OAC TRUHG CUA VIEC REN IUYEN Kl NANG NGHIEP VU SU PHAM TRONG DAYHOC LICH Slfd TRlTClNG PHO THONG TS NGUYEN M A N H H a O N G * 1 Chdc nang quan trgng cua cac trudng su pham (SP) ndi ehung, khoa Lieh s[.]
OAC TRUHG CUA VIEC REN IUYEN Kl NANG NGHIEP VU SU PHAM TRONG DAYHOC LICH Slfd TRlTClNG PHO TS Chdc nang quan trgng cua cac trudng su pham (SP) ndi ehung, khoa Lieh su {LS} d eac trudng SP ndi rieng la dao tao, ren luyen sinh vien (SV) trd ngudi giao vien (GV)cdpham chat dao due, tu tudng ehinh tri vi?ng vang, cd trinh khoa hoc va gidi ve nghe nghiep cho eac trudng phothong Vi the npidung ren luyen kinang (KN) nghiep vy su pham (NVSP) la dae trung neng biet cua trudng SP Oe duge dung Iren bye giang lam GV, SVSP phai dugc trang bi day du, cd he thdng nhirng kien thdc khoa hgc (ehuyen nganh va lien nganh d muc dp dai hgc (DH) hay cao dang), Ird ngi dung nghe nghiep cua cdng tac giao due Tuy nhien, khdng phai cd trinh khoa hoc co ban la cdthe trd GV gidi Kien thuc khoa hgc duae thu nhan dtrudng SP phai qua ren luyen ve nghiep vy (li thuyet, thuc hanh) de hinh nang lue, trd KN mdi cd the dam nhiem lot nhiem vu giao dye su nghiep ngudi Phuang phap day hgc (PPDH) ndi ehung, PPDH mdn LS ndi rieng la mot khoa hoc, thude khoa hgc giao dye, cd lien quan chat che vdi khoa hge ca ban (d day la khoa hgc LS) Nam virng khoa hgc LS, khoa hgc giao due va PPDH bd mon se trd KN nghiep vu delam tdt edng tae giao dye Tuy nhien hien nay, phan Ren luyen KNNVSP d cac trudng eao dang va OHSP van chua duoc chii trpng, cdn bi eat xen, long ghep vdi eac hoc phanAin chi khae Trong qua trinh dao tao, SVSP it dugc hudng dan, ren cac KN sudyng phuang tien day hge (DH), dien dat ndi, viet, tu the va tae phong dung Idp eua GV Hien nay, nhieu trudng SP vlin chua ed da ngu giang vien ehuyen mdn ve bg mdn Ren luyen Wl/Sf Viec day ndi dung thudng chi ddng laid li thuyet, giang vien khdng lam m^u duae cho SV; chua xac dmh rd dae tn/ng eua viec ren luyen NVSP; cdn lung tung qua trinh hudng d i n ; d nhieu tn/dng SP eung khdng cd Tuan IS NVSP vato chdc Hgi thi NVSP 6e phal dong phong trao ren luyen, 40 Tap chi Gido due so 304 THONG NGUYEN M A N H H a O N G * nang eao nhan thuc cho can bd, SV (1) Vi vay, nhieu SV sau tdt nghiep, lam GV mdi chi vL?ng ve ehuyen mdn, ehua gidi ve phuang phap va KNNVSP Thuc trang Iren da phan nao phan anh chat luang DHLS hien ehua dap ung duge yeu cau phattrien eua xa hdi KN va qua trinh ren luyen KNNVSP dao tao GVLS Vdi van de KN, cac lai lieu lam li hge va giao due hgc cho r5ng can "xem xet d goe dd ki thuit cik hinh ddng", hoae lim hieu d gdc "nang luc cua eon ngudl"(2) Theo ehung tdi, ngudi cd KN ve mpt hanh ddng nao dd phai: - Gd Iri thii'c ve hanh dgng (gom muc dich, each thue hien va cae dieu kien de thuc hanh hanh ddng); • Biet thuc hien hanh dgng dung vdi yeu cau va dat dup'c hieu qua nhu muc dich dat ra; - Cd kha nang hanh dgng dat duae ket qua tuong img vcri hanh dpng nhiing dieu kien khac (biet van dyng linh hoat, hieu qua dieu kien tuang tu} Nhu vay, cd the hieu KN la thue hien cd ket qua mdl hanh dgng nao dd bang each van dung nhiing tn thde, kinh nghiem da cd de hanh ddng phii hop vdi dieu kien cho phep KN ddi hoi ngudi phai co tri thii'c ve hanh ddng va cac kinh nghiem can Ibiel, song ban than tri thdc va kinh nghiem chua phai la KN Oieu ddi hdi SV, GV phai linh hoat, sang tao, kh^c phyc benh cdng Ihuc, giao dieu Irong ren luyen Tri thuc va kinh nghiem chinh la dieu kien de hinh KN, thieu nhirng yeu td lhi KN khdng the hinh duae Oe hinh KNNVSP DHLS, ddi hdi SV phai trai qua mgt qua Irinh tu ren luyen dudi su dinh hudng eua giang vien Qua Irinh ay chia lam hai bucc: nim vung eae tri thdc ve hanh dgng va tf/uc hmi hanh ddng theo cac tri thdc dd Mudn hanh dgng ed ket qua SV can tranh phuang phap Ihu va sai" phai * Khoa Uch stf-Tnrong 8ai Noc sir pham Ha Noi -(ki2-2/2013) duoe tpp dupi, quan sat m l u va lam thu theo m l u (tap ddng vai) Hanh ddng cang phuc tap thi cang phai tap dugt nhieu l l n de hinh KN, kt xao va cd the van dyng mgi hoan canh eua qua trinh DH B e hinh KN DHLS, SV phai tuan thu cac giai doan va dieu kien sau: 1) Nhan thdc dung din, day du vemuc dich, each thuc va dieu kien hanh ddng Day la giai doan het sue quan trgng neu khdng xac dinh duae muc dich se khdng cd hudng hanh ddng va khd nlm dugc each thirc hanh dgng de' dat duae ket qua nhu mong mudn Xae dinh dung myc dlch se giup viec lap ke hoach va lim duae cac bien phap hanh ddng phu hgp Dong thdi, can n l m vung each thuc lien hanh Ihao lac thuc hien hanh ddng (ed the lu hgc hoae dupe ngudi khac hudng din}, Tuy nhien, viec hieu biet kien thirc d giai doan cung mdi chf la tiep nhan li thuyet, chua hanh ddng that su, nen ehua theggiladacdKN 2) Quan sat miu va lam thu theo miu se giiip chiing la thiy dugc kha nang van dung tri thuc vao hanh ddng; xem hanh dgng ed nhi/ng uu va nhuoc diem nao can phat huy, sua ehira detiep tyc cung cd vdn tri Ihuc da cd giai doan nay, viec lam Ihu ngin hay dai luy thuoc vao nang luc moi ngudi, ngudi cd nang luc yeu phai lam thu nhieu l l n , han niia phai tao dieu kien de ngudi hudng d i n kiem tra va udn nin kjp Ihdi Vi dy, qua trinh hudng d i n KN diin dat ndi giang vien phal hien SV ndi nggng, ndi lap, phat am chua dung,., phai chi ldi sai ay va yeu c l u SV phai sua chi/a Giang vien lay vi dy ve nhi/ng khuyet tat thudng gap phat am (cd the dung phuong phap ddng vai), giup SV thaiy ro tac hai cua chiing, roi sua lai, diln dat ndi that chuan, SV se ling nghe, quan sal va phat am lai theo giang vien.^ 3) Tien hanh luyen tap glai doan nay, nhifng thao tac, bude thuc hien hanh dong cua SV dan dan dugc chinh xac han, dong thdi, cac tri thuc va each thuc hanh ddng duae dn luyen ehlc chin han Khi mdi tap luyen, SV cd the v l n cdn sai sdt, nhung se duoc cai thien tdt han va y thifc ty ren luyen da mang lai hieu qua Luc nay, KN da hinh thanh, song chua hoan toan o'n djnh, chiing chi thuc su on djnh nhiing dieu kien khac SV v l n hanh dpng dem lai ket qua Vi?c luyen tap dat ket qua cao hay thap phu thude vao nhieu yeu td, nhU' thdi gian, mdi tn/dng va nd lue cua SV gii/vai trd quyel djnh nha't Ngoai ra, de mpt KN hanh ddng duoc hinh (ki 2-2/2013)- bai ban SV phai hieu day dij ve hanh ddng, thudng xuyen luyen tap, dugc kiem tra va tu kiem tra ludn lu giac ren luyen va chu ddng van dung vao thuc lien Ndi dung co ban cua viec ren luyen KNNVSP DHLS LS la qua trinh phat trien khdng ngimg cua xa hgi loai ngudi tif eon ngudi va xa hdi hinh den Mdi sy kien, hien luong LS chi xay mdt lan nhat, g i n ven mdt khoang then gian, khdng gian va nhan vat cu the Trong hoe lap LS hoe sinh (HS) khdng the "tn/ctiep quan safdugc cac sukien, h\en\[smg ma ch] CO ihe "nhin thue duge mdt each gian tiep thdng qua cae tai lieu duoe luu /a/" (3) Tuy nhien, nhiem vy lien quyet cua bd mdn la lam de giup HS di tii' "biet" der) "hieu" sau s i c nhung ehuyen "da xay ra"lrong xa hdi loai ngudi, khdng eon niia; qua lung liet hgc LS, GV phai id'ehuc, hudng d i n HS tim hie'u, nghien cu\j cai "da tung tdn tar nhung "khdng hien ed" Day chinh la tinh qua khu diem khae biet Idn nhat gida viec nhan thdc LS so vdl cae sukien, hien luong cua tunhien Hie'u rd, dung dae trung eua viec DH Z.Schinh la e a s d dau lien cua ren luyen NVSP Chung tdi dua mot sd KN ea ban thudng xuyen su dyng va nhung KN can bdi dudng eho SVSP: 1) KN dien dat (\mh bay ndi va viel) Day la KN quan dau lien phai ren luyen DH ndi ehung, DHLS ndi rieng Ndi dung cua viec ren luyen giup SVSP khac phyc duae nhi/ng khuyet tat thudng gap dien dat (ndi nggng, ndi lip, ndi nhanh, ndi ngat quang } Dien dat ndi va viet ehuan se gdp phan quan trgng vao nang cao hieu qua bai hpc LSva giao due HS, nhat la su'dyng phuang phap mieu la, tudng thuat, glai thich cac sukien hien lugng LS, 2) KN viei, vise giiip SV nhan thuc rd myc dieh, y nghia cua viee su dung bang den va viel, ve, ke chutrong DHLS Khdng hudng dan KN SV se khdng cd lu the, lac phong dung Idp dung d i n va Viet bang dep, thing hang, ngoai cdn hinh cho SV eae thao lac, each thifc ve nhanh hinh anh tn/c quan tren bang giang bai 3) KN xay dung va su dung cac loai dung true quan LS khdng the tai lao phdng thi nghiem, HS cung khdng the quan saltaic tiep sukien vi vay dung tore quan cd y nghia to kjn giup HS hinh bieu tuang va hieu dung LS Ndi dung Tap chi Gido due so 304 41 ren luyen se trang bj cho SV each xay d i ^ g cac loai dd dung tmc quan dae biet la each ve luge LS va iam cac phuang lien true quan quy ude khac (sa dd nien bieu, bieu ) Ben canh viee biet lam dung tn/c quan ndi dung cung hudng dan each su dyng nhu the nao de bai hgc LS ed the dat hieu qua eao nhat 4) KN su dijng sach giao khoa va xay dung cac ho so tailleu DH Trong DH ndi ehung, DHLS ndi rieng, sach giao khoa la lai lieu hgc tap bat budc vdl HS, dong thcri cung la tai lieu ea ban de G V dua vao tochifc DH Neu duae hudng dan lot ndi dung nay, SV se hieu rd vi tri, y nghla eiia saeh giao khoa, bi^ van dyng nhiing KN sudyng saeh giao khoa qua Irinh DH Mat khac, SV cung hieu rd myc dich, y nghla eua viec ghi chep, lam ho so tu lieu DHLS, cac toai tai lieu cd the suu l l m , sir dyng quatrinh DH 5) KN ung dung cdng nghe thdng tin Ndi dung ren luyen giiip SV hieu rd vai trd, y nghTa cua cac phuang lien kl thuat dugc sd dyng DHLS, ren eho SV eac hinh thu'c, bien phap sudung mgl sd cdng cy, thiet bi hien dai de nang cao chat luong DH bgmdn 6) KN xay dting, su dtjng phdng bg mdn trudng thdng cae mdn khoa hoc tu nhien nhu: Vatti, Hda hpc, Sinh hgcdeu duoc trang bi phdng bg mdn hoae phdng thi nghiem Trong tuong lai khdng xa, bd mdn LS cung se dugc trang bj phdng hgc bp mdn, dung de trang tri, Irung bay cae tai lieu, tranh anh, hien vat LS va GV cd the to chuc DH Nghien cuu, hpc tap KN se giup nhung GV tuong lai hieu rd each xay dung phdng LS d trudng thdng, each su dyng phdng bd mdn cac tiet hgc tren Idp cung nhu hoat ddng ngoai gid hgc 7) KN td'chuc cac hoat dong ngoai khda LS va cdng tac cong ich xahgi Ndi dung ren luyen KN hudng d i n SV each thde td chuc, lien hanh cac hoat ddng ngoai khda LS, ki niem cac le Idn nam nhu chien t h i n g Oien Bien Phu, gial phdng mien Nam Hoae, td'chdc cho HS Iham gia cac edng tac cdng ich xa hgi - mdt nhung bien phap giao dye HS theo phuong cham "gin nha tn/dng vdi xa hdr Ren luyen KNNVSP khdng chi giup cho SVLS dap dng duoc nhi/ng yeu cau Iheo dae trung cua 42 Tap chi Gido due so 304 mdn hgc ma cdn cd tac dung giao due Idng say me lao dgng, yeu nghe va tinh than traeh nhiem cao cdng tac sau Ren luyen KNNVSP la yeu cau khdng the thiaj d a vdi GV Viec ren luyen khdng chi gidi han d mgt sd gid len Idp sinh hoai nhdm, tiel lap giang, hoae chua'n bi cho dgt kien tap SP ma SV phai cd y thye tu ren luyen, lien hanh Ihudng xuyen tren Idp, d nha va Irong cudc sdng (nhat la qua eac dgt thuc te ehuyen mdn va thue tap SP dudi tn/dng phd'thdng) SV phal tu ren luyen la chinh (nhung can cd su dinh hudng eua giang vien), nham nang cao nang luc nhan thdc va nang Iyc thuc hanh SP cho cae GV luong lai • (1) Hifin chi cd Trudng Dai hpc sir phgm H& Niji danh mOl luSn cho smh vifin nghi hgc van hoa dd t$p trung r6n luyfin nghifip vu su pham Tudn nghidp vit supham duae l6 chuc vao djp ki ni^m ng^y Nhti giiio Vifil Nam 20/11, tra "ngdy hdi" rfin luy^n ciia sinh vifin to&n iruong (2) Nguyfin Thj COi (chii bifin) Ren luy^n kl nfing nghiep vu s u p h a m ni6n Lich sir NXB Dgi hgc su pham,H 20\\ O) Phan Ngoc Lifin (chii bifin) Phmmg phSp day h^c ljch SU", tap ! NXB Dgi hgc luphgm, H 2002 Tai ii^u tham khao Giselle O Mariin - Kniep Tdm dtfi mdi 6i trdthanh nguoi giao viSn gidi (Lfi Van Canh djch) NXB Gido due Vift Nam, H.2Q\\ NguySn Manh Hudng "Nflng cao chil lupng r6n luyfin kl nilng nghidp vy su pham cho sinh vifin khoa Lich Sli - Trucmg Dai hgc su pham Ha Npi" Tgp chl Gido ditc, so 25\I20\0 Hoang Phe TiJr di^n Bach khoa Vi^t Nam, ijp NXB Til dien Bach khoa, H 2003 Phan Ngoc Lifin (chu bifin) DSng COng s5n Vi$t Nam Vffi SIT nghiep giao due va ddo tao NXB Dfli hpc su phgm, H 2008 SUMMARY This article makes the reader aware of the location, the meaning and the basic characteristics of the pedagogical skills training In the teaching and learning of history In schools On the basis of analyzing the content of the concept of skill the art!clespecifies the pedagogical skills tralnlngin teacher training history In particular, the authors share with the reader the seven basic content of pedagogical training skills In the teachingand learning of history in schools -(ki2-2/2013) ... hien luong LS chi xay mdt lan nhat, g i n ven mdt khoang then gian, khdng gian va nhan vat cu the Trong hoe lap LS hoe sinh (HS) khdng the "tn/ctiep quan safdugc cac sukien, h\en\[smg ma ch] CO... viei, vise giiip SV nhan thuc rd myc dieh, y nghia cua viee su dung bang den va viel, ve, ke chutrong DHLS Khdng hudng dan KN SV se khdng cd lu the, lac phong dung Idp dung d i n va Viet bang... LS ed the dat hieu qua eao nhat 4) KN su dijng sach giao khoa va xay dung cac ho so tailleu DH Trong DH ndi ehung, DHLS ndi rieng, sach giao khoa la lai lieu hgc tap bat budc vdl HS, dong thcri