QUA TRiNH HOC CACH NGHE HIEU NGON NGlT CUA TRE O ThS OINH THANH TUY^N" 1 Bdn ndng (hdnh vl bdm sinh) cOo hd em cho phdp ehung ed thi hpc hdl h> ngudi khdc vd thi gidl xung quonh 6 hd, sy hllu bllt vl[.]
QUA TRiNH HOC CACH NGHE HIEU NGON NGlT CUA TRE O ThS OINH THANH TUY^N" Bdn ndng (hdnh vl bdm sinh) cOo hd em ddu kit ndl nhihig h> hong ddl sdng ngudi, cho phdp ehung ed thi hpc hdl h> ngudi khdc vd sy vdt, sy klfn vd tinh huong vl nhihig gl t^ dfi thi gidl xung quonh hd, sy hllu bllt vl «hlfn bi^ vl thi gidl Ddn din sy hudng thdnh sd gtOp tpl' vd «d dfiy* sd ed hvdc sy nhdn thuc vl ngdn dOo hd kit ndl h> dOng vdl vft dm chf dOng hodc nga (NN) dOng di bllu thj khdl nifm «hifn tpl' ed y nghTa Vi dy: Ngudi Idn thudng choi trd «0 vd «d d d / Chung tdn dyng mpl cdch d l cd thi do" vdi hd Ichi ehung cdn nhd Mdl Idn ehol nhdn thuc dupe tnl gidl (thdng quo vlfe chO ^ hd ndy, hd nghe thdy h> «0 do' dupe thdt vd din eho dl thdo tudn, tdng nghe ed chpn Ipc nd hpe dupe cdch kit hpp ede h> vdl sy klfn tdng nhOng gl nguW Idn ndi, cung cop ihdngtinphdn thi Rd't nhanh chdng ehung hpe dupe h> «0 do' hdl), duo ro nhOng h> vd NN nf>d chOng nllu dupe ludn gdn liln vdl hdnn dfng dOng toy che mfit vd (thdng quo sy ntd phdng cd chpn Ipc nhi>ng dllu bdt ngd md toy ro Trong thye tl, hd ed budc md ngudi \Ay6c ndl) vd cdch sO dyng nhOng h> ddHin ddl hong vlfe hpc h>, chOng ehl edn Hip xuc d l hpc thdm nhilu tit hon Bdl vllt ndy lupc thudt mdt Idn vdl mft h> d l Hm hllu vd hinh thdnh gid Ipi mft sd bifn phdp md hd su dyng dl hpe cdch thuylt vl vdt ndl din; ddc bift Id dung ngdn ngQ nghe hllu NN h> ngudi \dn Tuy nhldn, hude xdc djnh thdi glan vd khdng gion «d dd/' vd hd hpc dupe cdch nghe - hilu h> ngudi Idn, cdn «bdy gid" Qud hinh hiong tdc phdl xooy quonh phdl cd hal dllu klfn sou: myc Hdu hoi|^ sy klfn md ed hd vd ngudi Idn hudng h£r| Khi hd nhdn ro vd chlo sd myc dfch 1) Hinh thdnh trt thvc vd ihi gidl xung chinh cOo sy hiong tdc vd NN dong dupe sO dyng quanh Iru6c kbi hgc tdp NN Trd cdn cd nhOna hong qud hinh od thi ehung h;io dupe budc hllu bllt vl ngudri vd thi gidl xung quanh ddu Hdn vifc khdm pnd ro mdl quon hf hude chOng ed thi h; hpc NN Lois BkxHti Id giuo h> vd cym h> vdl ni>dt sd vdt thi mdl mft hong nhOng rraudi ddu Hdn ehl ro nhihig hudng sdng cOo chOng nde thong hllu bi^ hifn tpl vi NN eOa mft dua hd (1970) Theo dng, eon ngudi khdng thi ndl vl Mdt si bifn phdp trd si> dyng d l nghe nhimg dllu md hp khdng nllu bllt Tuong ty, hllu NN ngudi nglie cOng khdng ml nghe nhOng gl md 1) T^p Irung vdo mvc dfdt c/ifn/i cijo qud hp khdng hllu Khi ngudi si) dyng NN Id trinh tuong tdc Trude qud hinh h/ong hk cOo dung kf hlfu dm thonh hofic hinh dnh d l ndl hd vd ngudi Idn dlln ro, cd hal bdn diu tdp chuyfn vl rnft ol dd, nfift dd vdt hoy mft sy klfn hofic hiong h^c vdi nhCmg vdt thi vd sy klfn Cdn ndo dd nhdm gpl ldn nhung hllu bllt cOo ngudrl luu ^ rdng, ngudi k!m g$p rdt nhllu khd ld>fin d l nghe vl nhOng vdn d l dd VI thi, hd khdng thi thu nOt vd hi sy chO y ci/a trd nhd hpc d l hllu vd h^ ro NN hude Uii duo hd bilt ehung tuong tdc Ddu tidn, ehung tdp vdo vl nhung thO dd ndt rT>dt vd cu ehl euo bd mf hodc nhihig ngudi 2) Hgc cdc/i di bliu duqc nghta cOa h> - xung auonh bdng edeh ddl theo dnh mdt cOa ca dii iham chliu glvo dm ihmh vd sv vdl ngudi Indn hofic tdp vdo d l vdt cuo nhihig hi$n Ivgng frong milft>.Nlu hd nhd dupe hpe hdnh dfng cOa ngudi Idn Do vdy, cd gdng cdch hllu vd su dyng NN, ddutidnehung phdi lldn hf nhChig h> md chOna nghe aupe vdl nhi>ng hoc cdch kit nil nhOng h> vd cym h/ md ngudi dd vdt vd hdnh dfng cy tnl tnl hd tdp trung vdo Idii ndi ro Nhu vdy, duo hd f^di hpe edeh «gldl myc dfch chfnh cOo qud hinh h/ong tdc d l chO md" nhihig thdng dif p ngdn tu cOo ngudi idn vd gidl eho nhOng h> md ehOng vOa nghe dupe Qud Hm ro mffl quon hf giuo tu' vd J* ngnTa md hp hinh h/ong tdc vdl ngudi vd vdt thi hudng h5i Trdn hit, tdm thi ndo mft duo hd hllu gidl gdp phdn phdt hlln tri tuf cho hd Khi hd dupe nhung gl ngudi Idn suy nghT, nlu trd khdnp hilu nhung tit dong st} dyng? Mft em bd sd bdt * M i f l|i bfc sv ph9B UIW Tap chi Gliio due so (to a - t/aoiai dupe bdo hude myc Hdu cOo qud hinh hrong tdc, kinh nghlfm dd cd, dua hd hllu rfing mf mong ndo bd cOo chung sd xi> tl ntdt edeh Keh eye todn dpi nd nhln vdo cudn sdch vd dd* ngdn kiy vdo bf thj gidc, thinh aide vd edm gidc tuong Ong hinh dnh chO thd Hode, mf dong fim vdi sy hrong hSc Thdng tin mdl ndy dupe thdm bOp bd trdn toy vd duo cho dua hd, cd ^ dang vdo nhihig trdi nghlfm hude ddy dfi dupe dy trQ mong dpi dOo trd hdnh ddng vdl bOp bi hong ndo cuo hd Sy tdng Hch lOy kinh nghlfm gldng minh dfi Idm Khi cd iy ndl «Con c6 thi cho phdp hd hinh thdnh vd hou dol khdi nifm ed dm em bOp bd?" dua hd dfi bilt hdnh dfna 6m v l mdt xfi hfi vd thi gidl h/ nhldn dupe chO gidl dp Nhu vdy, duo hd hpc dupe kinh nghlfm bdl nhOng h> vd cym h> md hd vOo nghe V( dy, vd hllu dupe nhChig hdnh dfng mong mudn, tri nhdn thOe ban ddu cOo mft dOo trd v l ehd cd thi bdt ddu k l Ipl nhOng h> vd cym h> md ed Id don gidn nhdt Id Hing sOa cOo nd Khdl chOng nghe h> nhihig hdnh ddng quen thufc vd nifm ddu Hdn dupe dyo hdn co sd dm thonh thdi quen md ehung tham khdo Sou dd, hd sd cd thdm nhllu thdng tin v l Sou dd, din cudi ndm ddu tidn, trd hd thdnh ehd: nd Id thO cd Idng, nd ed cdl mOI udt k;inh, nd ngudi thom gio tich eye hong vlfe hoc NN rldng hay lllm mfit, nd chpy nhdy vd vfiy dudi cOo minh cOo minh Tnrdc dd, ngudi ldn Idm ndu hit mpl vd nd cd mdu ndu vd den, hoy ndm hong Idng edng vlfe d l thilt Ifp sy tdp ehung (joint mf, dupe gpl Id sMlcky* Tu nhdn thuc dd, nhOng otienHon) vdl hd Hp ndl vd nhi>ng dllu hd da khdi nifm ndy sd tfing ddn, boo gdm nhOng dupe hpc hofic duo ro nhiTng fim ttionh, sy vf n chd khdng dupe gpl Id Micky, khdng cd mdu ndu ddng If tho d l thu hut sy chO ^ cOo hd din dllu vd den, Ivtfing song hong nhd cOo hd vd k l cd md hp mudn ndl Tuy nhldn, hd Idn hon cd ihl nhihig ehd hong buc honh d sdch Tdt cd chlo sd hdch nhlfm eho vifc tim kilm tdp hvng nhdn fhOc cOo hd v l eon ehd dupe xi> If vd ghl sy hrong hbe vdo hf nhd theo sy phdt hlln ndo tsd cOo hd h> Nhu vdy, chuyin song glol dopn gioo tllp lOc sinh Do vdy, mdt thdi gion ddl hude Mil NN chfnh thOc, dOo hd dfi hd thdnh dd'l hie hlfu hd nhd hpe h> chO gidl eho nhihig d l vQt, sy klfn ud hong qud hlnh ndy vd sd Hm cdch thilt If p, hong mdl trudng cnOng sdng ihl chOng dfi thilt uy tri sy quan tdm chlo sd vdl ngudi Idn vd nhung ldp dupe nhihig Ichdl nidm v l nhChig vft vd nhihig dOo hd khde hong thi gidi cOa chOng Khi sy sy klfn dd rdl Khi dd hong f thOc, hd nhd dfi quon tdm chlo sd dupe xdc ldp, nhlfm vy hpc tfp b l ^ vi nghTo cOo h> trudc 1^1 chOng hpc sO dyngNN cOo duo trd thye sy khd don gidn: k^ng nghe h> dd Trd hpc h> hong ndm ddu ddri cOo minh Idl cOo ngudi Idn, luu y ede mye hodc hdnh dfng bdng nhllu edeh Cd tnl th£fy, nhihig khdl nifm hong nhi/ng h> hodc cym h> dupe ndl Trd c6 the hode nghlo eOo h> dupe hinh thdnh sdm hong hf dupe thom gio vdo cdc thdi quen mdl Hip xuc hjf cOo hd quo nhihig hdi nghlfm ddu ddl cOo nhihig ngudi md hd chuo h i quen bllt d l Hm ro chOng, ldm cho vifc hpc NN trd thdnh nhlfm vy y nghTa cuo nhi/ng h> vd cym tO md trd nghe dupe hit sOc to Idn Trdn co sd dd, hd dfi bilt nhllu v l Quo dd, chOng hpc cdch h l ^ NN xung quanh dd vdt, hdnh ddnq vd hpng thdi md ylu td NN sd bdng cdch kit ndl h> vdi cdc ehl Hit vd hdnh dfng dupe SI) dyng de chO gidi Do vdy, hd chi edn md trd dong tdp hvng KrI vd trdi nghlfm hllu nhihig h> ed nghTo Ngudi ldn cd thi hyc 2) Ling nghe NN diu vdo c6 t^gn Igc Hip ndl vdl hd bdng cdch cudng difu hdo ngD Ngudi Idn tudn sO dyng cdu hodc cym h> dai\ difu vd nhdn mpnh nhihig h> mSu d l thu hut sy gidn ndl chuyfn cOng trd bdng cdch ndi chf m, tdp hvng cOo chung Trdlpl vi dy phdn Hdi si> dyng ngO difu phdng dpi vd cudng difu Ding hdn, mf ndl: «Mdo dfp/mdo ddng ydu, cd thdi nhdn mpnh cdc h> khdo vd ldp dl ldp lal thi nudi mft eon mdo? Phdi, mdo dfp' hong nhllu Idn Idi ndi cOo minh Ngodi ro cdn dOo hd dang chO y hfrl mdo Ndo cOo di/o si> dyng NN co thi d l djnh hudng hong noi hd hopt ddng dong tdp hpp thfing Hn mdi vd 10 chuyfn vdl hd Vd hlnh chung, tdt ed dllu d6 mdo Id mft phdn rdt ddng chO 'jr, ddm bdo h> (ngdn ngCr, gipng difu, eO ehl cOo ngudi Idn) ndy sd dupe lldn kit vdl sy phdt hiln cOo dCro hd glOp hd tv «dllu ehlnh' Idi ndl eOo minh v l «mdo dfp/ddng ydu" Qud hlnh tim hllu Khi hd ghl nhd nhi>ng h> khda trpng tfim vd co nghlo eOo cym h) eOng hrong h/ nhu qud htnh gdng kit n i l nhihig h> dfi dupe nghe vdo cde Hnh hpc cdc h> ridng td Vf dy, nhln vdo eOng mdt hud'ng khde hode nni/ng dopn ednh hrong tdc mci cudn trvyfn tronh, mpt phy huynh ed thi ndl «Con hd dong thom dy, chOng cung ed xu hudng chpn ed thi chf eon thd cho mf khdng?' Thdng quo Ipc nhihig h> Idido, bd quo nhllu h> «nhd' vo Tap chi Blao dye s6 (M a • a/aoia) nhihig Idl ndl khdng dupe phdng dpi Bdl vl hd cdn rdt nhd ndn khfing thi xi> If, phdn blft tdt cd nhihig tit xudt hifn hong Idl ndl cOo ngudi k5n, bdl thi, chOng hpe tfp cd chpn Ipc d l «lpc ro" cde h> quon hpng nhdt 3} Fitdn hil HiSng di$p cOa ngudi ldn Trd tudn hopt dfng hong mfii trudng cOo chOng ChOng quon sdt vd tdng nghe cdn thdn cdc kfch thich vd cfi' gdng Ong xu mft cdch thfch hpp h'ong cdc tinh hudng hrong tdc vdl nhOng ngudi khde Bdl vdy, ngudi Idn edn hllu rdng, hdnh vl cOa hd phdn dnh sy hllu bllt cOo chOng v l cde thdng Hn md ehOng dupe Hip nhdn Khi chOng to ndl chuyfn vdl hd so sinh, hd thudng sd thom gio vd ddp Ipl bdng mft cdch ndo dd Cde bllu hifn ddp Ipl eOo hd hudng tdl gioo tllp sd eho chOng to bilt nhOng phdn hdl quon hpng md hd ddnh cho ngudi ldn Thdng thudng, glao tllp vdl hd, chOng to cung edp eho hd nhllu monh mdl d l tf gidl ^ nghTo cOo phdt ngdn Ngodi Idl td, hd so sinh cdn ndm bdt thdng Hn h> ngCt difu eOo Idl ndl, eO ehl, cdl nhin chfim eho vd ndt mfit cOo chOng to TOy thufc vdo mil duo hd phdn i>ng nhu t h i ndo, chOng to ed thi suy ro vlfe hd cd hllu 'jr nghTa dupe todt ro h> cde phdt ngdn eOo chOng to Trd ed hllu dOng thdng dif p tdng thi eOa eufe gioo tilp nhu vul tuol, nghidm hpng, xoo dju, hoy h/e gidn? Phdi chdng thdng qua cdc phdn Ong cOo hd, to thdy dupe trd c6 thi hllu dupe thom ehllu cy the chOng tfil dfi ndl din? Nlu chung to ndl mdt edi gl dd v l eon bOp bd hude mdt bd gdl, phdn Ong cuo ed bd boo gdm nhln vdo ede thoo tdc vdi eon bOp bd? Cfi bd cd hilu dupe y djnh eOo thfing tin h> cdc phdt ngdn cOo ehOng to cho diii dd td nhin, dm bOp bd, hofic duo cho chOng to eon tsOp bd? Phdn i>ng cOo duo hd vdl gioo tilp sd cung edp thdng tin phdn hdi v l vlfe gioo tllp vdl ehung to, glOp to thdy hd ed thi hllu ehfnh xdc thdng dif p eOo chung ta hay khfing Ddi Ipl, ngudi ldn sd ddp Ipl ndnh vi cOo trd bdng mdt phdn i>ng Keh eye hofic nhf nhdng dllu chinh hdnh vl Ididng phO hpp Bdl trd em hdo hOe sdn sdng ddp Ipi nhung ed gdng cOo ngudi Idn d l gioo Hep hrong tdc qua Ipi ndn ngudi Idn Ifp h>e bllt rdng trd cd tf gidl dupe thdng dif p cOo minh hoy khdng Mft dOo hd nhln cd vd thd o vd khdng h i ddp Ipl ngudi tdn, diiu dd cd nghTo td, trd dd khdng li [Idi dupe thdng dlfp md ngudi kSn duo ro vd ed ll thdng i^fp dd vupt qud sijc hllu cOo hd Ddl vdl nhChig bd Idn hon, ndu khfing hllu dllu ngudi t Tap chi filiio due s6 (to a • t/aoia) ldn ndl, bd chi bilu hifn mft cdch don gidn Id sd nip h^e hdnh dfng theo thdi quen eOo minh Dllu ndy sd gdp phdn nhdc nhd ngudi ldn cdn phdi Hip tyc ldp Ipl ede thdng dlfp hSi hd bdng cdch bd sung thdm y nghTo cOo thfing dlfp ban ddu Khi ngudi km mudn thi hifn hdnh dfng cOo minh, hp ed thi gpl y cho hd («Nhln ndy, mf dong khu^ thlo ddy, cd mulh khudy khfing?) hofic thdm mft cO chf d l ro hlfu rdng: «0, confimbpn thd ndy vd mf sd cherl vdl huou coo ed, d eon huou coo cd ndy rdt mim, eon cd mudn vd v l huou coo ed khdng? (mf chlo huou coo ed eho bd) Ngudi Idn (boo gdm eho mf, cd hd em Idn) cd sO dyng mft lopl NN ddc blft md chOng to gpi td «ldl cho m f ' (porent-ese/boby-tolk/ motherese) ndi chuyfn vdi hd nhd Mft nhOng dilm ddng chO ã^ v l ôldl cho mf" Id dudng nhu nd tudn ludn dupe kilm djnh mOc df phuc h;ip vi>o phdl d l phO hpp vdl nhChig duo trd cy thi Ldm thi ndo d l bilt Id mOc df NN ndo thfch hpp cho mol em be? Trd cd cdch d l thdng bdo eho ngudi tdn bllt muc df NN md hd ed thi li gidi I