NGHIEN CUU TRAO BOl Tir GlflO DUC TRUYEN THONG DEN GIflO DUC HIEN D6I I TS D ^ N G THI PHrOfNG PHI (*) T 6 M TAT "O Viet Nam, khd ndng rdt ngdn qud trinh Cdng nghiep hda, hi^n dgi hda ehinh la phdt tr[.]
NGHIEN CUU -TRAO BOl Tir GlflO DUC TRUYEN THONG DEN GIflO DUC HIEN D6I I T S D ^ N G THI PHrOfNG PHI (*) T M TAT "O Viet Nam, khd ndng rdt ngdn qud trinh Cdng nghiep hda, hi^n dgi hda ehinh la phdt triin kinh ti tri thUc" [If Vgy nen gido dyic hien cdn nhiing muc tieu, dinh hudng nhu the ndo? Npi dung cdi cdch gi? Nguyen ly sao? nhdm ddp iing yeu cdu phdt triin kinh te tri thirc Tdc gid phdn tich mpt sd khia cgnh cua nin gido due hi^n dua tren nen tdng gido due truyen thdng thdng qua cdch nhin nhdn nhiing gid tri, bdi hpc kinh nghidm tie nen gido due xua tir dd tiep thu cd chpn lpc nhiing tinh hoa, dong gdp cho suphdt triin nen gido due hien vd mai sau Tie khda: gido due, truyen thdng, chinh sdch, phdt huy SUMMARY In Vietnam, the ability to shorten the process of industrialization and modernization is the development of knowledge-based economy " [ ] So the objectives and orientations, the content of reformation and the principles are given to meet the requirements of the development of knowledge-based economy The author analyzes some aspects ofthe current education which is based on traditional one through the value perceptions, the experiences from the past education, thereby; the author selectively acquires quintessence to contribute to the development of current and future education Key words: education , tradition, policy, promotion Dat van de Dat nudc chiing ta dang diing mdt van hdi mdi cua mdt ky nguyen mdi, vdi nhieu sy tien bO cua nen van minh cdng nghe, khoa hpc ky thugt tren todn thi gidi Su tien bd ay la mpt CO hdi cho chiing ta phdt triin, nhung cung Id mpt thdch thuc vdi nhirng gid trj truyen thdng, van hda lau ddi quy bau cua ngudi Viet Nhiiu vdn d i dat cho ngudi lam cdng tdc giao dye: phat triin nhu the nao ma vdn giii dupe bdn sac van hoa dan tdc? lam d i thi he tre giii dupe nhung tdt dep ciia van hoa Viet Nam ma van phii hop duac vdi mpt xa hpi toan cdu hda? Giao dye giii vai (*) Phd H i e u t r v i n g t n r i M ^ ' o H K T C N LA- Gfi TTOTTX trd gi vi§c tri va phdt trifin nhung gid tri truyin- thdng tdt dpp? Nghien ciiu lich su giao due da cho chiing ta tu hao v i nhiing cdng lao to ldn cua dng cha chiing ta viec "tring ngudi" ciing nhu thdy dupe vai trd, y nghTa cua gido due van de thinh, tdn vong cua nudc nha Bdn eanh do, day cdn la ca hdi cho chiing ta nit dupe nhiing bdi hpc kinh nghi|m cdn nguyen gia tri nham ddng gop cho su phat triin gido dye hdm va mai Trong pham vi bdi vidt ndy chi xin diim qua thgt sa lupc hai giai dogn ciia giao dye Viet Nam: - Giao dye thdi phong kiin - Gido dye cua Thyc dan Phdp tai Viet Nam May net v i giao d^c thdi XU'A 2.1 Gido due thdi phong kidn Tir thdi Ly Nhan Tdng (1076), vipc tuyen ngudi nhung bdc hidn tai phd vua, giiip nudc thdng qua vipc td chiic thi Nho hpc tai Trudng Qudc Tii Giam dupe hinh thdnh Vd day ciing Id trudng dgi hoc dau tien cua nudc ta dao tao nhdn tai Dd tham dy cac ky thi, ngudi dan phai ty hpc, tim cdch hpc phii hpp vdi minh tgi dia phuang Nha nudc phong kien khdng td chuc he thdng da dgng cac trudng ldp tu trung uang den dia phuang, khdng cd trudng day nghi ma chi coi trpng Qudc Tu Giam la nai dao tao tai trieu dinh true tiep quan ly va chi dao Den thdi nha Tran cd Id thi Dinh, lay Tam khdi, Trgng Nguyen, Bang Nhan, Tham Hoa Den trieu dai Ld Thanh Tdng, dng cho lap eae trudng cdng tir trung uang ddn dia phuang va thdng nhat thi le hpc hdnh, ban hanh cac quy dinh thi cir Vdi quy dinh nay, d cac xa, huydn, phii, Id, tran deu td chiic trudng hpc va thi cu Nha nudc dgt cdc chiic quan trdng coi viec giao dye nhu Ddc hpc, Huan dgo, Giao thy Qudc Tir Gidm thi cd chiic quan Tu nghidp (Hieu trudng), Td tiiu ( Phd Hieu trudng) Cac giam sinh (sinh vien) hpc nam d Qudc Tu Gidm trudc di thi va vdo thdi diem em dan thudng CO trinh dp dupe xem xet cho vdo hpc Ben cgnh nen giao dye chinh thdng cua nha nudc phong kidn tgi kinh Thang Long, nhan dan cac lang, xa, huypn, phii xung quanh td chiic cac trudng hpc d phudng, lang va gia dinh Nhiiu trudng thu hut dupe thdy gidi tir nai khac den de dgy cho em minh Cung c6 ngudi giti em den nai cd thay gidi de hpe tap Ndi chung, hinh thiic dao tao kha phong phu va da dang, quan niem ve giao dye thai cung dang de chiing ta suy nghT? "Hpc dam ba chu dd lam ngudi" "Hpc d i ddi nhdn xir t h i " 2.2 Gido dye cua Thyc dan Phap d Vipt Nam Nhin lgi nen gido due thupc dja giai doan ndy cd hai ehinh sach ciia Phdp la: "chia de tri" va "ngu dan" Chiing chia ddt nudc lam ky de quan ly vd ve giao due thi phai "chinh phyc" dau dc ngudi ban xii "Sau ngudi linh da hoan sy nghidp ciia minh thi den lupt ngudi gido vien thyc hidn su nghiep cua hp "[4] Nen giao due phong kien Viet Nam bj thay ddi todn bd, chu Han, chu Ndm thay bang chii Qudc ngii va chii Phap Tir npi dung chuang trinh sach gido khoa den each hpc, each dgy, each td chiic cac ky thi thay ddi, he thdng giao dye dupe chia cac bac: giao due tieu hpc, gido dye trung hpc, rdi den cac Trudng chuyen nghiep, Dai hpc Nen gido dye mdi ddn dan dupe hinh thanh, thay thi cac trudng ldp cua nen gido dye phong kien Thuc dan Phap lay nen giao dye lam cdng cy quan trpng de chinh phuc thudc dia Hp md cdc trudng nhdm dao tgo mdt sd cdng chirc cho bp may cai tri, cdc ca sd kinh doanh " ngodi muc dieh gido due de ddo tgo phdi, thdng ngdn vd vien chirc nhd du sd cdn thiet phuc vu cho bpn xdm luac-ngudi ta chi gieo rdc mpt nen gido due ddi bgi, xdo trd vd nguy hiem han ed su dot ndt nUa, vi mot nen gido due nhu vdy chi ldm hu hong mdt tinh net cua ngudi di hpc, chi dgy cho hp mpt long "trung thuc" gid ddi, chi dgy cho hp sung bdi nhiing ke mgnh han NGHIEN c i i u - TRAO BOI minh dgy eho nien yeu mot Td Qudc khdng phdi Id Td Qudc minh vd dang dp biic minh Nin gido due dy dgy cho niin khinh re ngudn gdc ddng gidng minh Nd ldm cho niin trd nin ngu ngoc".[2] Phat huy nhCrng gia tri cua giao due X U A de xay dung giao dye HIEN DAI Nhin so lupc ve lich sit giao dye Vi^t Nam qua hai giai dogn chung ta da thay dam net truyin thdng ciia ddn tpc Viet Nam ddi vdi sy nghiep gido due Chidng ta due ket va vgn dyng nhiing gid tri dd de gdp phan xay dung mpt nen van hoa gido dye hien dgi 3.1 Nhiing gia tri nhgn dupe tu nen gido due truyen thdng Nghien ciiu v i giao dye phong kien Vi?t Nam, ehung ta phai thira nhgn nen gido due ndy da dao tgo dupe nhieu the hp tri thiie tinh hoa ciia dan tdc - mpt ngudn nhan lyc chu yiu cho he thdng quan chiie nhd nudc va xa hdi Nhung thi hp tri thuc ay giu vai trd quan trpng viec xay dung, vun ddp nin vdn hien Vipt Nam Mdt nen giao due phong kidn coi trpng ludn ly, le nghTa gdp phdn ca ban, xay dyng ndn tdng dgo diic xa hdi, de Iai cho the h? sau nhQng bdi hpc quy hdu ve ldng hidu hpc, sy say me ty hpc, truyen thdng tdn su trpng dgo, sy guang mdu ciia ngudi thay Tuy nhidn, y thiic tdn cd ciia Nho gido da edn trd nhung tu tudng cai cdch, kim ham su phat trien ciia xa hdi Phuong phap hpc khudn sao, gido diiu, nang vd tdm ehuang trich cu, ly thuyit sudng Id nhung hgn che cua nin gido due phong kiin Viet Nam Nhiing gid tri nin gido dye truyin thing phong kiin d i Igi cho ta bdi hpc gi? Dd Id: Tdn trpng vd hdu dai hiin tai: Tir thdi Ly da sii dyng cac tri thiic ciia ca Phat gido va Nho gido, Lao gido tren ca sd "Tara gido ddng nguyen" Su dyng nhan tai vdi mpt tinh than khoan dung, van hda, khdng phdn bipt hp da la be tdi cua vuang tridu ndo Le Lpi sit dyng tdi nang cua Trdn Nguydn Han (Hoang tpc tridu Trdn), Nguydn Trai (bi tdi Nhd Hd), phuc vy cho cuOc khang chien chdng qudn Minh Chinh sach dai ngp nhan tai cua cac trieu dai phong kien cung cd nhiiu d i i m ma can tham khdo: nhung ngudi dd Tien sT, Phd bdng dupe tridu dinh tdn vinh bang nhiiu each: xung danh trudc Ngp mdn, ghi ten vao bang vang, khac ten vao bia da, dai yin tiec d vudn Thuong uyen, vinh quy bai td De cao sy hpe va dao ly Idm ngudi: Trai qua ban 1000 nam lich sii, ngudi Viet da sdng vdi nhung van menh ddt nudc vdi nhung ddi thay eua dan tdc Tii hi ngoai xam chidm ddng den luc gianh duac ddc ldp, tir nhOng thang ngdy bi dd ho, ngheo ddi, chien tranh den liic gianh dupe chit quyin Du hoan cdnh nao, ngudi Viet van mdt y chi vuon len thdng qua ren luyen tri diic Tii lau, ngudi Vidt Nam da xem vipc hpc tap la dudng ben vung, ddc nhat d i tiin than, ciing nhu d i giiip nude, giup ddi Cac trieu dai vua chiia deu thdng qua vide hpc ma tuyen chpn hien tai, dung nudc, an ddn Vide hpc tap, giao dye, cua ngudi Viet xua khdi dau la cac ldp hpc cac chiia chiin, tu gia cua cac thay Nho, thdy Dd vdi nhiing ndi dung giao due la tu tudng Nho giao, song van cd sy hda nhap vdi tu tudng Phat giao, Dao giao, chu ydu day each ddi nhdn, xii thd, each lam quan Cho den hinh cde ldp hpe, trudng cdng, tnrdng tu vdi npi dung phong phii ban Qua thdi ISIS gian, hinh thiic hpc tap trung d kinh dd vdi trudng Idp nhu Qudc Tu Giam ddi, dupe chii trpng va ddu tu hon dii ndi dung hpc tap ciing tir tam giao nhung CO phan phong phii han cdp hpc cao CO sy chii trpng luyen cho ngudi hpc nhung ky nang thi phii, tha van chil yeu edc npi dung thien ve khoa hpc xa hpi vd khoa hpc nhan van Den tiep thu van hda phuang Tay, ngudi Viet da cd nhiing hinh thiic hpc tap mdi theo he thdng trudng ldp tu dia phuang den trung uang, vdi cdc ndi dung mdi nhu lich sii, dia ly, todn hpc cdc ndi dung va hinh thiic td chiic ddnh gid, thi Cli Cling da dupe hinh cd he thdng rd rdng Tdt cd cho thay du d bdt cii giai dogn nao, du khd khdn d i n ddu, ngudi Viet cung the hidn su miet mdi, cham chi, ham hpc hdi cho nen da xuat hien rat nhidu bac hiin tdi ma ten tudi da di vdo lich su Gido dye truyen thdng thdi ludn chii vd hudng den chii Tam, nhat la Nhdn, Le, NghTa, Tri, Tin Ddy la nhung gia tri quan trpng hinh thdnh ndn dgo ly lam ngudi 3.2 Nhung gid tri ma ngudi Viet nhgn dupe tu nen gido dye cua Thyc dan Phap Nudc mat, nhd tan, ddi sdng lam than, CO cyc la ndi nhye ciia mot dan tdc roi vao tinh trgng nd le Trong dieu kien dy, nhiing ngudi cd luang tam, tri thirc da van ddng nhdn dan chdng lai dp biic bdc lot Nhiing gid tri van hda ma ngudi Viet dung d i chdng Igi dnh hudng cua nen gido dye Thyc dan Phap dgt la gi? Do Id tinh cdm, tu tudng yeu nudc ciia ddn tpc Viet Nam, dd Id Idng ty tdn dan tpc, dd la y thiic dan tpc, khdng hi ddng hda, dgi chiing hda Mae du da thuc hien mpt so chinh sach gido dye nd dich vdi thu dogn tinh vi xdo quyet nhung thuc dan Phdp vdn khdng dat dupe kdt qua mong muon Phdn Idn nhiing ngudi Viet Nam dupe Phdp dao tao vdn cd y thiic dan tdc, mpt sd khdng nhd cd tinh thdn yeu nudc chdng Phdp, giai cap tri thuc cd nhieu nha gido trd chidn sT each mang, dang vien Dang cdng san va da truyen cho hpc trd minh long yeu nudc, yeu dan tdc mdt cdch sdu sac, vi dan tpc, vi dat nudc sdn sang hy sinh, Ty tdn dan tdc la mdt gid tri hit siic quan trpng de giao dye van ddng qudn chung chdng lai ach thdng tri, nhiing ngudi yeu nudc ludn tim each thiic tinh ldng ty tdn dan tdc ciia mdi ngudi dan Day la gid tri cdt ldi Trong thdi chien ciing nhu thdi binh, gido due xua cung nhu gido dye 3.3 Su quan tam dung ddn cua Nha nudc chinh quydn ddi vdi sy nghiep gido dye Gido dye Viet Nam cd dupe qud nhu ngdy hdm nay, tirng giai dogn cu the, lich sit da chiing minh cho thdy sy quan tam dung ddn kip thdi cua cac nha lanh dao chinh quyen bang chinh sach dudng ldi hpp thdi hpp long ddn Dieu the hien qua viec xdy dyng muc tieu gido dye vd cdc vdn bdn phdp quy hudng ddn sy van hanh cua he thdng giao due Neu thdi phong kien, muc tieu eua gido dye la tim ngudi tai dua ldm quan, trieu dinh da bao cdp mpi chi phi, CO sd vat chat cho gido dye, thi din thdng nhat dat nudc, cd nudc tien ldn xay dyng chii nghTa xa hpi, myc tidu gido due dupe cy the hda hudng v i tirng cd nhan vd song song dd Id nhan manh sy tuong tdc giua cd nhdn vdi xa hpi, vdi truydn thdng dan tdc Nhd nudc da cd nhiing chinh sdch khuyin hpc, nang cao trinh dd vdn hda, nhgn thiic cua ngudi ddn, tgo diiu kien cho mpi ngudi dupe di hpc Ngay nay, muc tieu gido dye hudng vd nang cao dan tri; chii trpng phdt triin nang lyc, phdm chdt dao din viec dao tgo ngudi phuc vu td qudc, bidt xa than vi dan tdc, vi ddt nudc chdng ngogi xam Ben canh dd, vide xay dyng he thong giao dye tiing giai Le khai sidns ndm hoc 2013-2014 tai Trudns DH KTCN LA doan ljch sii eiing khdc vd ca ndi dire ca nhan; ve ddo tao nhan lyc; va bdi dung, chuang trinh lan hinh thiie td dudng nhdn tai nhdm "dan co manh" thi "nirdc mdi giau dep" Nhd nudc da chiic Trong khang chidn, gido dye Id co tirng budc phd cap gido due, tgo ca hdi hpi vd la cdng cy phyc vy khang chidn, cho mdi ngudi dan deu dupe den xay dyng ehu nghia xa hdi Khi xa hdi trudng, tham gia vdo giao dye Bdn canh yen binh, ngudi dan am no, giao dye la do, su quan tdm ciia cdc cdp chinh phiic lpi xa hpi va dupe nha nudc bao quydn cdn the hidn d viec hoach dinh cdp Din liic ddt nudc phat trien rdng va ede chinh sach, chu truang, dudng Idi sau thi chu truang khuyin khich ngudi phii hpp vdi tinh hinh xa hoi tien tiin, dan Cling chung tay gdp siic vao su cd sy chu trpng xem xet xu hudng phat nghiep gido dye Id sy thd hien ciia trien gido dye ciia the gidi nham dua nhiing chinh sach hdnh dpng kip liic, dan tpc Viet Nam dat trinh dp van minh bidt huy dpng mpi siic mgnh ciia qudc hien dai, nhung khdng lam mdt di gid tri gia Hidn nay, chinh sach ve gido dye truyen thdng ciia dan tde duoc Bd GD&DT dua diu trinh 3.4 Cdc dudng ldi, chinh sdch giao dye Chinh phu phe duydt Cdc dy dn gido de deu dya tren tinh hinh chinh tri xa dye deu ed sy ddu tu, nghien ciru ky hpi va dieu kien kinh te, ddn sd cua ludng vdi nhieu cd nhan, co quan cd qudc gia tung thdi ky lich sir trdch nhiem hau dua chinh sdeh phu Lich sir cho thay dat nudc hop vdi tinh hinh phat trien eiia thdi dgi, binh, cac chinh sach gido due chit yiu ciia qudc gia va ciia xu the quoc te de an dan, cdu hien; dat nudc lam Bdn "du thao chiin lupc phdt trien nguy, cac chinh sach giao dye hudng giao due Viet Nam 2009-2020" ldn thir NGHIEN CUU - TRAO BOl 14 va gdn hon niia la ban "dy an tai chinh gido dye d i n 2014" da eho thdy su day cdng nghien cuu cua cdc co quan trach nhipm trudc ndn gido dye nude nha Trong cdc van ban trdn, sy quan tam cua ca quan chinh quyin, cua Nhd nudc the hidn qua tirng eau chii, tdng sd va tren cac hoan cdnh ca nhan, dieu kien phuang tidn tham gia k i hoach cy the Ben cgnh dd, y kidn ddng gop phd binh ciia nhieu chuydn gia, nhidu nha nghidn ciiu trdn khdp phuang tidn truyen thdng dai chung nhdm hoan chinh cdc chinh sach Nha nudc la yiu td cho thay la vdn de duae quan tam hang dau, la vdn de thinh ciia dan tdc tinh hinh hien tgi Ldi day cua ngudi xua "On cd tri tan", diing vay phai biit nhin lai vd tran trpng nhiing gia tri ciia qud khii, trudc nghi d i n va ddn nhan nhung gid tri tuong lai Ldi day ay van cd y nghTa mpi linh vuc eua cudc sdng va dac bipt ITnh vyc gido dye Nghien citu ve tinh hinh phat trien giao dye Vidt Nam da cho chung ta nhung bdi hpc kinh nghidm Uch sii vd ciing quy gid cho the he nay, nhat la nhung ngudi cd trdch nhiem vd gido dye Do vay, cac dudng ldi, chinh sdch gido dye d i cdn dya tren tinh hinh chinh tri xa hdi va dieu kidn kinh td, dan sd cua qudc gia tung thdi ky lich sir ciing nhu xu t h i phat tridn cua thi gidi vd tdt nhidn khdng thi thidu su ddng gdp tieh cyc eua nhung nhd tri thiic, cdc chuyen gia ddu nganh, nhiing ngudi tdm huyet vdi giao dye hdu cd dupe su phu hpp, nhdt tri sdu rdng trdn nhan ddn Tdi li^u tham khdo [1] Dang Hiiu, Hd Ngpc Luat, Dinh Quang Trung (2005), Xu hudng phdt trien nen kinh te tri thuc, tdc dpng cua no din su phdt trien vd lua chpn chien luac cdng nghiep hda, Men dgi hda cua Viet Nam, De tai KX 02.03 Hd Ndi [2] Hd Chi Minh (1981), Ddy "cdng ly" cua Thuc ddn Phdp a Ddng Duang tgp Tap II, NXB Su That, Ha Npi, trang 125 Todn [3] PGS-TS Nguyen Khdc Hiing, TS Le Dinh Vidn (2013), Gido trinh Ly lugn Xd hpi hpc tap, NXB Dgi hpc Thdi Nguyen [4] Bdo edo ve gido dgc d Bdng Duang gui ngdi Etienne -Besancon Jules-Rapport sur I'enseignement en Indochine adresse d M Etienne, Nevers, Impr Ve P Begat (1889), trang 10 [5] Du thdo chien lupc phdt trien gido due Viet Nam 2009-2020, www.moet.gov.vn [6] Du dn tdi chinh gido due den 2014, www.moet.eov.vn Ngay nhdn: 10/10/2013 Ngay duy^t dang: 16/12/2013 IBSHEB^SBi]