EXPLORING A DEFINITION OF LEADERSHIP AND THE BIOGRAPHY OF DR. FRANK B. WYNNBIOGRAPHY OF DR. FRANK B. WYNN

University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2009 EXPLORING A DEFINITION OF LEADERSHIP AND THE BIOGRAPHY OF DR FRANK B WYNN David Clyde Walters The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits you Recommended Citation Walters, David Clyde, "EXPLORING A DEFINITION OF LEADERSHIP AND THE BIOGRAPHY OF DR FRANK B WYNN" (2009) Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers 1299 https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1299 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana For more information, please contact scholarworks@mso.umt.edu Exploring Leadership, Frank Wynn i EXPLORING A DEFINITION OF LEADERSHIP AND THE BIOGRAPHY OF DR FRANK B WYNN By David Clyde Walters Bachelor of Science in Education, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 1979 Master of Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada, 1996 Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education, Educational Leadership University of Montana Missoula, MT 2009 Reviewed by: Dr Perry Brown Graduate School Dr Merle Farrier, Chair Educational Leadership Dr John Matt Educational Leadership Dr Frances L O’Reilly Educational Leadership Dr Cheryl Gilmore Superintendent, Horizon School Division Dr Charles A Bonsett Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis Exploring Leadership, Frank Wynn ii ABSTRACT Walters, David Clyde, Ed D., May 2009 Educational Leadership Abstract Title: Exploring a Definition of Leadership and The Biography of Dr Frank B Wynn Chairperson: Dr Merle Farrier Frank B Wynn was a leader in the first decades of the 20th Century In the process of establishing timeless leadership standards for reconstructing his biography, it became apparent that no such standard existed, owing to more than 300 definitions of leadership at the end of the 20th century The central research question asked what elements of leadership are historically and logically independent of context, and if those elements can be illuminated in a specific example of a leader examined from holistic criteria? The study consisted of an etymology of leadership terms, an exploration of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, and Categories, an examination of the criteria for accurate definition, and finally a reconstructed biography of Dr Frank B.Wynn Keywords: Definition of leadership, etymology of leadership, Aristotle's ethics and virtues applied to leadership, leadership biography, Frank B Wynn Exploring Leadership, Frank Wynn iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I acknowledge the faculty in The University of Montana’s Department of Educational Leadership Dr Roberta Evans, Dr Merle Farrier, Dr John Lundt, Dr John Matt, Dr Bill McCaw, Dr Francee O’Reilly, Dr Don Robson, and Dr Dean Sorenson, for the many hours of instruction and shared insight regarding educational leadership I also acknowledge additional committee members, Dr Cheryl Gilmore of Alberta Canada for her encouragement throughout the program and Dr Charles Bonsett of Indiana University, Purdue University Indianapolis for his expertise in historical research regarding the biographical subject, Dr Frank B Wynn Special thanks is expressed to Barbara Wynn of Monterey California for providing family history documentation for the biography, to the curators and librarians at the William Smith Memorial Library in Indianapolis, the Ruth Lilly Medical History Library on the Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis campus, the Special Collections Archives of the IUPUI main campus library, the offices of the Indiana Historical Bureau, the Indiana State Library and Museum in downtown Indianapolis, the Archives of the History of The American Psychology Association at the University of Akron, the Lincoln Boyhood National Park visitor’s center, and the Museum in the Old Pathology Building in Indianapolis The people at these facilities and institutions were very cordial and helpful in all my research activities I also acknowledge the thought and works of Aristotle, which should be read by all practicing leaders, and Dr Merle Farrier for his mentorship and guidance through Aristotle’s classical works I acknowledge the love and support of my wife, Petra and our eight children and their families, Drew and Heather Walters, Wade and Amber Walters, Evan and Christina Walters, Eliza and Davis Yawney, Lane Walters, Dean Walters, Reid Walters, and Ellen Walters They constitute a great network of support and have continually encouraged me through this research and many other related activities and adventures Finally I acknowledge Dr Frank B Wynn 1860-1922 for the legacy he left that served as the foundational inspiration for this work Dr Wynn’s devotion to his God and dedication to his fellowmen provides an exemplary model for the study of leadership characteristics and behavior Throughout the research process, it often seemed as if I were guided and assisted by something supernatural The dedicatory prayer that Dr Wynn offered on the summit of the mountain peaks he climbed in Glacier National Park in the 1920’s seems a fitting and metaphoric summary of my acknowledgements and appreciation “To the God of the open air we dedicate this mountain summit To us has been given the rare privilege of its attainment Splendid and inspiring is the reward of the toilsome ascent! Its rugged course most trying was, but now triumphant visions greet us everywhere, symbolizing the blessings to the steadfast traveler along life’s trail The flame we here kindle typifies the awakening of the inert dead into flaming life, rising far beyond our reach and ken, wafts upward the spirit of our aspiration toward the beneficent and Infinite One, whose presence and power we acknowledge with grateful hearts” (Frank B Wynn, 1920) Exploring Leadership, Frank Wynn iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE Introduction Statement of the Problem The Research Question Purpose of the Research .6 Importance of the Research .7 Definitions Chapter Summary CHAPTER TWO 10 Introduction 10 Leadership Prior to Modern Research .11 Modern Leadership Theory Development to 1990 11 Milestone Leadership Works at about 1990 13 Leadership Theory Development from1990 to 2008 .19 Conclusions Drawn from Modern Leadership Research 34 Chapter Summary 35 CHAPTER THREE .37 Introduction 37 The Central Research Question .37 Research Design .38 Phase One 39 Phase Two 39 Phase Three 39 Phase Four 40 Qualitative Methods 40 Delimitations 41 Language 41 The Research Subject 42 Limitations 42 Data Collection and Analysis 43 Approval to Collect Data 44 Locations of Data .45 Validation and Verification 46 Prolonged Engagement 47 Triangulation 47 Peer Review .48 Negative Case Study 49 Clarification of Researcher Bias 49 Rich, Thick Description .50 External Audit 51 Data Reporting 52 Exploring Leadership, Frank Wynn v Chapter Summary 52 CHAPTER FOUR 53 Introduction 53 Etymology of Leadership Terms .53 Lead 57 Oxford English Dictionary 57 To Conduct 58 To guide, or to go in advance .61 To direct movements 63 To move by tangible means 64 To induce, persuade, counsel 65 To serve as a way, road, or passage into a place 65 To compel through a course of irksome action .66 Senses through 23 summarized 67 Random House Unabridged Dictionary .70 As a verb with an object .71 As a verb used without an object: 72 As a noun: 73 As an adjective: 74 In verb phrases: 75 In idiomatic expressions: .75 The American Heritage Dictionary 75 As an intransitive verb: 75 As an adjective: 76 Online Etymology Dictionary 77 WorldNet, Princeton University 77 Other Dictionaries 78 Leader 78 Oxford English Dictionary 78 The World Book Dictionary 79 Other Dictionaries 80 Leadership 80 Oxford English Dictionary 80 The dignity or office 82 Ability 83 The position of a group or the group itself 83 Action or influence 84 World Book Dictionary 84 Dictionary.com Unabridged .84 Hegemony 86 Summary of Etymological Findings 86 Logical and Historical Elements of Leadership .87 In Search of the Essential Elements of Leadership 91 Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics 91 Aristotle’s Golden Mean 94 Exploring Leadership, Frank Wynn vi Courage 98 Temperance 99 Liberality 100 Magnificence 101 Pride 102 Other Moral Virtues 103 Intellectual Virtues .105 Continence 108 Friendship 110 Leadership by Nature or Nurture .115 Politics 116 Book One, Who Should Rule 119 Book Two, Unity vs Commonality 122 Book Three, Definitions of States and Governments 126 Book Four, Governments for Specific Circumstances 131 Book Five, Causes of Revolution and Preservation of Governments 132 Book Six, The Right Officers for the Right Duties 136 Book Seven, Balance needed in all things 138 Book Eight, The Role of Education 142 Plato’s Statesman .143 Summary of Logical and Historical Examination of Leadership 143 Introduction to Definition 145 Classical Forms of Definition 147 Distinctions Preliminary to Classical Definition .148 Terms Associated with Definitions 148 Aristotle’s Categories .150 Purpose and Process of Definition 153 Primary Form of Definition .155 Rules of Definition 158 Summary of Definition 160 The Biography of Frank B Wynn 160 Rediscovery of Dr Wynn by the Researcher 160 Preparation for Leadership .162 Professional Life 163 Noble States of Character 164 Husband, Father, Teacher, Physician, Author, and Leader .166 Naturalist, Conservationist and Explorer 172 Collaboration, Problem Solving and Conflict Resolution .177 Expedition Leader 198 Mount Rushmore Sculptor Commissioned by Wynn 202 Prominent Mountaineer 206 Source of Wisdom and Vision 215 Untimely and Unexpected Death .234 Tributes to Dr Wynn’s Work and Leadership .239 Evidence of Dr Wynn’s Leadership Legacy 251 Conclusion of Wynn’s Biography 260 Exploring Leadership, Frank Wynn vii CHAPTER FIVE 262 Introduction 262 Conclusions from a Logical and Historical Examination of Leadership 263 Conclusions regarding Definitions of Leadership 264 Recommendations for Proposing Definitions 265 Conclusions regarding the Study of Dr Frank B Wynn .269 Introduction to the biographical conclusions 269 Elements of Leadership Illuminated in the Biography 270 Final Recommendations .272 Research Summary 279 REFERENCES 281 APPENDICES 307 Appendix A: Definition of Terms 307 Appendix B: Some Current Definitions of Leadership 308 Appendix C: James Wynn journal of climbing with Frank B Wynn 313 Appendix D: Central College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1890’s .395 Appendix E: The Ten Commandments of Medical Ethics 396 Appendix F: Indiana Lincoln Memorial Association Resolutions, 1922 397 Appendix G: The Indiana Lincoln Union Report, 1938 398 Appendix H: Department of Conservation Memorial Notice 409 Appendix I: Nature Study Club Yearbook 1927 410 Appendix J: Nature Study Club Yearbook 1932 413 Appendix K: Newspaper Clipping Indiana State Library File .420 Appendix L: The Nature Study Club of Indiana Yearbook 1924 421 Appendix M: New York Times Death Article .431 Appendix N: Article from Indiana University Alumni Quarterly (1932) 432 Appendix O: The Old Pathology building where Dr Wynn lectured 435 Appendix P: Letter documenting Going-to-the-Sun climb to H Goddard 436 Appendix Q: Journ Ind St Med Assn Ten Commandments .437 Appendix R: Journal Indiana State Med Association, Oct 1972 442 Appendix S: The Journal Indiana State Med Association, Jan 1977 448 Appendix T: Communication to Barbara Wynn from C Bonsett 1977 450 Appendix U: Poem by Frank B Wynn, My Boy 451 Appendix V: Poem by Ada Schwitzer Tribute to Dr Wynn 452 Appendix W: Condolence letter from the Indiana Historical Commission 453 Appendix X: Condolence letter from John W Oliver 455 Appendix Y: Dr Wynn as Chair, Indiana Centennial Celebrations, 1915 456 Appendix Z: Arbutus, Indiana University yearbook, 1914 457 Appendix AA: Charles Bonsett Medical Museum Notes, Oct 1988 460 Appendix AB: Chicago Medical Recorder, 1920 461 Appendix AC: A Case of Chyluria, Indiana Medical Journal, 1895 .475 Appendix AD: Tubercular Syphilide, Indiana Medical Journal, 1896 478 Appendix AE: Administration of Digitalis, Indiana Medical Journal, 1904 480 Exploring Leadership, Frank Wynn viii Appendix AF: Report of Sci Exhibit, Jour Amer Med Assn., 1904 483 Appendix AG: Public Health exhibits for permanent installation, 1911 .490 Appendix AH: The Psychic Factor, Jour Amer Med Assn , 1919 .492 Appendix AI: Report of Leukemic Cases, 1908 495 Appendix AJ: The triumphs and dangers of specialization, 1920 501 Appendix AK: Obligations to Reading and Study, 1921 .509 Appendix AL: Pathies, Isms, and Cults, 1921 .514 Appendix AM: Rejuvenation of Medical Ethics, 1921 519 Appendix AN: Relation of the Profession, 1921 522 Appendix AO: Fads and Fashions of Medical Practice, 1921 .526 Appendix AP: Dr Potter shared office with Dr Wynn 533 Appendix AQ: James Wynn with Classmates, 1918-1919 534 Appendix AR: Rice Vol No 2, 1975 535 Appendix AS: Wynn’s Death, Journ Ind State Medical Assn., 1922 537 Appendix AT: Indiana Medical History Quarterly, vol no .540 Appendix AU: Condolence Letter from Governor McCray 541 Appendix AV: Condolence Letter from Senator Watson, 1922 543 Appendix AW: Letter to Dr Goddard from Albert Einstein 544 Appendix AX: Bonsett article on Mountains named for physicians, 1985 546 Appendix AY: Bonsett Medical Museum Notes, Aug., 1987 .547 Appendix AZ: IU Faculty of Medicine List, 1910-1911 .548 Appendix BA: Bonsett Medical Museum Notes, July 1985 549 Appendix BB: Magnified Glacier Park Itinerary , 1921 .550 Appendix BC: Bonsett article on Wynn Mountain, Aug 1985 551 Appendix BD: Encyclopaedia of Indianapolis, 1994 552 Appendix BE: Indiana University Bulletin, 1908 553 Appendix BF: More Clippings .554 Appendix BG: Sketches by Dr Knabe 555 Exploring Leadership, Frank Wynn ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Futhoric Runes .55 Figure 2: Translations of leadership 85 Figure 3: Meridian Street Methodist Episcopal Church 165 Figure 4: Old Pathology Building, Indianapolis 168 Figure 5: Mrs Carrie Wynn and Topsey, the family dog 170 Figure 6: The Central College of Physicians and Surgeons 179 Figure 7: Glacier Park Vacation, 1912 (Barbara Wynn collection) 187 Figure 8: Report Card signed by Mr and Mrs Frank B Wynn 191 Figure 9: Dr Wynn in 1914 198 Figure 10: Gutzon Borglum, Mt Rushmore Sculptor, 1919 .203 Figure 11: Dr Wynn and son, James, 1918 204 Figure 12: Dr James Wynn with Boy Scouts of America, 1919 204 Figure 13: Summit photograph of Going-to-Sun Mountain, 1919 208 Figure 14: Title Page of Mount Cleveland Register, 1920 212 Figure 15: Climbers with metal register box on Mount Edwards, 1921 213 Figure 16: Dr Wynn on Mount Reynolds summit, 1921 214 Figure 17: Photograph of Mount Gould, first climbed by Dr Wynn 214 Figure 18: Dr Wynn on Chief Mountain, 1921 219 Figure 19: Dr Wynn’s Ten Commandments of Medical Ethics 225 Figure 20: Dr Hillary A Gobin, front left, jointly conducted funeral 240 Figure 21: State Department Memorial to Dr Wynn 247 Figure 22: Louise, Barbara and James Wynn 254 Figure 23: John F Kennedy signs act adopting Lincoln Boyhood Memorial .257 ... Leadership, Frank Wynn ii ABSTRACT Walters, David Clyde, Ed D., May 2009 Educational Leadership Abstract Title: Exploring a Definition of Leadership and The Biography of Dr Frank B Wynn Chairperson:... library, the offices of the Indiana Historical Bureau, the Indiana State Library and Museum in downtown Indianapolis, the Archives of the History of The American Psychology Association at the. .. exploration of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, and Categories, an examination of the criteria for accurate definition, and finally a reconstructed biography of Dr Frank B .Wynn Keywords: Definition