , d i u tu cho giio due l i d i u tu p h i t tnen) cung nhu xic dinh su chia s l trach n h i l m gida n h i nudc v i n h i n d i n (chu truong x i hdi hda g i i o due v i x i c lap tu cich p h i p n h i n cua n h i tradng n g o i i cdng lip) ••• Nghi q u y l t Hdi nghi Trung uong (Khda VIII) sdd • K H O A HOC GlAO DUC n g h i nghidp, trung vdi li tUdng dpc lap dan tdc va chu nghia xa hdi; hinh va bdi dudng nhan each, pham chat va nang luc cua eong dan, dap Ung ydu c i u eua su nghiep xay dung va bao ve Td qudc Nhu vay, a moi giai doan lich sU, miic tieu giao due/ md hinh nhan each lai dUoc cac nha hoach dinh giao due dieu chinh vdi mong mudn lam eho giao due dap Ung ydu eau mdi va phu hop vdi hoan canh mdi Tat nhidn, mong m u d n eua eae nha hoaeh dinh giao due, n h u moi san pham cua ngudi, ddu khd thoat khdi tinh chu quan va it n h i l u deu ed nhdng diem han chd Hai diem han ehe de thay vide xae d|nh muc tidu giao due da ed la: thd nhdt, qua n h i n manh vide hinh cae the he, cdn xem nhe su phat trien ca nhan, thuc chat la ehoa tdn tinh ddc dao eua ca tinh cdng ddng; tha hai, dua nhu'ng mue tieu qua cao, thidn veoii cao cd, n h i n manh vao li tudng va nhung tinh cam Idn ma bd qua hoac trinh bay khdng d i y dii cdcgid tri cd nhdn qudt, cho ndn ndi phat t r i l n nhan each nhung van la m o n g mudn hinh nhCmg p h i m c h i t chung cho mpi ea nhan n h i m dao tao nhdng the hd, nhCfng lap ngudi d l k i l n tao mptxa hdi li tudng CO ng e i n phai ndi thdm, cac t h i l t ke ve mue tidu phat t r i l n nhan each neu tren, khong it trudng hpp, chi ngung dong trdn van ban Khoing each gida van ban va thtic tien xay ed thiet ke mang nang tinh y chi, ed hoat dpng thue tien di chech' trUcJt khdi quy dao d u kiln ciia eae nha hoaeh dinh d u d n g ldi/chinh sach giao due Hien nay, bdi canh hpi nhap qudc te sau va d i y du, d l dap Ung yeu e i u d i y manh edng nghidp hda, hien dai hda d i t nude, rd rang "ein thay ddi t u giao diic, xae dinh lai quan nidm ve muc tieu, ydu e i u dao tao va chUe nang eua nha trudng, tU dd mdi thay rd can thay ddi eung each day va hoc, thay ddi ndi dung, phuong phap, td ehUc quan li giao due nhu t h i nao d l dat dupe mue tidu do."" (cdn nito) SUMMARY The author emphasizes that "basic, comprehensive innovation is in faa refonrt" and the education mission is the responsibility of school to the society and educational subjects; the anicle addresses also the changes of educational goals in the context of socioeconomic development and direaions for their changes " CIn mdt tuduy giao due mdi Bio tudi tie, 4-9-2004 (Trich Bin k i l n nghi chan hung, c i i cich, h i l n dai hda g i i o due cua 23 nhi giio, n h i khoa hoc, n h i van hda d o GS H o i n g Tuy dung diu giri Thu tudng Chinh phu)