CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION Presented by The Musketeers AGENDA Definition Significance Objective Motivation Research Approaches Types of Reseach Criteria of good Research Resea.
CHAPTER AN INTRODUCTION Presented by The Musketeers AGENDA Definition Significance - Objective - Motivation Research Approaches Types of Reseach Criteria of good Research Research Process What is RESEARCH? What is RESEARCH? Earl R Babbie American sociologist Inculcates thinking & promotes logical habits of thinking and organization Provides basis for Gov policies Significance Solving operational & planning problems of business and industry Studying social relationship & seeking answers to social problems Keeping in view several points Explotary/Formulative familiar with phenomenon or achieve insights Descriptive portray characteristics of individual, situation, or group Objective Diagnostic determine frequency something occurs or associated w/ something else Hypothesis-testing Test a hypothesis of casual relationships between variables Motivation Degree + consequential benefits Creating values for society Solving unsolved problems Get intellectual joy of doing some creative work Get respectability Research Approaches Research Approaches Inferential Method Experimental Method Simulation Method Logic Basis = true -> Conclusion = true Known premises -> Untested conclusion Premises -> Testable conclusion Generality Synthesis from general -> specific General from specific -> general General the interactions between the specific & general Use of data To evaluate propositions or hypotheses related to an existing theory Eplore a phenomenon identify themes & patterns, create a conceptual framework Given the values of initial conditions, parameters, and exogenous variables Create and build theory combine existing theory, where appropriate, to construct new theory or modify existing theory Theory Falsification/ Verification of the theory Types of Research Descriptive vs Analytical Determine essence of phenomena through specific data, including systematic collection & presentation of data Applied vs Fundamental Quantitative vs Qualitative Conceptual vs Empirical Applied Quantitative Applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity Qualitative Analyze factors which motivate people's behavior & preferences Conceptual Related to abtracts idea(s) or theory Empirical Relies only on experience or observation Capable of being verified by observation or experiment Scientific research -> Real-world problem Fundemental Improving scientific knowledge -> Gather more info -> Undestand phenomena PROCESS Fomulating the Research problem Understanding problem Discussing w/ colleagues or experts Examining documents/literatures Rephrasing problem Putting problem in specific terms -> Greatest importance Extensive literature survey Writting down brief summary Undertaking extensive literatur survey connected w/ problem Developing the hypothesis Starting inclear terms working hypothesis or hypotheses -> Delimiting area of research & keep researching on right track Discussing about problems' origin and seeking solutions Examining data & record Reviewing similar studies Executing personal investigation on a limited scale to secure greater insights Preparing the Research design Stating conceptual struture within which research would be conducted -> Providing relevant evidence w/ minimal resources Preparing research design: - Obtainability of info - Competence of researchers - Organization & reasoning leading to the selection of means of obtaining info - Time, cost factor, resources available for the research Determining sample design Deciding ways of selecting sample; different research may require various methods of sampling Collecting the Data Collecting data through survey and/or experiment, based on the nature of investigation, objectives, resources, available time, and desired degree of accuracy, as well as ability & experience of researchers Execution of the project Executing the project in a systematic manner and in time Keeping the survey as much as realistic as possible Arranging properly interviews, training interviews, ensuring the survey isunder statistical control, coding machine-processed data Analysis of Data Establishing categories Condensing data into groups & tables; classifying data into categories Coding = transforming categories of data to symbols that may be tabulated and counted Editing = improving quality of data & coding Analysis work = applying well defined statistical formulates; analyzing collected data with statistical mesures ... of thinking and organization Provides basis for Gov policies Significance Solving operational & planning problems of business and industry Studying social relationship & seeking answers to social... Quantitative vs Qualitative Conceptual vs Empirical Applied Quantitative Applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity Qualitative Analyze factors which motivate people''s behavior &... related to an existing theory Eplore a phenomenon identify themes & patterns, create a conceptual framework Given the values of initial conditions, parameters, and exogenous variables Create and build