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MHlN RA THE GlCil Xu hiTdng giao due dai hoc toai T h S T R A N HAI LY Trifdng Dai hoc Mgoai IhUdng Hd Noi Trong nhffng thap nidn g^n day, he thdng giao due dai hpc (GDDH) of cac ntfdc tr§n th&'''' gidi[.]
MHlN RA THE GlCil Xu hiTdng giao due dai hoc toai T h S T R A N H A I LY Trifdng Dai hoc Mgoai IhUdng Hd Noi Trong nhffng thap nidn g^n day, he thdng giao due dai hpc (GDDH) of cac ntfdc tr§n th&' gidi da va dang co nhii^ng bi§'n doi sau s3c vc^i xu hi^oTng da dang hoa, chuyen tuf giao due tinh hoa (cho so' it) sang n^n GDDH dai chung Trfin ctf sof ph§n tich xu hifcTng GDDH toan c^u, bai viet xem xet thtfc te tai Viet Nam d^ tuf de xuat nhifng giai phap phat tridn hfe tho'ng GDDH cua nufdc ta KHI GIAO DUC DAI HOC CHUYEN TL/TINH HOA SANG PHO CAP Cung vdi sff phdt trien cua khoa hoc, cong nghe va kinh td, GDDH nhin chung da trai qua cac giai doan phdt Iridn khdc nhau, Theo tdc gia Martin Trow (2006), cd ba hinh thffc the hien cdc giai doan phat tridn cua GDDH Id: tinh hoa, dai chung vd cap Giai doan thd nhd'l, GDDH dffdc coi la hinh tri tu6 va nghi lffc ciia lang Idp thdng tri Giai doan thdhai, GDDH la sff chuydn giao ky ndng va chuan bi cdc vai trd cho nhom tinh hoa ve kinh te vd ky thuat vdi so'Iffdng Idn hdn Giai doan phdcgp cd nghia Id lam cho BANG !• C A C KHAI N I f M V E GDDH TilSH HOA, DAI CHUNG VA P H O C A P P g i Chung (16-50%) Quyen cua nhQ^g ngildi vfii nang life nha^t dinh ClufL n3ng ci) GDDH Hinh tri lu? va nghi life c lang Idp ihong t n ; trang bi cae \ 1T6 eila nh6m tinh hoa CliUifng irinh va CS'u true hoc Ihuai cao hoSc chuye lac hinh ihlfc giang mon hda kie'n thifc nghe nghiep dgy Nghi nghiep sinh vien Ph8c3p(>50%) u cQa ting Idp irung v, xa hoi _ Chuyen giao ky nSng \k chuan LiLm cho to^n bo dan chung thich •Sn% | bi cac vai tro cho nhom iinh hoa vdi thay d^i nhanh ch6ng ciia canj;i:gli^ | ve kinh te va ky thual vdi pham VI Idn hdn Modul, linh hoat va cau true Bo c&c han chfi'vS gidi han; xda bd cSc mSn hoc khong qua chat che khac bi?t giffa hoc tap va d(fi song Iheo tiinh tif khoa hpc "Du'dc dd d a u " sau trung hoc phd Tang s6 lu'dng di hoc n ihdng; hoc li^n tuc cho dfi'n nhan dwdc b3ng Nhieu tri hoan dau vao giim thi^u khoang each giu'a chinh quy v^ c^c khia canh k h i c cda cuoc song, hoc kj' Ciic d^c diem cd sci - Dong bo vdi c i c IiSu chu^n chung - Toan dien vdi da dang tieu - Da dang v i khong cd tieu chu^n chung, - Cdc khu hoc \& nho; - Khu tri thilc - hda vdi ndi song; - T a p hdp nhiing ngu'di h^em hole I - Quy dinh rd va chat che - Quy dinh ddn gian khdng d khu hoc x i ; - Quy dinh ra't ddngian hoSc khong c6 " C J U lac b o ' - nhdm nhd, chia s i.ung gia in \ a nhiin dinh Qua trinh chinh tn binh thi/flng "Chinh tn dai chiing" khong c cua cac nhdm Idi ich va chUdng quyen vi han che cua hoc thual tiinh ddng phai diic Tieu chuan lioc Chia s^ rpng va I kieu nhan t£ii) Da dang, he thong/cd sd, thuoc Tieu chu^n dich chuyen tCr "tieu cac c5ng ty vdi hinh ihtfc hoc sang "gia lang gid tri" thuat Tiep cgn I'd Itfa ThSnh iifii nhan tai phu thuQc v ! thuc hi^n ciia nhi iru'dng Nhan tai cgng vdi "cSc chUdng Md nhSn manh d^n chat lifdng th3nh tiinh khich i e " dat chai lu'dng tich nhdm (lang Idp, dan tpc) Cdc hinh ihiic qudn irj Hoc bdn trii vdi qu3n ly bSlng lifa Quan tri theo thdi gian ^ tang hanh chinh i chpn/bo nhicm theo thcli gian I Qudn in lien Irong , Giao si 60 Tap trung vdo yeu cau thdi gian cOa I chuyen mdn d^o i j o : ky thuat quan ly [ hpc tif cac hinh thfe i6 chiTc khdc I Gido -.Lf va nhJn vien vdi siranh Bo s y t h o n g n h a t q u u n In quyet djnh ihuqc nha chinh in I htfdnglif sinh \ i e n Kinhif viDi/bao icau va ggfi y cho Viet Nam todn bp dan chffng thich ffng vdi thay ddi nhanh chdng cua cong nghe vd xa hoi Cdc giai doan dffdc mo ta tdm tdt Bang I Sff djch chuyen cua cdc giai doan tren Idm cho GDDH cd nhidu thay ddi Martin Trow lap luan rang, hau het cac qudc gia, lai thdi diem khac nhau, GDDH se chuyen tff dai chung sang phd cdp Trong d cdc nffdc dang phdt trien, ty t& sd sinh vien d tudi dai hoc (Gross Enrollment Rate - GER) it hdn 10%, thi cdc nffdc phdt trien chi so' ndy da tdng ddng ke Co the coi giai doan chuyen giao tff tinh hoa sang dai chung GDDH da tao tien de cho mot so' quoc gia xay dffng he thdng GDDH theo hffdng phd cap THl/CTE TAI VIETNAM Viet Nam viec tang quy mo GDDH Id mOt chii de dd gay nhieu tranh luan tff nhffng ndm cudi the ky XX Tuy ty le GER ddi vdi GDDH Viet Nam dd dffdi 10% nhffng cd quan diem cho rang, quy mo ciia GDDH Viet Nam tang qua nhanh tao nen tinh trang "thffa thay, thid'u thd" Do vay, can ngCftig tang quy mo de dam bdo tdng cha'l Iffdng Quan diem ddi lap lai cho rdng, mudn cdng nghiep hda, thi quy mo GDDH Vi$t Nam so vdi lieu chi cua Martin Trow v^n tha'p Vi thd', cdn phdi vffa tdng quy mo, vffa dam bao chS't Iffdng bdi doi co quy mo mdi co chat Iffdng De^n thdi diem Nghi quydt sd 14/2605/NQ-CP cua Chinh phii, ngdy 2/11/2005 ve doi mdi cd ban va todn di^n GDDH Viet Nam giai doan 20062010 dffdc ban hanh, quan diem can tang nhanh quy mo, ddng thdi dam bao chat Iffdng GDDH mdi dffdc cha'p nhdn Den he thdng GDDH Viet Nam dang md rpng rat nhanh chdng Theo Bp Gidoducvd Ddo lao, tff nam 2001-2011 trung binh moi nam cd them trffdng dai hoc vd 12 trffdng cao ddng dffdc lap sd Iffdng sinh \ ien hdng ndm tdng 9% Ty 1^ sinh vien tren 100.000 dan tdng tff 162 (ndm 2001) len 2.51 (ndm 2011) Theo xu hffdng cua the gidi nen GDDH Vi?t Nam cung dang bffdc sang giai doan dai chung Khi GDDH trd thdnh dai chung mot khd khan Idn ddi vdi cdc quoc gia Id ngdn sdch nhd nude khong the bao cd'p cho GDDH Cac iru'dng dai hoc can nhieu ngudn tdi chinh bd sung de thffc hien dffdc sff mang ciia minh Tff do, mot sdquan niem va chinh sdch bupc phai thay ddi Viet Nam cung khong nam ngodi xu hffdng Trong thap nien dau ciia the ky XXI, chu trffdng tdng hpc phi cho GDDH da dffdc Bo Gido due vd Ddo tao trinh Qudc hoi, nhffng da bi phan do'i manh me Dau ndm hpc 2007-2008, Chinh phu da dffa chinh sdch ve chd cho hoc sinh, sinh vien vay de hpc dai hpc vd hpc nghe Cu the, ngdy 27/9/2007, Thu tffdng Chinh phii ban hdnh Quyet dinh sd 157/2007/QD-TTg ve tin dung do'i vdi hpc sinh, sinh vien vd Quyet dinh so' 319/20d8/QD-TTg, 25/3/2008 ve ngudn vdn tin dung ddi vdi hpc sinh, sinh vien, chii trffdng huy dpng khoang 30-35 nghin ty ddng (khoang ty USD) de cho khoang 1/3 so'hpc sinh, sinh vien ngheo vay vdi ldi sud't tha'p S6'lien vay se tra sau td^t nghiep Chinh sdch cho hoc sinh, sinh vien vay Id mot cd gdng Idn cua Chinh phu tao cd hpi de thffc hien chii trffdng nang hpc phi cdc trffdng dai hpc Nam 2009, cdc trffdng dai hpc cong dffdc phep tang hpc phi tren cd sd chia se chi phi giffa ngu'di hpc va Nhd nffdc Ndm 2010, Nha nffdc ban hdnh mot lo trinh tdng hpc phi cho cdc trffdng cdng cho nhffng nam sdp tdi Tuy nhien, sff gia tdng ndy xem khong du! Nghien cffff ve giao due Viet Nam, GS Martin Hayden nhan dinh, sff tdng hpc phi tai Viet Nam khong dffa tren sir can nhdc xem dau la mffc CO the cha'p nhdn difdc ciia chi phi ddn vi Dff lieu so sdnh qud^c te gdi y rang, mdt ty le hdp ly cua chi phi ddn vi tren GDP dau ngffdi cho cdc nen kinh te' thu nhap thd'p la tff 120%-150% Nam 2009, GDP tren dau ngffdi d Viet Nam vao khoang 1.000 USD chi phi ddn vi tdi thieu chd'p nhan dffdc se Id 1.200 USD Tuy vay, theo bdo cdo cua Quoc hpi, chi phi ddn vi thffc te cua ndm 2009 chi Id 350-400 USD, hJc la tha'p hdn nhieu so vdi sdddng le nen cd Nguyen nhan la do, Nha nffdc d a v a dang tri mot sff cam ket Idu ddi vdi viec mien giam hpc phi do'i vdi sinh vien ngheo, dan tpc thieu so' vd mot so' ngdnh nhd'l dinh nhff sff pham Dffdi tac dong ciia chinh sach nay, nam 2006, 22% tdng sd sinh vien da dffdc hffdng ldi tff viec giam hpc phi khd ddng ke Cung nam nay, Nha nffdc ap dung cd che ho trd sinh vien thupc nhdm dan tpc it ngffdi Sang ndm 2()07 tri gia tien cua hpc bdng tdng len ddi vdi sinh vien cd hoan canh khd khan, de cd the trang trai toan bp hpc phi ddi vdi tin dung cho sinh vien vay cung Idng dang ke Nhff vay, vong hai ndm, gan 1,4 tneu sinh vien da tidp can dffdc ngudn vay Ben 61 MHIN RATHEGlCl canh dd, Chinh phu cung thdnh lip trffdng dff bi dai hpc cho ngffdi dan tpc Vdi nhffng sdng ki6'n nhff vay, Nha nu'dc mong mudn tao sff binh dang cd hdi ti6'p can dai hpc ddi vdi moi ngffdi ddn Song, theo nghien cffu ciia GS Martin Hayden, ndm 2009, 1/5 cdc gia dinh ngheo nhat d Viet Nam da chi tieu den 70,1% thu nhap cua gia dinh cho vide theo hpc dai hpc ciia cai, 1/5 gia dinh gidu nha't, lai chi chi tidu 29,6% Dieu cho thay, ky vpng ve sir binh dang ciia Nhd nffdc la khong dat Chinh sach "xa hoi hda" dd khuyen khich cdc to chffc vd cd nhan tham gia vdo sff phdt tnen cua GDDH bang each ddng gdp ngudn lffc Day ciing la mot xu hffdng phiJ hdp vdi the gidi Tuy nhidn, neu huy dpng vdn tff nhan, thi cau hdi di kdm Id che dp ldi nhuan hp dffdc hffdng thd ndo? Cau hdi chffa dffdc giai quyet triet de tai Viet Nam Cac trffdng dai hpc dan lap d Viet Nam thffc chat la san pham ciia cdc td chffc kinh doanh, dffdc quan tri bang mot id chffc cdc co dong bau vd CO the bd nhiem hieu trffdng Hp tat ydu Id cdc td chffc dinh hffdng vi ldi nhudn Th6' nhffng, nhiftig van ban phdp ly lien quan den va'n de ndy lai khong rd rang Cu the, Nghi quyet sd05/2005/NQ-CP, ngdy 18/4/2005 ve day manh xa hdi hda cdc boat dpng gido due, y te, vdn hda vd the due the thao ciia Chinh phii dinh nghTa: cdc cd sd GDDH phi ldi nhuan la nhffng trffdng, md "ldi nhuandffdcsffdunghauhe'tchodau tff phdt trien", nhu^g khdng neu cd sd rd rang dd phdn bidt cdc trffdng "vi ldi nhuan" vd "phi ldi nhuan" Ben canh dd, cdc cd chd', chinh sdch ho trd cd sff phdn bidt ro rdng giffa trffdng c6ng va trffdng ddn Idp dang tao nhffng bat cap, day trffdng tff vdo the' ydu Ngdy 17/1/2013, Hidp hdi Cdc trffdng dai hpc, cao d^ng ngodi cdng lap Viet Nam da co Cdng van gffi Thu tffdng Chinh phii Bdo cdo tinh hinh khan cap cua khdi cdc trffdng dai hoc, cao ddng ngodi cong lap Trong ndi dung Cdng vdn, thay mat Hiep hpi, Chii tich Hdi GS, TS Tran Hdng Qudn cho bidt, den nam 2012 ca nu'dc cd 81 trffdng dai hpc, cao dang ngodi cong lap, dii dd vd dang "gdng " minh len vffdt khd de ddo tao, nhffng hdng ndm mdi chi dat 14% sd sinh vidn ca nffdc (trong muc tieu dat tai Quydt dinh 121/2007/QDTTg, ngdy 27/7/2007 cua Thu tffdng Chinh phu ve phe duyet Quy hoach mang Iffdi cdc trffdng dai hpc vd cao dang giai doan 2006 2020 id 40%) "Didu he cap bdch hien la nd'u khdng cd nhffng thay ddi kip thdi, thi vdi nam tdi ch^c ch^n mdt loat tnrdng ngodi cdng Idp phai ddng cffa, hoac phd san; 1dm nan long cdc nhd giao vd cdc nha dau tff dang, hodc se cd y dinh tharai gia boat dpng gido due, ddo tao", Cdng van neu ro Nhff vay, de cdi cdch GDDH theo hffdng phd cap, Viet Nam dang phdi dd'i mat vdi rd't nhidu vdn de Idn can gidi quyet Tinh trang ddi hdi Nhd nffdc phai trffc dien nhin nhan lai nhidu van de, chd't Iffdng vd tinh trung thffc phai Id tieu chi hdng dau ciia ndn gido due ndi chung vd ciia GDDH ndi ridng Hdn nffa, dff chuydn dich theo xu hffdng ciia the' gidi, nhffng cung c^n nhd'n manh rang, truydn thd'ng dai hpc tinh hoa kdt hdp nghien cffu vd gidng day (khdng thd nhim vao so' dong) Id dieu can bao tdn vd phdt huy bat cff mot qudc gia ndo Bdn canh dd, c^n tao cd sd luat phdp de cd sff phan biet rd rang dai hpc ngodi cdng lap VI ldi nhuan va phi ldi nhuan Theo dd, ctn khuyen khich nhiftig dai hpc ngoai cdng Idp phi ldi nhudn, cdn vdi nhffng dai hpc vi ldi nhuan, thi Nhd nffdc khdng cam, nhuhg can ddt cdc cd chd', didu kidn di bao dam ch^t Iffdng to'i thieu Cdc chffdng trinh cd c^p bkng d cdc dai hpc, dii cdng hay tff, phai dffdc dinh ky xet duyet ve chat Iffdng dd Bd Gido due vd Ddo tao cS^p lai gid'y chffng nhan dat chuan ch§^t Iffdng Ve cd che "tff chu dai hpc " cung can dffdc xac dinh rd rang, cho phep cdc dai hpc dffdc quyen quyet dinh ve chffdng trinh, ve vide bd nhiem vd quan ly nhdn vien, cung nhff cac thdnh phan nhan sff khdc.Q TAI LI^U THAM KHAO Trow, M (2006) Class, Race and Higher Education in America, in Working paper University of California Bajash, A.&.H.J.E (2001) The effect of academic scholarship on college attendance College and University Journal, vol 76, pp 3-8 Martin Hayden (2012) Xay dung mot he thdng GDDH hoi nhdp todn cdu tai Vifi Nam: Mot ke hoach chin diem, tham luan tai Hpi thao Gido due Dai hoc Viet Nam hdi nhap qudc te, ngdy 9/11/2012 phdHd Chi Minh Lam Quang Thiep (2008) Xu hudng dai chung hoa gido due dai hQC vd su thay ddi mQt sd quan niem vd chinh sdch - The gidi vd Viet Nam, truy cap tff http://www.ier.edu.vn/index2 php ?option-com_doc man&ta sk=doc_v ie w&gid=46&Itemid=97 62 ... sdquan niem va chinh sdch bupc phai thay ddi Viet Nam cung khong nam ngodi xu hffdng Trong thap nien dau ciia the ky XXI, chu trffdng tdng hpc phi cho GDDH da dffdc Bo Gido due vd Ddo tao trinh... cho cdc trffdng cdng cho nhffng nam sdp tdi Tuy nhien, sff gia tdng ndy xem khong du! Nghien cffff ve giao due Viet Nam, GS Martin Hayden nhan dinh, sff tdng hpc phi tai Viet Nam khong dffa tren... tff nhffng ndm cudi the ky XX Tuy ty le GER ddi vdi GDDH Viet Nam dd dffdi 10% nhffng cd quan diem cho rang, quy mo ciia GDDH Viet Nam tang qua nhanh tao nen tinh trang "thffa thay, thid''u thd"