Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises, Second Edition

Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises, Second Edition Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises SECOND EDITION 46691 indb 1 10/15/07 8 23 32 AM 46691 indb 2 10/15/07 8 23 33 AM Edi[.]

Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises SECOND EDITION 46691.indb 10/15/07 8:23:32 AM 46691.indb 10/15/07 8:23:33 AM Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises SECOND EDITION Edited by Robert N Trigiano Mark T Windham Alan S Windham 46691.indb 10/15/07 8:23:33 AM CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487‑2742 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid‑free paper 10 International Standard Book Number‑13: 978‑1‑4200‑4669‑4 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978‑750‑8400 CCC is a not‑for‑profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation with‑ out intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Plant pathology concepts and laboratory exercises / editors, Robert N Trigiano, Mark T Windham, and Alan S Windham ‑‑ 2nd ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978‑1‑4200‑4669‑4 (alk paper) Plant diseases‑‑Laboratory manuals I Trigiano, R N (Robert Nicholas), 1953‑ II Windham, Mark Townsend, 1955‑ III Windham, Alan S SB732.56.P63 2008 632’.3078‑‑dc22 2007019969 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com 46691.indb 10/15/07 8:23:33 AM Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi The Editors xiii Contributors xv Part Introductory Concepts Chapter Plant Pathology and Historical Perspectives Mark T Windham and Alan S Windham Chapter What Is a Disease? Mark T Windham and Alan S Windham Chapter Introduction to the Groups of Plant Pathogens 11 Mark T Windham Part Groups of Plant Pathogens Chapter Plant Pathogenic Viruses .21 Marie A.C Langham Chapter Mechanical Inoculation of Plant Viruses 35 Marie A.C Langham Chapter Pathogenic Prokaryotes .45 George H Lacy and Felix L Lukezic Chapter Laboratory Exercises for Plant Pathogenic Bacteria 57 George H Lacy and Felix L Lukezic Chapter Plant-Parasitic Nematodes 65 James P Noe Chapter Pathogenicity and Isolation of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes 79 James P Noe  46691.indb 10/15/07 8:23:34 AM vi Contents Chapter 10 Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Fungal-like Organisms 85 Ann Brooks Gould Chapter 11 Slime Molds and Zoosporic Fungi 101 Sharon E Mozley-Standridge, David Porter, and Marc A Cubeta Chapter 12 Laboratory Exercises with Zoosporic Plant Pathogens 109 Marc A Cubeta, David Porter, and Sharon E Mozley-Standridge Chapter 13 Archiascomycete and Hemiascomycete Pathogens 123 Margery L Daughtrey, Kathie T Hodge, and Nina Shishkoff Chapter 14 The Powdery Mildews .131 Margery L Daughtrey, Kathie T Hodge, and Nina Shishkoff Chapter 15 Ascomycota: Pyrenomycetes, Discomycetes, and Loculoascomycetes 143 Kenneth J Curry and Richard E Baird Chapter 16 Deuteromycota: An Artificial Assemblage of Asexually Reproducing Fungi 151 Richard E Baird Chapter 17 Laboratory Exercises with Selected Asexually Reproducing Fungi 161 Richard E Baird Chapter 18 Smut and Rust Diseases 171 Larry J Littlefield, Yonghao Li, and Darrell D Hensley Chapter 19 Basidiomycota: Fleshy Mushrooms and Other Important and Symbiotic Associations 185 Richard E Baird Chapter 20 Oomycota: The Fungi-like Organisms 195 Robert N Trigiano, Malissa H Ament, and Kurt H Lamour Chapter 21 Laboratory Exercises with the Oomycetes 207 Robert N Trigiano, Richard E Baird, and Steven N Jeffers Chapter 22 Soilborne Plant Pathogens 217 Bonnie H Ownley and D Michael Benson Chapter 23 Laboratory Exercises with Soilborne Plant Pathogens .235 D Michael Benson and Bonnie H Ownley 46691.indb 10/15/07 8:23:35 AM Contents vii Chapter 24 Parasitic Seed Plants, Protozoa, Algae, and Mosses 253 Mark T Windham and Alan S Windham Chapter 25 Abiotic Diseases 261 Alan S Windham and Mark T Windham Part Molecular Tools for Studying Plant Pathogens Chapter 26 Molecular Tools for Studying Plant Pathogens 269 Timothy A Rinehart, XinWang Wang, and Robert N Trigiano Chapter 27 Molecular Techniques Used for Studying Systematics and Phylogeny of Plant Pathogens 279 Robert N Trigiano, Malissa H Ament, S Ledare Finley, Renae E DeVries, Naomi R Rowland, and G. Caetano-Anollés Part Plant–Pathogen Interactions Chapter 28 Plant–Fungal Interactions at the Molecular Level 309 Ricardo B Ferreira, Sara Monteiro, Regina Freitas, Cláudia N Santos, Zhenjia Chen, Luís M Batista, João Duarte, Alexandre Borges, and Artur R Teixeira Chapter 29 Testing Blad, a Potent Antifungal Polypeptide 323 Sara Monteiro and Ricardo B Ferreira Chapter 30 Detecting and Measuring Extracellular Enzymes Produced by Fungi and Bacteria .329 Robert N Trigiano and Malissa H Ament Chapter 31 Host Defenses: A Physical and Physiological Approach 349 Kimberly D Gwinn, Sharon E Greene, James F Green, and David Trently Chapter 32 Disruption of Plant Function .357 Melissa B Riley Part Epidemiology and Disease Control Chapter 33 Plant Disease Epidemiology 371 Kira L Bowen Chapter 34 Host Resistance 387 Jerald K Pataky and Martin L Carson 46691.indb 10/15/07 8:23:35 AM viii Contents Chapter 35 Cultural Control of Plant Diseases 405 Gary Moorman and Kimberly D Gwinn Chapter 36 Chemical Control of Plant Diseases 415 Alan S Windham and Mark T Windham Chapter 37 Biological Control of Plant Pathogens 423 Bonnie H Ownley and Mark T Windham Chapter 38 Integrated Pest Management .437 Clayton A Hollier and Donald E Hershman Chapter 39 Plant Disease Diagnosis 447 Jackie M Mullen Chapter 40 Diagnostic Techniques and Media Preparation 465 Jackie M Mullen Part Special Topics Chapter 41 In Vitro Plant Pathology 475 Subramanian Jayasankar and Dennis J Gray Chapter 42 Proper Use of Compound and Stereo Microscopes 487 David T Webb Part Appendix Appendix 1: Careers in Plant Pathology 505 Alan S Windham and Mark T Windham Part Glossary and Index Glossary 509 Index .525 46691.indb 10/15/07 8:23:35 AM Preface We thank those instructors who adopted the first edition of Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises as a textbook for their classes We also thank them and their students and colleagues for invaluable feedback and criticism—we have incorporated many of their ideas into this edition In response to your suggestions, we have included several new chapters, more case studies where appropriate, and a CD containing most of the figures in the book, as well as many supplementary photographs in the form of PowerPoint presentations Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises, Second Edition is intended to serve as a primary text for introductory courses and furnishes instructors and students alike with a broad consideration of this important and growing field It also presents many useful protocols and procedures and advanced laboratories in selected areas Thus, the book should serve as a valuable reference to researchers and students in plant pathology as well as many allied biological sciences The textbook is intentionally written to be rather informal; it provides the reader with a minimum number of references, but does not sacrifice essential information or accuracy Broad topic chapters are authored by specialists with considerable experience in the field and are supported by one or more laboratory exercises illustrating the central concepts of the topic Each topic begins with a “concept box,” highlighting some of the more important ideas contained within chapter and signals students to read carefully for these primary topics There is an extensive glossary, which collects the bolded words and terms found in each of the concept chapters and some of the laboratory chapters New to many of the concept chapters in this edition are case studies, which emphasize either specific diseases or processes The case studies stand alone in the chapters and are provided primarily as bulleted lists supplying essential information at a glance Collectively, the laboratory exercises are exceptionally diverse in nature, providing something for everyone—from beginning to advanced students to researchers Importantly, the authors have successfully completed the exercises many times, often with either plant pathology or biology classes or in their own research laboratories All the laboratory protocols are written in procedure boxes that provide step-by-step, easy-to-follow instructions A unique feature of this text is that the authors have provided in general terms what results should be expected from each of the experiments At the end of each exercise, there are a series of questions designed to provoke individual thought and critical examination of the experiment and results Our intentions are that instructors will not attempt to all the experiments, but rather select one or two for each concept that serves the needs and interests of their particular class For an advanced class, different experiments may be assigned among resourceful students More advanced experiments following the general or beginning class exercises are embedded within some of the laboratory chapters We caution instructors and students to obtain the proper documents for transport and use of plant pathogenic organisms and to properly dispose of cultures and plant materials at the conclusion of the laboratory exercises As always, the mention of products or specific equipment does not constitute product endorsement by either the authors, the various institutions, or the USDA, nor implied criticism of those products not mentioned There are equally suitable, if not alternative, products and equipment available that may be substituted for those listed herein As with the first edition, the textbook is divided into the following six primary parts: Introductory Concepts, Groups of Plant Pathogens, Molecular Tools for Studying Plant Pathogens, Plant–Pathogen Interactions, Epidemiology and Disease Control, and Special Topics Each section combines related facets of plant pathology and includes one to several concept chapters, usually with accompanying laboratory exercises Most chapters have been revised to include more up-to-date information as well as additional materials Four topic chapters have been completely rewritten and we have included five new topic and laboratory exercise chapters on soilborne pathogens, microscopy for students, and plant/fungal interactions Part introduces students to the basic concepts of plant pathology, including historical perspectives, fundamental ideas of what is disease, how disease relates to environment, the host, and time, and provides a very broad overview of organisms that cause disease Part includes chapters that detail the various disease-causing organisms This section begins with a consideration of viruses, prokaryotic organisms, and plant parasitic nematodes The next ten chapters are devoted to the various phyla of fungi (classification primarily follows Alexopoulus, Mims, and Blackwell, Introductory Mycology, Fourth Edition) followed by chapters that focus on the fungi-like Oomycota, soilborne pathogens, plant parasitic ix 46691.indb 10/15/07 8:23:36 AM .. .Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises SECOND EDITION 46691.indb 10/15/07 8:23:32 AM 46691.indb 10/15/07 8:23:33 AM Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises SECOND EDITION. .. PowerPoint presentations Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises, Second Edition is intended to serve as a primary text for introductory courses and furnishes instructors and students alike... the first edition of Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises as a textbook for their classes We also thank them and their students and colleagues for invaluable feedback and criticism—we