Doi net ve lich sii va van hoa ngi/di Dao Thanh Hoa MAI V A N T O N G * Khai q u a t v e ngU'di Dao & Vi§t Nam NgUcfi Dao von cd nguon gd'c ti^ Trung QuIc Trong cac tdi Udu bdn vl goc tich ciia ngudi Dao cbn cd nhilu y kie'n khdc Do sU dan dp tdn khdc ciia phong kidn phuong Bac, bode ehien tranh Hdn mien, ban hdn mat miia Hen tid'p nhilu nam , to tidn ngUdi Dao da phai di cU d i n ve miln nui phia Nam vd mpt bp phan da vdo ^^dt Nam, Ldo, Mianma, Thdi Lan,v.v Dan tde Dao thudc nhdm i ^ n ngfl Mdng - Dao ciia ngij hd Nam A; la m^t 54 ddn tde edng ding eac ddn tpc d ^^et Nam Ve mat tdc danh, ngUdi Dao sinh song tren dat nUde ta da ti^ Idu, nhung chi den nam 1979 ten Dao mdi dupc xdc dinh Cach day khdng lau, ding bdo edn dUpc gpi bang nhieu ten khac nhu: Mdn, Ddng, Trai, Dao, Xa Cbn ten tu nhdn ciia i ^ d i Dao Id Ki^m miin hay Kim mim deu cd nghia la ngUcfi Cf rifng nui {IQ.^m, Kem, Kim = lifng; mien, mam, mun = ngUbi) Tdn ndy cung Id tdn phie'm softig Ngodi ten Kiim miin ngUdi Dao cbn co ten Diu miin phdt * TS Mai van Tung, Truing Sai hoc H6ng BUc dm theo H^n - Vi|t la Bao nh&n tile 1& r ^ d i Dao Ten ndy dUpe nhIc den cdc truypn truyin mieng hoac cdc tM hdu eua ngudi Dao nhU Truyen qid bdu, Qud son bdng v&n (Binh Hoang khoan diep), Bdng trUdng thi tk& ngdn ndi ve cudc ddi cua ngUbi Dao Tilnira Dao Quan Chet tfl Quang Dong vao Viet Nam b l i nhd Ly?.v.v Danh xUng Dao khdng ehi dUpc ndi t6i cdc edu ehuypn dan gian, cac vdn ban co eua ngUdi Dao, md nd difdc ghi cdc thU tich c l ciia Trung QuS^c Sdeh Tu$f thu dia ly chi viet: "Qudn TnTcing Sa lai CO Idn dan mpi (di didn) ten Id Mac Dao, hp tu ndi rkng t l tien bp co cong thudng dupc miln dao dich cho ndn My dd dat thdnh ten" Sdeh Thuyit Man viet: "Man b i t dau td Ngu Khd gpi Id Bdn H6 & rai rac khap vung Sd \^pt gpi Id Dao, luc bly gib CO cdng ndn dupe mien dao dich goi Id Mac Dao, ve sau gpi sai di Id Dao" Cic sdeh chuydn viet v l miln Linh Nam vdo thdi Tong nhu Q u i hdi ngu hdnh chi cua Pham Thanh Dai, Linh Nam ngoai dap cua Chu Khd Phi deu ndi tdi ten Dao Q"^ Hdi ngu hdnh chi viit: "NgUdi Dao vln la Mai Vdn Tung - Vdi net vi lich svc vd vdn hda ngudi Dao d Thanh Hoa dong doi Bdn H i d Ngu Khe " Linh ngoai dai ddp viet: "Ngudi Dao cd nhilu thdn lae, manh n h l t la ngudi Dao La Man, ngUdi Ma Vien Hang niii edr^ xa thi ngUdi Dao cdng nhilu Nbu vdy, "Dao" la tdn tU nhdn cua ngudi Dao, nd g i n liln vdi lich sd b m h thdnh ciia ddn tdc Dao Cbn cac ten gpi khdc bode Id phiem xUhg hoac ngUdi eac ddn tdc khdc gdn cho mpt each tidn vd thudng mang tinh ch^t midt thi dan tdc, cho nen ten Dao la ten gpi hpp ly hon ea*^' Qud trinh di eU ciia ngUdi Dao vdo Vidt Nam Id ea mot thdi ky ddi, cd t b i b i t diu tfl the ky X m cho de'n nhflng nam 40 cua the ky XX Nhiftig cho den nay, van chUa cd nhflng tdi Upu chle chin de khang dinh dupc ngudi Dao di al vdo Viet Nam tCf ndm ndo Difa vdo tri nhd vd mpt so it nhiftig gia pha cua ngudi Dao, chdng ta cd the so bd thay rang, ngUdi Dao di cU vao ^ e t Nam qua nhieu thdi ky, b ^ g nhieu dUdng va nhieu nhom khdc nhau, eu the nhu; NgUcfi Dao of khu vUc Tay Ble den Viet Nam vdo khoai^ the ky XEI vd di theo dUdng bp Ddy Id mdt bo phan ngUdi Dao cU tni vdo loai sdm nhat of >^et Nam NgUdi Dao d khu vUc Dong Bic vd mpt so tinh trung du Bae Bd eui^ b i t diu den Vipt Nam vdo khoang the ky X i n cho tdi dau thd' ky XX, hp di chu yeu bIng dUdng thuy Qua trinh di cU ciia mdt vdi nhdm Dao da diln nhU sau: Dao QuIn Trang vdo ^^dt Nam khoang the ky XIII, hp tii Phuc Kien tdi Quang Yen ngupc len Lang Son, Cao Bang, Thdi Nguyen r l i de'n Tuydn Quang Mdt bp phdn nhd ciia nhom ndy rdi T\iydn Quang 65 xudi ve Doan HCmg (Phu Thp), roi ngUpe sdng H i n g len Yen Bai va Ldo Cai Nhdm ndy mang tdn Id Dao Ho Dao QuIn Chet, Dao Tiln, hien cd mat d Phu Thp, Ha Tay, Hoa Binh, Ydn Bai vd Tiyen Quang da tCf Quang Dong vdo Quang Yen rli tdi cdc dia dilm tren Qud trinh di tbifc ndy dUpc viet thdnh mdt CUOTI "Sd thi" vdi nhieu tinh tilt ldm ly, cbn dupe lUU truyen rpng rai nhdn dan Dao Hai nhdm Dao ndy vdo Viet Nam td thdi Ly hay Ld Id dieu cln dupe lam sdng ro, vi rang, t r o i ^ cuin "sijf thi" dd ghi Id "L^ trieu" song lai ndi dd'n "Dai Minh quoc" Cd the hp vao Viet Nam tfl thdi Le thi dung hon, Ad nd an khdp vdi thdi Minh d Tnmg Quoe (trong khodng the ky XV - XVni) Dao Thanh Y den Viet Nam khoang culi the' hy XVII, hp td Quang Ddng vdo Mdng Cai qua Luc Ngan (nay cd mdt bd ph$n d Luc Nam), tdi sdng Duong r l i ngUpe len Tuydn Quang Mdt bp phan khac lai ngupc len Ydn Bdi va Ldo Cai, ve sau cd ten Id Dao TuyIn Dao Do vd Dao Tiln d Cao Bing, Lang Son, Thdi Nguyen, Ha Giang, Tuydn Quang Id td Quang Ddng vd Quang Tdy den, eung vao khoang thdi Minh Nhflhg ngUdi Dao Dd hidn d Ldo Cai Id tfl Vdn Nam di cU dd'n vdo culi thd' ky XVIII Dia diem cU tni dau tien eiia hp Id Idng Tbng Sdnh, Chu Quang Ho thupc huydn Bat Sdt Rieng nhdm Dao Ld Gang vdo Viet Nam mudn hOn ca, vao culi the ky XIX,dluthe'kyXX