Pneumonia group7

Medical English Group 7: Pneumonia PNEUMONIA I INTRODUCTION DEFINITION Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lung It can be caused bacteria, or viruses, mycoplasma, but the usual infective agent mococcus bacterium Pneumonia causes inflammation in your sacs, or alveoli The alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe by fungi, is a Pneulung’s air RISK Symptoms of pneumonia can range from mild to life-threatening The severity of your pneumonia usually depends on: • the cause of your inflammation • the type of organism causing your infection • your age • your general health Pneumonia is most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems TYPES There are two types of pneumonia They are community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) EPIDEMIOLOGY Pneumonia is a common illness affecting approximately 450 million people a year and occurring in all parts of the world It is a major cause of death among all age groups resulting in million deaths (7% of the world's total death) yearly Rates are greatest in children less than five, and adults older than 65 years It occurs about five times more frequently in the developing world than in the developed world Children Pneumonia is the single largest infectious cause of death in children worldwide Pneumonia killed 920 136 children under the age of in 2015, accounting for 15% of all deaths of children under five years old Pneumonia affects children and families everywhere, but is most prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa Children can be protected from pneumonia, it can be prevented with simple interventions, and treated with low-cost, low-tech medication and care Medical English Group 7: Pneumonia II CAUSES Bacteria, virus, a fungus, mycoplasma or (in rare cases) parasites or other organisms can cause pneumonia Bacterial Bacterial pneumonia can affect anyone at any age It can develop on its own or after a serious cold or flu The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacterial pneumonia can also be caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Chlamydophila pneumonia or Legionella pneumophila Virus In most cases, respiratory viruses can cause pneumonia, especially in young children and the elderly Pneumonia is usually not serious and lasts a short time However, the flu virus can cause viral pneumonia to be severe or fatal It’s especially harmful to pregnant women or individuals with heart or lung issues Invading bacteria can cause complications with viral pneumonia Viruses, such as influenza A (the flu virus) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause pneumonia Fungi Pneumonia may be caused by other organisms, including some forms of fungi It is most often caused by Histoplasma neoformans, Pneumocystis called Pneumocystis carinii), capsulatum, jiroveci (pneumocystis and Coccidioides blastomyces, Cryptococcus pneumonia immitis formerly Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is sometimes seen in those who have weak immune systems due to illnesses like AIDS or cancer Mycoplasma Mycoplasma organisms are not viruses or bacteria, but they have traits common to both They are the smallest agents of disease that affect humans Mycoplasmas generally cause mild cases of pneumonia, most often in older children and young adults Medical English Group 7: Pneumonia Noninfectious Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia or noninfectious pneumonia is a class of diffuse lung diseases They include diffuse alveolar damage, organizing pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease, and usual interstitial pneumonia  You may get pneumonia: • After you breathe infected air particles into your lungs • After you breathe certain bacteria from your nose and throat into your lungs This generally occurs during sleep • During or after a viral upper respiratory infection, such as a cold or influenza (flu) As a complication of a viral illness, such as measles or chickenpox III TYPES OF PNEUMONIA The severity of the infection depends on many factors, including your age and overall health Pneumonia can be classified in several ways, most commonly by where it was acquired Here's what you need to know about the different types of pneumonia: Community-acquired pneumonia, or CAP, is the most common form of pneumonia because you can catch it in public places such as at school or work You can also develop CAP after you get a common viral infection, such as a cold or the flu It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, but up to 60 percent of all CAP cases are caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcal pneumonia, which can be treated with antibiotics Bacterial CAP is usually more serious than other types and is more common among adults A typical pneumonia, often called walking pneumonia, is a milder form of the illness Medical English Group 7: Pneumonia Various types of bacteria are responsible for the illness In most cases, the bacteria will enter the lung during inhalation, but it can also go through the bloodstream if other parts of the body are infected The illness ranges from mild to serious and, if left untreated, can lead to respiratory failure or death Pneumococcal pneumonia causes up to 175,000 hospital admissions a year in the United States But you can also have a pneumococcal infection without having pneumonia For example, pneumococcal infections also cause more than three million ear infections in children every year Risk factors for bacterial CAP include: • Having an underlying lung disease like asthma or COPD • Having a systemic disease like diabetes • Having a weakened immune system • Being very young or very old • Being disabled • Abusing alcohol • Smoking Depending on how sick you are and whether or not you have any other health conditions, your doctor may treat your bacterial pneumonia with antibiotics either at home or in the hospital Viral CAP, particularly the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), is the most common cause of pneumonia in children younger than two years old Medical English Group 7: Pneumonia Although viral pneumonia is generally less severe than bacterial pneumonia, viral infections caused by certain flu viruses, such as sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), can be very serious Antibiotics are ineffective against viral pneumonia Your doctor will most likely treat the symptoms: fever, cough, and dehydration You or your child may symptoms become severe need to be hospitalized if your viral pneumonia Fungal CAP is most common in people with an underlying health problem or a weakened immune system, including those with HIV/AIDS and people undergoing treatment for cancer It's treated with antibiotic or antifungal medication Getting vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia reduce your risk for CAP Hospital-acquired pneumonia, or HAP, as the name suggests, develops during a hospital stay for a different health problem Healthcare-associated pneumonia is the kind of infection that develops in someone being cared for in a healthcare facility, such as a hospital or nursing home In fact, 2.3 percent of all nursing home residents were diagnosed with healthcareassociated pneumonia in 2010 People who are on machines to help them breathe are particularly prone to developing hospital-acquired pneumonia If you've been hospitalized or admitted into a long-term nursing or rehab facility, you may be at risk for more deadly forms of pneumonia Symptoms of this type of pneumonia are more serious and may include shortness of breath, high fever, and chest pain Hospital-acquired pneumonia usually needs to be treated in the hospital with intravenous antibiotics Medical English Group 7: Pneumonia IV COMPLICATIONS OF PNEUMONIA What Are the Complications of Pneumonia? As mentioned early, some people are at a greater risk of developing pneumonia, but it can affect anyone It is important to seek medical treatment to avoid the following complications Pleurisy Pleurisy is inflammation of the two thin linings between your ribcage and lungs It is a complication of pneumonia and leads to fluid buildup in the space between the wall of your chest and lungs – the condition is called a pleural effusion About half of people with pneumonia end up developing pleuraleffusion It makes breathing difficult because the fluid puts pressure on your lungs In some cases, the fluid becomes infected and causes a buildup of pus – the condition is called empyema Lung Abscess If you have pneumonia as well as a serious pre-existing illness, you may develop a lung abscess as one of the complications of pneumonia A lung abscess is actually a cavity filled with pus that develops inside the tissue of your lungs The most common signs of a lung abscess are swelling in your toes and fingers and coughing up foul-smelling phlegm Blood Poisoning Septicaemia or blood poisoning is a rare yet serious complication of pneumonia It causes symptoms such as fast heartbeat, high temperature (higher than 100.4F), and a change in mental behavior such as disorientation and confusion Other symptoms include low blood pressure, loss of consciousness, reduced urine flow, and pale skin It is a serious condition because infection can spread to other organs once your blood becomes infected It can spread to the lining of your abdomen, the outer layers of your brain, your joints, and the inner layer of your heart Also known as metastatic infections, they can be life threatening in most cases Difficulty Breathing Among the most common complications of pneumonia is difficulty breathing, which is more common when you also have chronic underlying lung diseases V SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Medical English Group 7: Pneumonia The signs and symptoms of pneumonia vary from mild to severe, depending on factors such as the type of germ causing the infection, and your age and overall health Mild signs and symptoms often are similar to those of a cold or flu, but they last longer Signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include: _ Chest pain when you breathe or cough _ Cough, which may produce phlegm _ Fatigue _ Fever, sweating and shaking chills _ Lower than normal body temperature (in adults older than age 65 and people with weak immune systems) _ Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea _ Shortness of breath VI DIAGNOSE: Physical exam: Your doctor will listen to your lungs with a stethoscope If you have pneumonia, your lungs may make crackling, bubbling, and rumbling sounds when you inhale Your doctor also may hear wheezing Your doctor may find it hard to hear sounds of breathing in some areas of your chest Diagnosic test: • Chest x ray to look for inflammation in your lungs, determine the extent and location of the infection A chest x ray is the best test for diagnosing pneumonia • Blood tests for example a complete blood count (CBC) to check white blood cell count Blood tests are used to confirm an infection and to try to identify the type of organism causing the infection • Blood culture to find out whether you have a bacterial infection that has spread to your bloodstream If so, your doctor can decide how to treat the infection • Sputum test Your doctor may collect a sample of sputum (spit) or phlegm (slimy substance from deep in your lungs) that was produced from one of your deep coughs and send the sample to the lab for testing This may help your doctor find out if bacteria are causing your pneumonia Then, he or she can plan your treatment Medical English Group 7: Pneumonia • Chest computed tomography (CT) scan to see how much of your lungs is affected by your condition or to see if you have complications such as lung abscesses or pleural effusions A CT scan shows more detail than a chest x ray • Pleural fluid culture For this test, a fluid sample is taken from the pleural space (a thin space between two layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity) Doctors use a procedure called thoracentesis to collect the fluid sample The fluid is studied for bacteria that may cause pneumonia • Pulse oximetry For this test, a small sensor is attached to your finger or ear The sensor uses light to estimate how much oxygen is in your blood Pneumonia can keep your lungs from moving enough oxygen into your bloodstream If you're very sick, your doctor may need to measure the level of oxygen in your blood using a blood sample The sample is taken from an artery, usually in your wrist This test is called an arterial blood gas test Bronchoscopy is a procedure used to look inside the lungs' airways If you're in the hospital and treatment with antibiotics isn't working well, your doctor may use this procedure Your doctor passes a thin, flexible tube through your nose or mouth, down your throat, and into the airways The tube has a light and small camera that allow your doctor to see your windpipe and airways and take pictures Your doctor can see whether something is blocking your airways or whether another factor is contributing to your pneumonia Your doctor may use this procedure to collect samples of fluid from the site of pneumonia (called bronchoalveolar lavage or BAL) or to take small biopsies of lung tissue to help find the cause of your pneumonia VII TREATMENT Treatment for pneumonia depends on the type of pneumonia and how severe, and if you have other chronic diseases The goals of treatment are to cure the infection and prevent complications Treating Bacterial Pneumonia Bacterial pneumonia can be treated with antibiotics, which usually help people feel better within three days People who are very old, very young, or have shortness of breath or high fever may need to be admitted to the hospital for intravenous antibiotics If you need to go to the hospital, your doctor may cultures from sputum or blood tests to identify and target the exact bacteria People with more severe cases of bacterial pneumonia may be treated with oxygen, intravenous fluids, and breathing treatments to ease symptoms Treating Viral Pneumonia Viral pneumonias are more likely to be treated at home (outside the hospital) Medical English Group 7: Pneumonia Viral pneumonia caused by the flu can be treated with an antiviral medication called Tamiflu (oseltamivir) But for many other viral pneumonias, your doctor can only treat the symptoms That means drinking lots of fluids, eating well, resting, taking medication for pain or fever, and treating breathing difficulties Viral pneumonia may take one to three weeks to clear completely Mycoplasma pneumonia This type of pneumonia can be treated with several types of antibiotics, and usually does not require hospitalization Treating Fungal Pneumonia Several antifungal medications serve as treatment for pneumonia and can be administered whether orally or intravenously Antifungal drugs, such as fluconazole or voriconazole, are prescribed to treat fungal pneumonia + Most people can be treated at home by following these steps: • Drink plenty of fluids to help loosen secretions and bring up phlegm • Get plenty of rest • Do not take cough medicines without first talking to your doctor Coughing is one way your body works to get rid of an infection If your cough is preventing you from getting the rest you need, ask your doctor about steps you can take to get relief • Control your fever with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen or naproxen), or acetaminophen DO NOT give aspirin to children • Make sure you take antibiotics as prescribed PREVENTION VIII Can Pneumonia Be Prevented? You can reduce your risk of getting pneumonia by following a few simple steps Here's how: • Get Vaccinated  The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)  The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) This vaccine is recommended if you: Medical English Group 7: Pneumonia      Adults who are 65 years old or older People who have chronic (ongoing) diseases, serious long-term health problems, or weak immune systems People who smoke Children who are younger than five years old Children older than two years of age with certain medical conditions such as lung diseases or cancer The pneumococcal vaccines can’t prevent all cases of pneumonia But they can make it less likely that people who are at risk will experience the severe, and possibly life-threatening, complications of pneumonia • • • IX Wash Your Hands Don't Smoke Be Aware of Your General Health CONCLUSION Pneumonia can be fatal if proper treatment is not adopted immediately especially among children below years old Treatment such as taking antibiotics or antifungal agents can be helpful in treating pneumonia However, pneumonia-causing agents, patients factor such as ages, history of allergies, pregnancy and drug factors should be taken into consideration when choosing the type of treatment As prevention is always better than cure, practice of the ways to prevent pneumonia should be done by every single individual including the healthcare professionals as well Education on practicing personal hygiene, leading a healthy lifestyle and vaccination should be given to the public by the authorities to reduce the cases of pneumonia SOURES http://www.lung.org/ http://familydoctor.org/ www.everydayhealth.com www.nhlbi.nih.gov Vocabulary Pronunciation Meaning Abscess ˈabˌses a painful area of inflamed tissue that is filled with pus Asthma ˈazmə a respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing Bronchiolitis brong′kē-ō-lī′tis infla mmation of the bronchioles 10 Medical English Group 7: Pneumonia Buildup ˈbildˌəp an increase in something that occurs as time passes Desquamative des-kwam'ă-tiv Relating to or marked by desquamation Effusion iˈfyoo͞oZHən something that is said or expressed too much or with a lot of emotion Idiopathic id″e-o-path´ik self-originated; occurring without known cause Noninfectious non'in-fek'shŭs not able to spread disease Phlegm flem a thick, yellowish liquid that is produced in the nose and throat especially when a person has a cold Pleurisy ˈploo͝orəsē a serious and painful disease of the lungs Poisoning Poi’zening a substance that can cause people or animals to die or to become very sick if it gets into their bodies especially by being swallowed rehab ˈrēˌhab a course of treatment for drug or alcohol dependence, typically at a residential facility Tomography təˈmägrəfē a technique for displaying a representation of a cross section through a human body or other solid object using X-rays or ultrasound 11 ... most common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacterial pneumonia can also be caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Chlamydophila pneumonia or Legionella pneumophila... cause mild cases of pneumonia, most often in older children and young adults Medical English Group 7: Pneumonia Noninfectious Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia or noninfectious pneumonia is a class... include diffuse alveolar damage, organizing pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial