JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNIJE Education Science 2013, Vol 58, No 4, pp 3 10 This paper is available online at hltp //stdb hnue,cdu vn TAO NIIU ("All BEN TRONCJ VA CO IIOI \ni HOC SINH P H A T H I K N C[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNIJE Education Science 2013, Vol 58, No 4, pp 3-10 This paper is available online at hltp://stdb.hnue,cdu TAO NIIU ("All BEN TRONCJ VA CO IIOI \ni HOC SINH P H A T H I K N C A C K I K N TIILTC M I Dao Tam, TrUdng Thi Dung KIwa Todn Tntfmg Dui hgc Vinh Tdm tat Nhi7ng yeu to cd hen quan den sU khich Ie tif ben ngoai va mong muon ben ciia ngifiJi hoc anh hudng rat ldn den kel qua hoc tap Viec tao sU khao khai, hiJng thii chiem linh tri IhiVe doi vdi ngUtfi hoc la mot nhiem vu can thiet, (hudng xuyen ciia giiio vien siiOt qua trinh day hoc Trong bai bao nay, chiing loi da dUa caeh hieu ve hoat dong hoc tap ve nhu cau ben eua hoat dong hot lap tii dd dc xuat bien phap nham tao nhu eau ben va cO hpi de hoc sinh phat hien cac kien thiic mdi Tit khoa: Hoat ddng hoc tap nhu cau ben trong, day hoc mon Toan Mcf dau i-loat dong hoc lap la mot hoai ddng tap the, cd to chffc, cd ki luat, giong nhiT cudc chdi cd tai Oo vay, giao \'icn phai tao khdng hoc tap cd tinh thi dua lanh manh cd nhff vay tinh tich ctfc hpc lap ctia hoc sinh se dffdc phat huy va dam bao su lien tuc, ben lau Qua irinh day hoc ^di hdi nha stf pham phai tim toi va thtfc hien cac phifdng thffc nham kich thich d hoc sinK hffng thu, nhu cSu giai quydt cac nhiem vu hoc tap, Hdn nffa, sif kich thich ay phai lam sinh d ben irong hoc sinh nhffng dong cd hoc tap tich cifc Trong bai bao nay, chiing ldi de xuat mdt sd bien phap nham tao nhu cau ben va cd hoi dc hoc sinh phal hien kien thffc mdi 2.1 Noi dung nghien ciTu Quan nicm ve hoat dong hoc tap va nhu can ben cua hoat dong hoc tap Theo A N.Leonchicv ihi linh tich cifc cua ngudi, (rong cd tinh tich ctfc nhan thii'c, doi ttfdng ctia hoai dong ihuc day "ddi lufdng ctia hoai dong la ddng cd hien thtfc cua hoat dong" Tuy nhicn, dc ddi lifdng cua hoai dpng trd yeu to kich thich, thiic Ngay nhan bai: 5-12-2012, Ngay chap nhan dang, 11-3-201.^ Lien he' Trifdng Thi Dung, e-mail: lrLiongthidungdhv@gmail,com Dao Tam, Tnfdng Thi Dung day ngifdi hanh dong ihi phai xuSi hicn nhu cau[l;601 Nhi/ vay, "hoat dong luon gan vdl ddi iLfdng" "ban than nhu cau phai g^n vdi ddi tuong cua no" [3,189] D5i vdl hoc sinh, hoat dong chu dao chinh la hoat ddng hoc tSp Theo chiing tdi, hoai ddng hoc lap cd chu dinh la iioat dgng co ddi ntgng (tn thu'c, ki nang, kT xao tUdng u'ng); mang link dgng cd (nhSm phat trien Iri lue, nang lUc cua ngUdi hpc, lam thay ddi ban than ngifdi hpc); co tinh clidf tdi tao va nham tiep thu phifdng phap chiem linh tri thiic; difOc dieu khien mot each co y thilc, Tren cd sd phan tich dac diem hoat ddng nhan thQc iheo quan diem hoat dpng cua A.N.Leonchev, theo quan diem tam li ve "vung phat tnen g5n nhat" ciia L.X Vifgotxki, chting tdi dda each hieu sau day ve nhu cku ben cua hoat ddng hpc tap: Nhu cdu lyen ciia liogi dgng hgc tdp Id trgng tlidi tdm li sin sdng cm chu the nhdm su dmg cdc Iidnh ddng tri lite dey tJntc hoai dgng hoc tap Id trang tiidi kliao khdt, irdng thu d mi'rc cao thuc hien cdc tUOng idc qua lai giua cdc ihau tdc tuduy lain hoc lu doi tuung ciia liogt dung, iffng ln(6c chu tiie xdm nhdp vdo doi tugng de ndm dUdc cdc thuoc lfnh bdn dial, cdc mdi lien lu' nhdn qua vd cdc mui hen he khdc dong ihdi khdm phd cdc dng dung ctia ddt iifUng Nhif vay, nhu c k ben ciia hoat dpng hoc tap cd nhiing dac trifng sau day: - Mang tinh doi tifdng, ddi vdi chii the chifa the nhan thiie va giai quyet Tuy nhien, nSu difde trang bi dSy dii, san sang ve kien thdc, ki nang, hoc sinh co the ddn vifdn tdi va dan dat dgn dp chin muoi pham vi tri thiic cSn chiem ITnh - La mdt nhiem vu nhan thiic an chiia cac tinh hudng chiia difng nhifng khd khan can vifdt qua, la tinh hudng kich thfch tu duy, dat hpc sinh vao boi canh cSn kham pha, can sii dung cac thao tac tif nham lam bde 16 cac mdi lien he 2.2 2.2.1 M o t so bicn p h a p Bien phap Giao vien can tao nhii'ng tinh huong chiia dtfng nhtfng mau thuan va kho khan tren cd sd khai thac tiem nang sach giao khoa Ta biet rSng hoai ddng nhan thiic ndi chung, nhan thiic loan hoc ndi rieng dtfdc bat ngudn tif cae mau thuan Do dd, trifdc het, tren cd sd khai thac tiem nang sach giao khoa, giao vien can tao cac khd khan, mau thuan tif duy, nhan thiic cua hoc sinh Nhiing khd khan ay co the la chtfa dUdc quan tam diing mifc hoac bi che lip bdi each nhin phien dien, v6n kinh nghiem chifa dii dc nhin nhan vin dc, lam cho hoc smh phai diing irUde nhtfng tinh huong ham chiia cac doi tUdng mang tinh nhu clu nhan thiic Cdng viec cd the thifc hien bang each dtfa nhiing cau hoi kich thich tu nhan hpc mot khai niem, dinh li hay mdt phifdng phap mdi vdi dung y cung cd, khSc sau,van dung ki6n thiic Vidu Khi giang bai "Phep chi6u song song" (Hinh hoc 11 nang cao), co the cho hoc sinh tra ldi cau hdi: Tiong cdc hinh sau, hinh ndo Id hmh hieu dien cua hai difdng llidng cheo tnmg khdng gian? (Hinh 1) Tcto nhll cdu hen irong vd co hpi de hoc sinh phdt hien cdc kien thifc mdi Hinh Vidu Bang cac mo htnh hinh hpc, hpc sinh dl dang nhan thay r^ng khdng gian ludn tdn tai dUdng thang cheo va doi mpt vudng goc Giao vien cd the dat cau hoi Ton tai hay khdng khdng gian dudng thdng clie'u vd ddi mdt vudng goc? 12x — 11 Vidu Khi xet bai toan: Tim gia tri nhd nhat ciia ham so f (x) = |x| -1- \^—— Hau hit hpc sinh chia tap xac dinh mien cho cd the pha bd diu gia tri tuyet ddi, sau dd lap bang bien thien de tim gia tri nhd nhit tren ting miln va cudi cung di den kel luan Day la each lam mat nhieu thdi gian, thidu sang tao Nguyen nhan chu ylu la hpc sinh khdng linh hoat khai thac de bai va dinh nghia khai niem gia tri nhd nhit ciia ham sd Neu hoc sinh bilt nhan xel rang r = thi /{O) = - nen m i n / (x) < (suy tlf dinh nghia khai niem GTNN) Khi thay vi phai xet trudng hdp ta chi cin tim gia tri nhd nhit ciia f{x) vdi nhiing ddi sd x lam cho mdi sd hang ciia tong khdng ldn hdn - (vi /(.r) la tong ciia cac s6 hang khdng am), hay chi cin xet cac gia tri x thda man 0 -Ax-V \/x s/y yjz = [a^b + cY y suy P > (fl + + cj' Diu bang xay va chi x = y - z Tlf day, de dang di ax + by + cz Dao Tarn, TriMng Thi Dung dfin kcl luan cua bai toan Til Icfil qua nay, niu A/ la root dicm bk kl tam giac ABC co dai cac canh BC i, C b B c, goi y z ISn lirot lit khoang each tir 1/ den cac canh 4B BC f thi giao vien co the' gOi y dc hoc smh phat hicn dac diem cia dai lirotig ax + bi, i c r (chtnh la hai IJn dien tich lam giac ,4 BC') Ti( yeu cau hoc sinh phat bieu lai noi dung va tim ldi giai sau dSy; Biu loan 4.1 TVong tam giac ABC, xac dinh vi tri dicm M cho: BC:_ Ml CA_ JiU' ' 1/,4' '' MBdat gia tri nho nhit, M.A', MB', MC mn lUOt lit khoang each til 1/ ddn cac canh 4B BC CA ciia tam giac IBC (diem M chinh lii tam duflng tron noi liSp tam giac \ BC ) Bay gici, xem tam giac BC la trilSng hop dac biet ciia da giac co dudng Iron npi tiep, giiio vicn yeu cku hoc sinh phat bieu biii loan khai quai Kel qua mong doi la bai loan sau: lim todn 4.2 Cho da giac 1, 42 4,, ngoai ti6p duiing tron lam O, xac dinh vi tri diem M da giac cho: 4i.42 42.4., MH^ "*" Mlh ' 4„-i.4 , ^ „ ^ MH„ ' i/W„- dat gia tri nho nhit, dd MHi, MH2 - , MH,>-i.Mffn lan lifdl la khoang each tii /l/tdieaccanh 4i.l^,.42.4j, A„^iA^va AnAi Giao vien cd the luyen tap cho hoe sinh hoat ddng chuyen hoa lien tUdng ket qua Bai loan 4.1 vdi bin toan khdng gian, dtta tren cd sd xem doan ihdng mat phang tifdng tu vdi tam gidc khdng gian, lam gidc mat phang tuong tif vdi tif dien khdng gian Viec lam gdp phin nang cao hiing thii hoc tap cho hoc sinh, ddng thdi bdi dudng nang life tif hpc, tU kham pha Kit qua mong ddi la Bai toan 4.3 tUdng tu eua Bai toan nhu sau: lidl todn 4.3 Trong tU dien \B('D, tim diem \/ cho: •^',-1 ^B ^C- JLV ' JIW '^ JTc' ^O JFir dat gi3 tri nhd nhit dd 5^, Ss, Sc, Sp lin lUdt la dicn tich cac mat ciia tii dien tUdng ling ddi dien vdi cac dinh I B, C D; M.T MB' MC-" MD' lin lUdt la khoang each tif M din cac mat tUdng iing ddi dien vdi eac dinh S, C D Vidu Cho dudng tron tam O, day cung \B, goi / la trung diem cua day cung AB, qua / ve hai day cung CD va EF Ki hieu M va N lin lUdt la giao diem cua day cung AB vdi cac day cung CF va DE Chiing minh rang IM = IN Tao nim cau ben vd co hdi de'hgc sinb plidt Men cdc kien thiic mdi Chiing toi neu tdm til hai each giai Cdch G p i / / , A'lin lupt la trung diem ciia C'f'va/^^/i-'.De chiing minh/vV/ = IN la chiing m i n h / ^ U O / - /NOIhay ^MHI = ZA^/\7 Mudn vay, chiing minh tam giac IHC ddng dang vdi tam giac IKE (each chi diing difdc AB khdng qua t5m O) Cdch Qua D ke dUdng thing song song vdi AB cit dudng trdn tai K De chiing minh IM = IN ta chUng minh A KIM = A DIN Muon vay, chitng minh tii giac MI KF ndilihp Bay gid, la hay nhin trung diem / ciia day cung AB mot vai trd khac - dd la ehan dudng vudng goc tii O xudng dudng thing AB Giao vien cd the dat cSu hoi bdi todn cd cdn dung nffa khdng tliay ddy cung A B hdi dudng thdng d bdt ki TrUdng hdp rl cit dUdng trdn ta da giai quyel tren I.M,N Nlu d lilp XUC vdi dUdng trdn thi bai toan hien nhien dung vi liic dd ba diem triing Nlu d khdng cat dUdng trdn thi sao? Luc hoc sinh sc ve hinh, difa vao hinh ve trUc quan de du doan va sau dd cd mong mudn chiing minh dU doan Ta thu dUdc ket qua mdi long quat hdn: "Cho dudng iron tam O va dudng thing d bat ki Dudng thang qua O vudng goc vdi f/ cit d tai / Dudng ihang a qua / cat dudng iron tai C va D {IC < ID), dUdng thing b qua / cit dudng trdn tai E va F (IE < IF) Cac dUdng thing DE va CF Ian lUdl cit d tai M va N Chiing minh rang IM = IN" 2.2.3 Bien phap Giao vien can Iam cbo hoc sinb cam nhan dtfdc cai bay, cai dep cua Toan boc Tan dung cd boi de hoc sinb co tbe thay dtfdc cac u'ng dung cua toan boc ddi song Doi tupng ciia Toan hpc la rit triiu tUdng, nlu hpc sinh chi nhin thiy nhu'ng sd, day phep tinh phtic tap, cong thu'c, dinh Ii, mdt each thuin thi se rit sd phai hpc Toan Do dd, qua trinh day hpc, giao vien co the lifng bUdc lam eho hoc sinh cam nhan dUdc cai dep ciia Toan hoc, dUdc the hien nhiing suy luan logic ehat che, ldi giai ngan gpn, ddc dao; cai dep ciia nhUng ket qua, nhij'ng iing dung hay, phong phii, bit ngd cua Toan hpc Hdn niia, dac diem bd mdn, ban than mdn toan cd mdt siie hip din dac biet: hoc toan vifa siic va tap trung tinh thin thi se ludn tim thiy cai mdi, cai hay, eai la va se hi Ioi cudn! Thifc te cho thiy, nlu hoc sinh "tif vat lpn vit va" hoc tap va cudi ciing giai dUdc mdt bai loan hay phat hien dUdc mdt dieu mdi se ed tae dung tich cUc viec khoi ngudn cdm hifng cho hpc sinh Ciing nhu cac nganh khoa hoc khae, Toan hpc phat sinh tii nhiing nhu ciu thiic tl ciia ngUdi ddng thdi cung cd rit nhilu iing dung ddi song Do dd, vao nhu'ng liic thich hdp, cin cung cip cho hoc sinh nhiing ylu t6 lich sii ve sU hinh va phat trien cua nhflng ddi tUdng toan hoc cu the, ddng thdi cho hpc sinh thiy dUdc nhflng flng dung cua kiln thflc toan viec giai quyel cac tinh hudng ddi sdng thflc tiln Chang han, cd the flng dung Ifldng giac de khoang each khdng the tdi dUdc, flng dung dao Dao Tam, TrUdng Thi Dung ham d5' tinh van t6c tire thcfi, tog dung tich phan dc' linh dien lich, the lich ctia cac hinh co liinh dang phic lap, nhiing Ihong lin se kich Ihich ui Id mo, smh nhu cau hoc loan ciia hoe sinh Xet hai loan "Mfil cai Ihang AB dai CO Irong lilcing P lUa vao bile tudng Ihjng du:ng tron va tren san khong nhin nJm ngang (hinh 2) Luc ma sat lai diem B khong 16n hon /i.V, ;/ la he s6 ma sal tinh, NB la phin lUc phap luyen ciia siin CSn phai dai Ihang nghieng vcii siin mol goc o bang bao nhieu de mot ngudi co Irong lucmg Q co the treo len tan dinh thang?" De giai bai loan, tru6c het yeu cJu hoc sinh xac dinh cac lue tiic dung len he gfim ngufli va thang (dfi la cae lUc T^, (?, NA, NB, F„„ dUdc mfi la nhu hinh ve) Giao vien goi mc) de hoc sinh /yj,,;, nhfi rang thang vii ngUcJi dUng can bing thi long hop tac dung bang 0, va momen cua cac luc tac dung len he doi vfii mot die'm bat ki cung bang Chieu cac luc tac dung len he (thang vii ngUdi) theo phuang thang dilng va phuong nam ngang, la cfi cac phUOng trinh sau: - F , „, == 00 (2.1) - P - = (2.2) NA NB Vii la cfi dp 16n momen eac luc tae dung len he dfii vfii die'm A la: I.N3 cosn - F„„-l sinci - P - c o s a =- Can CO di6u kien F,„ ^ 2Q + P • hay IT < 2tanQ I-^NB (2.3) nghia la rv phiii thoa man dilu kien 1Q + P 2/.(P + Q)' Viec hufing din hoe sinh giai bai loan khong chi ren luyen tU linh hoat van dung eac kii^n Ihilc loan hoc vao giai quyet linh hufing IhUc lien ma eon lao dUcfc cam giac thu vi, sU 10 mo khoa hoc, tif dfi liim eho hoc sinh yeu loan hon 2.2.4 Bien phap Trong qua trinh day hoc, vao nhiirng luc thich hdp, can tao nhu'ng tinh huong chiira dung sai lam va dong thdi can khuyen khich hoc sinh tim nhicu each giai quyet cho moi van de Dfii vfii Ilia luoi hoc sinh, viee tim sai lam ldi giai bai toan cQa ban than hay eua tac gia khac cfi mot silc hip dan ki la Dudng nhu cac em cfi mong mufin Tgo nim cdu hen irong vd co hdi de'hgc sinh pluil liien cdc kien thifc mdi khang dinh ban than tim dupe dilu chua chat che hay cai sai cua ngUdi khac Nim bii tam li nay, bang su kheo leo su pham, giao vien cd nhilu kha nang tao nhflng cd hpi de goi nhu cdu hoc lap cho hpc sinh Viec giai quyel nhiem vu hoc lap phu Ihupc trifdc het vao von kinh nghiem da cd ciia ngfldi hpc, kinh nghiem cang phong phfl Ihi ngudi hoc cang cd kha nang thilt lap nhanh va nhieu cac mdi lien he; sau phu thupc vao kha nang huy dpng va sfl dung nhiing kinh nghiem cin thilt diing luc,Yeu ciu hpc sinh lim nhilu ldi giai khac cho mdt bai toan vfla ed tac dung huy ddng kiln thflc, ddng ihdi kich thich sU "ganh dua" hpc tap, goi nhu cdu lim ldi, kham pha Ching han nhu yeu ciu hoc smh ldp 12 neu nhflng each chflng minh dil'm G la trpng lam cua tfl dien ABC 'D Cd ihe neu mot sd each phd biln sau: Cdch I Chflng minh (-' la giao cua ".^ dUdng trpng tuyen Cdch Chflng minh C thupc trpng tuyin A/V va CA = 'iCA' Cdch Chflng minh VGABC = VCACD ="- VQABD = * cucn Cdch Goi / la trung diem cua BC, C la die'm ihuoc lam giac AID, AC cat ID tai V, DG cat Al tai D', la se chflng minh GA' ~CA CD' VD' Tw ^ ~AD ;3 Cdch Chflng minh G la giao dicm ciia hai dfldng thang ndi trung diem cua hai cap canh ddi dien Cdch Chflng minh Gl + ci + G^'-i-Gi^O Cdch Chflng minh {.^-1 +J-B + 'I'C + -'I'D] yc - -7{VA + !jB + yc ^ ,'//;) ZG = -J (^-1 + 2B + ZC + Zp) 2.2.5 Bicn pbap Giao vicn can tao niem lin cho boc sinh, dong thoii Ibe bien nbilng k'l vpng tdi cac hpc sinb Giao Iflu qua trinh day hpc la qua trinh tiep xilc, trao ddi thdng tin ve nhan thflc, xuc cam, tinh cam, ve su hieu bill va tac ddng qua Iai lan gifla hoc sinh va giao vien, gifla cac hoe sinh de nang cao hieu qua va chit lUPng hoc tap, Trong mdi trudng iy can CO sif binh dang, tdn lan nhau, giao vien cin tdn trpng du chi la nhflng tim toi rit nhd cua hoc sinh, chinh thai dd se la nhflng ngudn dgng vien khich le ddi vdi hoc sinh, giflp hpe sinh tfl tin, manh dan viec tim tdi tri thflc Diio Tam, TrUOng Thi Dung Dfmg thdi, ciing vdi sU hang hai, say me, yeu nghe, giao vien cin the hien niem tin, sU quan liim, than thien, tao khfing hpe lap nhe nhang, vui vci, bien nfii dung bai day phil hpp, diim biio tinh vifa silc dc:' IruyCn cam hUng cho hoc sinh, lam sinh hpc sinh nion/i nnion dupe hpc tap Ket luan Hoat dfing hoc lap ciia hpc sinh sii dupc tien hiinh tich eUc hPn vii de cong hon n^u biin than ngUdi hpc mu6n thtfc hicn nhiing hoat dong Tuy nhiiin khfing phai llic niio hoc sinh cung xac dinh dung di6u gi dii Ihiic day hoat dpng hoc tap eua hp Giao vien vfil vai trfi lit ngUdi to' chUc diciu khien hoat dfing hpe tiip ctia hoc sinh se la ngUdi co linh huc'ing khong nho ldi viec kich thich mong muon hpc lap cua ngUdi hpc Viec nhan bicl vii kha nang xiiy dung ciic linh huong hoc liip nham lao nhu ciu nhan thilc cho hoc sinh Iii vicic liim cfi the kie'm soat vii IhUc hien dupc TAI U K U TIIAM KHAO (11 |2| Bui Van Hue, 1999 Gido Irinh Tdn: li hoc Nxb Dai hpe Quoc Gia Hit Noi Nguyen Bii ICira, 2002 Phuong phdp hoc mon Todn Nxb Dai hoc SU pham, Uil Nfli \:^\ Phan Trong Nao (chu bien), NguySn DUc Hufing, 2003 Cdc liIhuyclphdt irien Idm li ngtfdi Nxb Dai hoc Su pham, Mil Nfii 14| Diio lam (chii bicn), Trin Trung, 2010 lii cinh hoat dong nhan Ihirc Irong day hoc mon todn tridsng trimg liocphutlwng Nxb Dai hpc Su pham, Hii Npi [51 M Aldcxeep, V Onhisue, M Crugliae, V Zabfitin, X Veexcle, 1976 Phal Irien ni hue sinh Nxb Giao due, Hii Ndi ABSTRACICreating an inner need and opportunities for students to discover nen things Factors that relate to outside encouragemenl and inner desire of students influence their learning outcomes greatly The creation of a desire and sense ofexcilement regarding learning in students is a necessary mission of teachers during the teaching process In this paper, we examine learning activities and students' inner needs, and then propose measures lo create the feeling of inner need along wilh opportunities for students lo discover new things ... hoc khae, Toan hpc phat sinh tii nhiing nhu ciu thiic tl ciia ngUdi ddng thdi cung cd rit nhilu iing dung ddi song Do dd, vao nhu'' ng liic thich hdp, cin cung cip cho hoc sinh nhiing ylu t6 lich... liim eho hoc sinh yeu loan hon 2.2.4 Bien phap Trong qua trinh day hoc, vao nhiirng luc thich hdp, can tao nhu'' ng tinh huong chiira dung sai lam va dong thdi can khuyen khich hoc sinh tim nhicu... diim biio tinh vifa silc dc:'' IruyCn cam hUng cho hoc sinh, lam sinh hpc sinh nion/i nnion dupe hpc tap Ket luan Hoat dfing hoc lap ciia hpc sinh sii dupc tien hiinh tich eUc hPn vii de cong hon