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CAC N U d c XA HOI CHU NGHIA Vdl VIEC TIEP NHAN GlAO D y e VA D A O T A O L U U H O C S I N H V I E T NAM TRONG KHANG CHIEN CHONG MY, CVTU NUdC (1954 1975) NGUY£N THUY Q U ^ H '''' Quan hf ngoai giao gid[.]
CAC N U d c XA HOI CHU NGHIA V d l VIEC TIEP NHAN GlAO D y e VA D A O T A O L U U H O C S I N H V I E T NAM TRONG KHANG CHIEN CHONG MY, CVTU NUdC (1954-1975) NGUY£N THUY Q U ^ H ' hf ngoai giao gida Vift Nam Quan Dfin chu Cdng hda dflpc ehinh thdc Cdng hda Su gidp dd, vifn trp vd" gifio due vfi dao tao thdi gian nfiy cua cac nU6c thid't Ifp t d d i u nfim 1950 D i u tien lfi XHCN ddng vai trd quan trpng Trung Qud'c (1), Lien Xd (2) vfi tid'p theo la Bdi vfy, cac nude XHCN dfi thUc hifn hang loat efic nUdc xa hfi ehu nghia l i n vifn trd ve vft chfi't cho ngfinh gifio due, lupt cdng nhfin Chinh phu Vift Nam Dfin dong thdi tie'p nhfn' vfi gidp dd Chinh phu chu Cdng hda Ddi vdi cudc khfing chie'n Vift Nam Dfin chu Cpng hda dfio tao mdt chdng My, cdu nude cua nhfin dfin Viet dpi ngu cfie nha khoa hpc, can bd, ky sU, Nam, efic nUde XHCN da gidp dd ve nhieu edng nhfin ddng dao b ckc cfi'p, cfie ngfinh tfl mpt, dd cd vifn trp v^ gifio due vfi dfio trtnh dd phd thdng, trung cfi'p den eao tao Trong giai doan tfl nfim 1954 den nfim dang, dai hpe vfi sau dai hpc Doi tflpng lUu 1975, ydu c i u ve xfiy dflng vfi phfit trien hpc sinh bao gom hpc sinh ph^ thdng, sinh nguon nhfin lflc b miin Bfic di thUe hifn tai vien cao dang, dai hpc, nghien cflu sinh, thiet d i t nUde cung nhU ehi vifn eho edeh thue tfp sinh khoa hpe va ddo tao nghe mpng mi^n Nam, thUc hidn cude khang Sau tot nghiep ve nfldc, dpi ngu nfiy da chid'n chdng My cdu nUdc, thd'ng n h i t Td' CO dong gdp khdng nho cho'sfl nghifp xfiy qud'c dupe dat he't sde bdc thiet Yeu cau dflng va bao vf mien Bfic, thflc hien thd'ng dat nhifm vu cho nhiiu ngdnh phai nfafi't nflde nha vfi dong thdi lfi nhflng can giai quyd't, dd ed ngfinh giao dpe Tuy bp chu chdt, CO trinh dp chuyen mdn cao nhien, dflng trfldc nhflng khd khan ve kinh cho sfl nghiep kien thiet d i t nu6e sau nfiy td' - xa hdi eung nhfl yeu c i u cua sU nghiep Bai vid't nfiy se tim hidu ve" sfl gidp dd to xfiy dflng n^n gifio due qudc dfin thi song ldn d6 cua cfie nUdc XHCN vfi bUdc d i u dua song vdi vifc md rdng hf thd'ng gifio due mot so kinh nghidm cho hpp tae vd" gifio nUdc, vifc gdi hpc sinh, sinh vidn di due vfi dfio tao cua Viet Nam hien dao tao b nUde ngoai, dac bidt la b cac nude Tiep nhan hpc sinh thdng XHCN dfi trcl thfinh mdt hudng Uu tien dac Sau hda binh Ifp lpi nfim 1954, bift cua Chinh phu Vift Nam Dfin chu ngofii so hpe sinh b cfie trudng phd' thdng 'TS Vifn Sd hoc Rghian cdu Ljch si^ stf 11.2015 nude, Bd Gifio due cua Vift Nam Dan chu Cpng hda da giii mot sd doan hpc sinh di hpc ph^ thdng b cac nUdc XHCN hoac Ifip thdm trUdng thdng nUdc ngofii Nhiing nUdc tiep nhfin hpe sinh Vidt Nam hpc cfi'p thdng thdi ki nfiy la Lien Xd, Trung Quoc, Tifp Khie va Cong hda Dfin chu Ddc Tai Cpng hda Dan ehu Dflc, hai nfim (1955-1956), hdn 300 hpc sinh ca'p I, H (trong CO hpc sinh mien Bic, hpc sinh mien Nam tfp kd't, hpe sinh mien xudi va mien ndi) da dUde giii sang hpc b hai trudng thdng thude Thdnh phd' Moritzburg vfi Dresden Mot sd^ gifio vidn cua trUdng la ngudi Vift Nam va mdt sd la ngfldi Ddc ChUdng trinh hpc ket hpp gifla ehUdng trinh hpe cua Vift Nam vfi Ddc (gifio vien Ddc phu traeh khoa hpe tu nhien, gifio vien Viet Nam phu trfich khoa hpc xfi hpi) Tfl chd vifc hpc tfip cua hpc sinh CO nhieu khd khfin chUa quen vdi mdi trfldng, hfu, trtnh dd vfin hda khdng dong de"u, chfla bie't tie'ng Dflc , ehi sau mdt thdi gian ngfin, nhd sfl nd lflc eua tofin t h i gifio vien vfi hoc sinh nen vifc hpc cua efic em dfi di vfio ne nep va thu dflpc kd't qua Tai Tifp Khfic, tfl nfim 1956 ddn nam 1959 cd hdn 100 thie'u nhi sinh sd'ng va hoc tfp tai Nha thie'u nhi Chrastava ddnh rieng eho hpc sinh Vift Nam (nay lfi Vifn gifio due thid'u nhi VUSDM) Lidn Xd cung c6 trudng ddnh cho thid'u nhi Vift Nam Nfim 1959, so thie'u nhi hpc b Lien Xd lfi 186 em, sdchpn them hpe nghd" phu la 35 em, so've nude hpc la 106 em Doi vdi nhiing em hpe xua't sfic vfi cdn it tud'i: 1% dUa v i nUdc hpc hd't efi'p H roi trd sang Dflc hpc Dai hpc, 2% d l b lai tiep tue hpc nhfl hpc ldp 9-12 rdi thi vfio dpi hpc hofic vfio hpc trudng ngh^ nfim sau dd hpc nam trudng chuyen nghifp roi vao hpc ti^p eao ddng hope dai hpc tfl 5-6 nfim (3) Vdi nhiing ddng gop ciia efic cfin bd, chuydn gia Lidn Xd dm vdi vifc gifio di^c hpc sinh Vift Nam, Chinh phu Viet Nam da c6 chinh sfich khen thfldng can bd edng nhfin vidn cua trfldng thi^u nhi tai Lidn Xd (4) Ne'u nhu nhflng trfldng hpe dfinh cho thig'u nhi Vidt Nam d Lidn Xd vfi Ddc chi tdn tai thdi gian d i u sau hda binh Ifp lai nfim 1954 thi b Trung Qud'c lai cd he thdng trfldng phd thdng cho hpc sinh Viet Nam tdn tai sudt thdi gian nhfin dfin Vift Nam tien hfinh khfing ehid'n ehdng My, cdu nfldc Do vi tri c6 dfldng bi§n gidi pfip Vift Nam, khfing chie'n chd'ng My, Trung Qud'c da tiip nhfn vfi gidp dd xfiy dflng mdt so trfldng phd' thdng dfinh cho hpc sinh Vift Nam Hd thd'ng cac trfldng nfiy da tid'p nhfn dfio tao hfing nghin hpe sinh vfi giao vien Vift Nam sang hpe tfip vfi giang day Tidu bilu lfi Due tfii hpc hidu Qud^ Lfim vfi Khu hpc xfi Nam Ninh, gpi chung la Khu hpc xfi Trung fldng Trudng dUde xay dflng tfl nfim 1951 sau Chu tieh H Chi Minh viit thfl dd" nghi v6i cfie d6ng chl lanh dao tinh Quang Tay, Trung Qudc v^ vifc xay dflng trfldng cho thid'u nhi Vift Nam va trUdng dao tao nhan tfii cho Vidt Nam Tfl sau hoa binh Ifp lai, ngofii vide tiep tuc dfio tao phidn dich va giio vidn eho cfie trfldng vfi cfie cd quan, Khu hpc xa tid'p tuc dao tao lUu hpc s i i ^ cho Vift Nam Khu hpc xfi Trung Udng dtf Vift Nam quan ly vfi cd cfie nhfi gifio ndi tid'ng nhU GS.AHIJ) Duong Trpng Bfii, Nguyin Van Xien tham gia giang day Trung Quoc ngoai cung ei^p mien phi khu trUdng ldp va ky tde xk edn ho trd them cdvin, mdt so giao vidn va cfin bd bao dam hfu ein Dfn nfim 1958, chuyen v^ nU6c, Khu hpc xfi Trung Udng dfi dfio tao dUdc gin 7.000 hpc sinh Vift Nam (5) Khi de qudc My mb rdng chien tranh CAe mrtte xa h6i chiS nghia vdi viae M ^ n h ^ giao due pha hoai mien Bfic, de dam bao an tofin, Dang vfi Nha Nudc Vift Nam chu trUdng tiip tuc chuyen mdt sd" trUdng sang Trung Qudc Ngay 18-12-1966, hai dofin dai bieu v^ gifio d^c cua Viet Nam vfi Trung Qud'c da hpp b Bic Kinh va ky Ky yd'u hpi dfim vd" v i n de" dua mdt sd trudng cua Vift Nam trd lai Trung Qudc Cfin cfl vfio Nghi dinh thU vi viic Trung Quoc viin tra thiet bi todn bp vd ky thugt cho Viet Nam ngdy 23-11-1966 vk Bien bdn hdi ddm vi vdn di mdy trUdng hgc nUdc Viit Nam Ddn chu Cdng hba di chuyen den nUdc Cdng hba nhdn ddn Trung Hoa ngky 18-12-1966, Chfnh phu Trung Qucu da giup xay dflng b Que' Lam bd'n trfldng Do la cac trUdng Dan tdc Trung Udng, NguySn Van Be va Vo Thi Sfiu (dUpc bd tri v i khu vue Giap Sdn, g i n Didu La Sdn, cho de'n gifla nfim 1975) vfi trfldng Thid'u sinh quan Nguyen Vfin TrSi (dUde ehuyin vd" mdt khu trudng mdi xfiy dUng b Tidn Sdn (Qufi Td Son) vfio d i u nfim 1967) TrUdng Nguydn Vfin Trdi cd hdn 1.000 hpe sinh Trudng Nhi dong Trung Udng Vo Thi Sfiu ed 16 ldp vdi 500 hpc sinh; TrUdng Dan tde Trung Udng: cfi'p I cd 10 16p vdi 400 hpe sinh, cip H cd 12 ldp vdi 500 hpc sinh, eip III cd ldp vdi 136 hpe sinh; TrUdng Nguyen Van Bd: cfi'p I ed 14 ldp vdi 500 hpe sinh, cfi'p n cd 15 ldp vdi 600 hpc sinh, cfi'p III cd 10 ldp vdi 400 hpc sinh (6) Ngoai ra, efic trudng cdn ed hfing trfim cfin bp hfinh chinh, tfii vu, y td', cfi'p dUdng vfi gifio vien Doi vdi hpc sinh mien Nam tfp kd't, ben cpnh hf thd'ng trudng phd' thdng dfi dupe thfinh Ifip tfl nam 1954, sau chid'n tranh md rpng miin Bfic, d l dam bao an tofin ca nUdc cd chien tranh vfi dflde sfl nhfi't tri eua Chinh phu Trung QuS'c, 14-2-1967, Chinh phu quyd't dinh chuyin 2.137 hpc sinh, gido vien sang Qud' Lfim, Trung Qudc hpc tfip trfldng la Nguyin v a n Troi, Nguyin Vfin Bd va Vd Thi Sau Dfiy lfi nhiing trfldng ed du cfi'p I, n III; rieng trudng Nguydn Vfin TrSi, ngoai chfldng trtnh cfi'p II, HI cdn hoc them v^ quan sfl vfi danh cho em can bd, bp dpi ea hai mi^n Nam, Bac Thang 11-1967, Khu Gifio due hpc sinh mien Nam tai Qud' Lfim, Trung Qudc dUdc thfinh Ifp Cuoi 1968, theo Biin bdn Hpi ddm ldn thit hai ve vdn di cdc trUdng Viet Nam d Qui Ldm, Trung Qudc, Vift Nam da dua 1.997 hpc sinh gom todn bp hpe sinh trfldng Nguyin Vfin Troi, trang thiet bi eua trfldng vfi toan bd sd hpc sinh cfi'p III cac trfldng Nguyin Vfin Bd, trfldng Dan tpe Trung fldng trd lai Vift Nam (7) Nfim hpc 1968-1969, ne'u nhu b nUdc c6 trUdng vdi 2.400 hpc sinh thi d Que Lfim, Trung Qudc cd trudng vdi 1.237 hpc sinh, chid'm gin mdt nda sd' trudng hoe sinh mie"n Nam giai doan nfiy Dfn thang 1-1975, td'ng so hpc sinh mien Nam hpe tfp b 11 trUdng mien Bic va trUdng b Qud' Lfim lfi 7.820 hpc sinh, dd cip I co 2.821 hpc sinh; cip II cd 2.241 hpc sinh; eip III ed 1.602 hpc sinh (8) Sau da't nudc thdng n h i t nam 1975, Viet Nam va Trung Qudc ky Bien ban Hpi ddm vi viic Chinh phu Viit Nam Ddn chu Cpng hba di chuyen boh trUdng hgc tit Que Ldm, Trung Qudc vi Viet Nam ngdy 13-7-1975, hf thong cae trUdng ph^ thdng cua Viet Nam b Trung Qudc da chuyen ve cac tinh d miin Bfic Vidt Nam Nhu vfiy, tfl cudi nam 1966 dfn gida nfim 1975 da c6 5.186 can bf, giao vidn, hpc sinh Vift Nam (va mpt so hpc sinh Lao) cdng tac va hpc tap tai Khu hpc xfi Trung Udng b Trung Qudc Trong qufi trinh Vift Nam thflc hifn di chuyen efic trUdng ph^ thdng vf nUde, cdn lai 996 gifio vien vfi hpc sinh, Vift Nam di ehuyin ddt cuoi cflng vfio thfing 8-1975 (9) Trong ca giai doan 19541975, tren van hpc sinh p h i thong Vift Nam da dfldc tifp nhfn hpe tfp tai cac nfldc Rghian cdn IJch sA stf 11.2015 XHCN, bao gom l i d n Xo, Trung Qudc, dUdc ky ket ngoai ban b i n g tifng ciia nUdc sd tai thi ngon ngd dupe sd dung ehu yfu CHDC Ddc va Tiep Khfic T i f p n h a n s i n h vifn, n g h i f n cuTu hofc dflpc dich kdm theo ban bfing tie'ng sinh, thflc t a p s i n h k h o a h o c v a d a o Anh, Phap, Nga, Trung Trfldc ndm 1962, kf hoach lflu hpc sinh nam ke hoach tao nghe Tfl hda binh Ifip lpi, vfi'n df ddo tao trao dd'i vdn hda vdi nfldc ngoai Tuy nhien, can bp dfldc dat bdc thift hdn Muc tieu vifc chuin bi Ifp kf hoaeh trao dli van la cd di hpc cl cfie nfldc c6 nhflng ngfinh mfi hda vdi nfldc ngofii cdn chfm, nhifu hifp Vift Nam khong eo, hofic chfla c6 dieu kifn nghi k^ ket vdi nfldc ngoai khdng kip thdi dfio tao dfldc tft Ddi tfldng dUpc ed di hpc ndn tfl nfim 1962, kf hoach gdi lifu hpc sinh nfldc ngofii lfi cfin bp vfi ngofii bien ehe va thflc tap sinh Uy ban Kf hoach Nhfi Nhfi nUde, hope hpc sinh tft nghifp ldp 10 nfldc chiu trach nhifm cflng cfie Bp nghidn ph^ thdng, bo' tuc vfin hda cdng ndng, sinh cdu Ifp kf hoaeh va nam p h i n dfio vidn nfim I, II cua cae trfldng dpi hpe, tao cfin bd eua ke' hoach nhfi nfldc Vu trao chuydn nghifp trung cip c6 du sdc khoe vfi dd'i vfin hda vdi nfldc ngofii c6 trfich nhifm dilu kifn hpc tfip Vf chf dd vfit chat, efic lien lac chat che vdi Bd Ngoai giao d l gidp lUu hpc sinh dUde cd di hoc dupe hudng theo Phu Thu tfldng hfldng d i n ndi dung va chf dd chung ban hfinh cho luu hpe sinh hpc cfich tifn hfinh cu t h i vifc Ifp kf hoach cho b cic nude phu hpp vdi tflng cfi'p hpe Trfldc cac Bd, cac dofin t h i , td'ng hdp f kifn cua sang hpe tfp b nflde ngofii, t i t ca eae lflu cfie Bd, cfie dofin t h i d l nghidn cdu Ifip kf hpc sinh dfu phai qua thdi gian b6i dfldng hoach dUa Phu Thu tfldng thdng qua Vdi sfl gidp dd cua cfie nfldc XHCN, chinh tri va hpc ngopi ngfl, hofc bd' tdc vfin hda nfldc Trong thdi gian nfiy, lifti khfing chifn ehfng My, Chinh phu Viet hpc sinh dfldc hfldng efic chd' dp vfi ngan sfieh Nam da ed hfing ngan hpc sinh di hpc b nfldc ngoai Tfl nam 1955 dfn nfim 1958, efic nfldc Bd Gifio due dfii thp Kf hoach tid'p nhfn giao due, ddo tao da nhfn dao tao cho Vift Nam 1.300 hpc lflu hpc sinh dfldc thflc hidn trdn cd sd Hifp sinh (khdng k l thue tfp sinh) Ridng nfim dinh, Nghi dinh thfl, Kd' hoach hfing nfim 1957, vi gap nhifu khd khfin chung nen vifc gifla Vift Nam vfi cae nude Cae van ban tuyin sinh vfio dpi hpe, chuydn nghifp thu Bang 1: Sd lupng sinh vien hpc dai hpc d nudc ngoai tir nam 1953 dfn nfim 1959 Nu*c Sii iinng l£t BthMp W niMc 5«lini«nirdlhiK Bmi Ml Twfc Ijtn XO 12 195} 1954 I9S5 1956 49 100 2W 136 190 214 114 H 1957 C«ni i9« 19SS 13 519 613 ' 11 ' 1958 1957 195K ' 10 2i 50 6] 192 270 14 1959 Qng OuAc THIJUI Tift, 37 * ' CllDC Oilc * ^ 15 TiCn N