TRIET HOC, s o n (318), THANG 11 - 2017 CHU NGHIA CA N H A N VA VON XA H I TRONG THE Gl6l HIEN DAI*'* Bui Vift Hmmg' ' Tien sT, Vi§n Chinh trj hpc Hpc vi?n Chinh trj Quic gia Ho Chi Minh Email: buiviethuong78@gmail.com Nhan ngiy 14 thing nim 2017 Chip nhin ding ngiy 30 thing 10 nim 2017 Tom tat: Su ddi va biln cua "chu nghTa ca nhan" da lam tien mpt chi bao khach quan quy gia, la mft dau mIc quan trpng ljch su phat trien cua nhan Ioai noi chung va sy phat trien cua ca nhan ngudi ndi riSng Nhung mpt thdi gian dai, chu nghia ca nhan dupe nhin nhan dudi nhftng hinh thftc cyc doan vd bj cho la da pha va niem tin vd cac cau true cpng dong Tren thyc te, chu nghTa ca nhan xudt hifn cd lien quan chdt chS vdi sy gia tang vdn xa hpi, ca va giua cac nen van hoa Tinh ly cho phep cac ca nhan hpp tac vd giao tiep vdi Theo each nhin nay, chu nghTa ca nhan cung cap ca sd ly thuyet tdt nhat cho mft cpng ddng dich thyc, la mft ngudn tgo dyng vdn xa hfi quan ttpng va vd tgn Tir kboa: Chu nghTa ca nhan, von xa hfi, ca nhan va cfng dong Chii nghta ca nhan Chu nghta ed nhdn la mft khdi nifm khdng mdi d Viet Nam vd tten the gidi vdi nhiing cdeh hieu khde O Vift Nam, ttong ngdn ngfl hang ngay, ehu nghta ed nhan thudng dugc hieu Id thdi ieh ky, ldy lgi ieh cua ehinh minh lam tidu chudn eho hanh vi vd hodn todn khdng quan tdm din lgi ieh eua xd hdi hay cua nhftng ngudi khde Nhiiu nhd nghien eiiu phuong Tdy cung dd xem xdt nhiing hinh thfte eye doan eua chu nghta cd nhan, ttong mdi lien hf vdi mdt sd bdnh ly ddi sdng xd hfi, nhu tgi phgm, ty tft, ly hdn, lam dung tie em, edng thdng tinh thdn, ty If bfnh vl thd chdt vd tinh tiidn (Cobb, 1976; Naroll, 1983), ciing nhu mfte dg xa Idnh eao vd nhdn thftc ve su ed don (Triandis, Leung, Villareal, & Clack, 1985), kich tiifeh tfnh ieh kf, pha huy cdc to ehue quan ttgng, nhu gia dinh vd khu phd, phd hogi nilm tin, tinh bgn va tdi sdn cdng ich (Etzioni, 1993, 1996; Lane, 1994) F.A.Hayek viit ttong eudn Chu nghta cd nhdn vd trdt tic kinh te rdng, "ehft nghta ca nhdn ung hg vd khuydn khieh thdi ieh ky Id mgt ttong nhftng Iy chinh ldm eho nhiiu ngudi kh6ng ua nd " [Xem: 7] Nhung, vdi cdc nha nghien eftu khdc, chft ngMa ed nhdn khdng mang hdm y nhu vdy Vdi hg, ehft nghta ed nhdn dugc hieu la y thac cua cd nhdn vi ed linh vd bdn Itnh riing cua minh vd dugc coi nhu mdt ly thuylt xd hdi, mgt nd luc de hieu ede xung lye dinh dogt ddi sdng xa hdi eiia eon ngudi Ddy la edch hiiu vi chu nghTa ed nhdn se dugc bdn din bdi viit ndy **' Nghien cuu niy dupe tii trp boi QuJ Phat trien Khoa hpc v i Cflng nghf Quflc gia (NAFOSSTED) dl tii "Chu nghta ci nhan nin kinh ta thj tnrPng dinh hudng x i hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam hi?n nay", m i s6:14-5-2013.09 61 CHU NGHIA CA NHAN VA VON XA HQI Trude thdi kJ' Phye hung, d phuang Tdy, tinh cfng ddng dugc dl eao vd cd ti'nh cfta ngudi chi la mdt thugc tinh duge quyit dinh bdi egng ddng; phdm hgnh efta ngudi Id su phue tftng cfta y ehi cd nhdn trude f chi eua edng ddng Khai nifm "ca nhdn" xudt hifn vdo euli thdi ky Trung cd vd phat triin mgnh me tii thdi kJ- Phue ttd di Bude sang thi ky XIX, vdi qud ttinh ed nhdn hoa ttong ddi sdng xd hpi d phuang Tdy, vdn dl dfe lap, ty do, dan ehft cfta ngudi cd nhan nhanh chdng ttd tiianh mdt ttdo luu lan truyin khdp thi gidi Theo dd, chinh y chi vd sy phdn xet ca nhdn, ehft khdng phdi mfnh Ifnh egng ding duge eoi Id cai xac lap ngudi nhu mft vien eua xd hfi Cd nhdn van dugc xem xet mdi quan hf vdi xa hfi, nhung ddng lye thuc ddy hdnh ddng vi lgi ich cdng cfng ndm ttong mSi cd nhdn, ehft khdng phdi Id sy dp dgt cfta xa hfi len ed nhan dd "Chu nghta cd nhdn" (Individualism) xudt hifn ttong khoang thdi gian tft nam 1820 din ndm 1830 [Xem: 8] d phuang Tdy, trinh ddn tri dd dft cao, ddi s6ng v|t chdt vd tinh thdn dugc ndng len vd moi ngudi da cd dieu kifn suy nght ve nhiing quyin lgi chinh dang cua chinh minh chung song egng ddng xd hdi Theo dd, moi cd the khdng edn qud If thufc vdo cfng ding, md phdi ttd mdt thdnh vien dfe ldp cua cfng ding ay, co quyen cd suy nght ridng, dua y kiln, quan dilm rieng vd the hifn ban thdn theo each rieng cua minh Cdc nhd nghidn cftu tten the gidi dd ban nhidu ve ehfl nghta ed nhdn, eiing nhu tuong lai phdt trien ciia nd Chft nghta ed nhan theo quan nifm cua John Loeke Id mft ldi chi trich ede quy tdc quyin lyc tuyft dli vd lien tue eua gidi quy tfc Chu nghta ed nhdn md John Stuart Mill ndi din lai la mgt 62 ldi ehi trich chft nghla ed nhdn theo quan nifm cfla John Locke, chft nghta ddm ddng da bdt re d Anh vd kit qud Id sy xudt hien ciia khdi nifm "sy chuydn chl cfta ddm dong" Mill dd eao sy thieng lieng cfla ed nhdn ed di ngugc Igi vdi da so dp ddo Ly thuyet ve ehu nghia ea nhdn eiia Dewey lgi Id mft Idi chi trieh vS sy nghdo doi vd nan lam dyng quyen lyc chinh tri d MJ ttong sudt thdi ky Dgi khung hoang [Xem: 2] Toequeville nhieu ldn nhdn mgnh sy phdt trien khdng thd dao nguge efta qua trinh dan chu hda md theo dng, vide ddi quyen ddn chft, thyc hifn quyin ddn chu cho moi cd nhdn se trd mdt hifn thye rgng ldn, la dich phdn ddu efta ngudi ttong xd hgi tucmg lai vd vdn dl ddn ehii, vdn dl ty eua eon ngudi se Id van de sdi ddng nhdt ttong cdc xd hdi hifn dgi Cde quan diim trin cd nhOng khdc biit, nhung deu cho rdng mdi cd nhdn deu dgc lap ve tinh thdn vd vdt ehdt, nghia la mdi cd nhdn deu ed khd ndng tic suy nght, tu phdn dodn vd vgy, khdng phdi phu thude vdo y chi cua nhitng ngudi khdc; mdi ed nhdn deu lao ddng, diu ed su dgc lap ve ngudn lice, vi kinh ti vd vdy, khong cdn phdi phtt thugc vdo nguai khde ve su sinh tdn Chinh nhd ed su dge lgp vi tinh than vd vgt chdt, ngudi mdi ed thi tic chu dugc vd cUng nhd co su ddc lap do, ngudi mdi cd thi ddng gdp cho sic tdn tgi vd ldn mgnh cua cdng ddng, chu khdng dua ddm hay ldm suy yeu sac mgnh tdng thi eua cdng ddng M5i cd nhdn deu cd y nghta dgo dftc nhdt dinh vd diu ed cdc quyen ty do, ddn chu vdi tu each nhihig quyin co bdn co ngudn gde thieng lieng, hoac von c6 bdn ehat eua mdt eon ngudi, efta moi ed nhdn song xd hgi Moi cd nhdn ed nhflng tin tgi, trai nghifm, suy nght, nhgn thuc, hdnh dgng khde ttong khdng gian vd thdi gian, d6 BUI VIST HirONG la edi ridng ed cfta mdi ngudi, phan bidt vdi nhflng ngudi khdc Quan ttgng hon, tat ca nhiing cd tfnh, nhihig ddc trung ridng can dugc ttdn ttgng vd bdo ve de m6i ed nhan cd thd dat dugc hgnh phftc rieng efla minh vd phdt tridn sang tgo nhu mdt chfl thd rieng biet vd dgc thft Tft ddi, chft nghta cd nhdn da la mft thugt ngfl quan ttgng, phd bien ttong ddi sdng hge thugt, cung nhu cugc sdng thudng nhgt d chdu Au Su ddi vd phd bidn cua "chu nghta ed nhdn" da lam nen mft chi bao khdeh quan quy gid, Id mdt ddu mde quan ttgng ttong lieh sft phat tridn cfta nhan Ioai ndi chung vd sy phdt tridn cua cd nhdn eon ngudi ndi rieng No eflng duge coi la da tao mgt cude cdeh mang tu tudng mai mai ldm thay ddi bd mat cfta chau Au vd phan lgi cfta thd gidi vdi vifc thue day xd hgi phuang Tdy den vdi eudc each mang cdng nghiep vd hdng loat tyu khoa hgc, cdng nghd, kinh tl vd xa hfi nii tilng Cae yeu td quan trgng ttong qua trinh la ty tu tudng, ty kinh doanh vd tu sang tao Von xa hpi "Von xa hdi" Id mgt khdi niem mdi hon nhieu so vdi "chu nghta cd nhdn" Nd duge hinh thdnh dh gidi thieh co che gdn ket xd hgi vdi nhiing hoat ddng cfta cae td ehfte xd hgi Tft ddu the k^' XX, nhd xa hdi hgc ngudi Phdp - P.Bourdeau (1986) dd phdn bift ba Ioai vdn: Kinh te, vdn hda vd xd hdi Vdn kinh t l co duge tft thu nhgp, ndm gift vd luu thdng kinh te, tai ehinh; vdn van hoa cd dugc tft vide xdy dyng vd tdi tao cae gid tri, bilu trung va di sdn; cdn vin xd hdi la todn bd cae ngudn vd tiem ndng lien quan din eac quan hd bin vflng cua mdt thyc thd xd hdi, tgo nen niem tin, sy cam thdng, sy gdn kit, hpfp tdc vd nhung hanh dgng mang tinh tap the Vdn xd hdi nam ngodi tdi san, vdn tu bdn, nhung lai ndm cdc quan hf cua ngudi, cfta cac chft tdi sdn Nd thi hien ngodi bdng: 1) Nilm tin, sy tin egy ldn nhau; 2) sy tuang ho, cd di ed lgi; 3) ede quy tdc, cae hdnh vi mau myc, cae che tdi; 4) sy kit hgp vdi thdnh mgng ludi [Xem: 5] Noi edch khdc, vin xd hdi Id todn bd ngudn lyc thye tl vd tilm dn xudt phat tft mgng ludi quen biet trye tiip hode gidn tidp Ong viit: "Vin xd hfi Id mdt thude tinh eua mdi ea nhan ttong bli canh xa hgi Bdt eft cung co till thu thdp mdt so vdn xd hdi, nlu ngudi no lye va chu tam ldm viec dd vd hon niia, bat eft Cling cd the dftng vdn xa hfi de dem Igi nhiing lgi ich kinh te thdng thudng Song khd nang thyc hifn dieu ay lgi thuge vdo nhflng nghta vy xa hgi (social obligation) ket ndi (connection) va mgng ludi xa hgi cua ngudi dy" [Xem: 10] Coleman eung phan bift ba logi vdn; Vdn vat the (kdt qud eiia nhung bien doi vdt the tao cong cy san xuat), vdn eon ngudi (kdt qud ciia nhung bien doi ttong ngudi edu tdi nghd va khd nang thao tdc) va vdn xa hgi Theo dng, vdn xa hgi cd ba dae tinh: 1) Nd thugc vdo mfte tin cay cfta ngudi xa hdi; noi each khdc, no tfty thude vdo nghia vu ma mdi ngudi ty y thfte thuc hien vd ky vgng eua ngudi ndy vdi ngudi khac; 2) nd eo gia tri, vi chua dyng nhflng lien hf xa hdi mang dgc tinh cua kdnh truyin thdng, cy thi la qua tiep xue vdi hang xdm, bgn be, mdi ngudi cd the thu thap nhiiu thdng tin hftu ieh cho eudc sing, tiiay thi phdn ndo nhflng thdng tin sdeh bdo, tinyin thanh, truyen hinh; 3) vin xd hfi cdng ldn, xd hgi cdng cd nhiiu quy tde, nhdt la nhiing quy tde cd kem theo trimg phat [Xem: 6] Putnam chia se nhiiu f tudng vdi Coleman eho rdng, vdn xd hfi tftc Id CHU NGHIA CA NHAN VA VON XA HOI nhiing mang ludi xd hdi vd mdi lien hf qua lgi ttong xd hdi, nhiing quy tdc cho phep ede ed nhdn eflng nhu tdp the gidi quydt nhflng van dl'chung efta cfng ddng Vdi Paxton (1999), vdn xa hfi lien quan din it nhdt hai van dl quan ttgng: 1/ Cdc hidp hdi khdeh quan giua cac cd nhdn (tftc la, cac cd nhdn dugc gdn vdi ddi sdng xd hfi) vd 2/ Cdc hidp hgi ehu quan (quan hf gifta ed nhdn dya ttdn sy tin tudng va ddi ftng) Fukuyama (1999) cho rdng, ede khdi nifm, nhu sy tin e$y, mang ludi vd xd hdi dan su, trdn thyc te, chi Id ket qud efta vdn xa hfi, chft khdng phdi vdn xd hfi Ong dinh nghta vdn xd hdi nhu Id mgt tieu chudn khong chinh thue nhdm thftc day hgp tdc gifla (nhieu hon hai) cd nhdn Mde du ed nhiing khdc biet, song tdt cd cdc tdc gid diu ding y rdng, khai nifm v l niem tin xd hgi hode sy tin egy la cot ldi, hoge it nhdt cflng la kit qud quan ttgng cfta vdn xd hfi Vin xd hgi, theo nghta rgng nhdt, de cgp din sy gdn kit nfi tai vd van hda, niem tin, ede chudn myc va gid tri cua xd hgi, chi phii cdc tuong tac, nhflng mgng ludi vd cdc td chuc md ttong dd, chung hinh (Parts, 2009) Dd gdy dung duge vdn xa hpi, cde ea nhdn cdn co sy hgp tdc, lien ket, chia sd vd dieu ndy dudng nhu di nguge lgi vdi ehft nghta cd nhan, noi khdng tin tai nhthig didu, nhu y ehi ehung, tri tuf tap the, phue lgi nhdm, ma chi co y chi, ly tri, hgnh phue eua moi ca nhdn Chii nghia ca nhan vi^c gSy dung von xa hgi Xd hdi phuong Tdy va cdc nin ddn chft hifn dgi ddt gid tri cuoi ctmg vdo cd nhdn, dilu da tao mft sy edng thdng nfi tgi vd kh6ng the gidi quyet duge giiia cd nhdn va xd hdi Nhieu nhd l^ ludn nhin nh|n sy tang trudng khdng gidi hgn cua chu nghta cd nhdn la mdi de dga ldn ddi vdi sy hgp 64 nhat hiiu ca giiia cae ed nhdn va xd hpi Trong cdc xd hgi hifn dgi, moi ca nhdn ddu ddc lgp, ty chfl vd nhu vdy, khdng hi ehi phdi bdi dgo dftc xd hpi Dli vdi nhiiu nha phe binh, chu nghta cd nhdn chu yiu nudi dudng SIC phdn ldn xd h^i vd dieu ndy se ddn den su bien mdl cua dodn kit xd hgi vd ddn din su thong tri cua chu nghia vf ky vd mdt niem tin Chung ta thdy, chft nghta cd nhan la sy phd hfty cua cdc hdng hda edng cgng; nd phd huy sy tin tudng vd ttdt ty cdng ddn ttong mgt xd hgi Trong f nghta do, sy phdt triin efla ehu nghta cd nhdn ehde ehdn se ddn den sy hfty dift cfta vdn xd hgi Ket ludn tuong ty eo till tim thdy ttong quan dilm efta Coleman (1988) cho rdng, mfte df ngudi ta hy sinh lgi ieh ty thdn vd hanh ddng vi loi ich efta nhdm Id mgt hinh thftc eye ky quan ttgng cfta vdn xd hgi Adam Ferguson ndi: "Cdc quic gia xudt hifn ti^n cdc thilt chl, v l thyc chdt, la kit qud hdnh dgng cfta ngudi, ehft khdng phdi la ket qud cfla sy thiet ke efla eon ngudi" [1, tt.l87] N6i cdeh khde, su ldng trudng eua vdn xd hgi ddi hdi mgt sic hy sinh cua chu nghta ed nhdn Putnam lo lang rang, vdn xa hfi suy giam se keo theo sy lung lay cua ede till chl ddn ehu, ldm hgc dudng kem hftu hifu vd ldm suy ylu nhftng lyc lugng bdo vf tuih Idnh manh vd hgnh phue cua eOng ddng ndi ehung [Xem: 10] Trong cuon Tgi chinh trf lgi co vdn di, Stoker (2006) cho rdng, vife nhan mgnh vdo sy lya chgn ca nhan va tidu dftng ttong xd hgi tgo mft mdi trudng ddy thdeh thfte eho vipe quyet dinh tap thi vdn Id cdi dac trung cua nen chinh tri Bdng edch ndo cd thi gdy dmg duge vdn xd hgi cho mgt suphdt trien bdi ednh ehu nghta cd nhdn wgoy cdng dugc di cao vd mdi cd nhdn diu mong mudn khdng dinh cd tinh rieng bi?t eua minh BUI VIET HUONG Tren thye te, ehft nghta cd nhdn khdng cho rdng mgt cgng ddng hay mft xa hfi c6 su tdn ttd ngodi cac ca nhdn tao no Mgt cgng ddng Id mdt tap hgp cdc cd nhdn Frederic Bastiat cho rdng, chft nghta cd nhdn hodn todn khdc tfnh ich ky, vi ve bdn chat, nd tgo mdi lien he xd hgi va keu ggi sy hgp tae ty nguyen giua cdc cd nhdn theo dudi Igi feh eiia minh mdt edch ehinh ddng De eao ea nhan khdng ed nghta Id ldm gidm gid tri eiia sy hgp tdc xd hgi, vi cde cd nhdn cdn Id nhiing thyc till xa hdi Tinh ly cho phep cdc ca nhdn hgp tdc va giao tiip vdi Theo cdeh nhm nay, ehu nghia ed nhdn cung cdp ca sd ly thuyil lit nhdt cho mgt cgng dong dich thuc Id mot ngudn tgo dung vdn xd hgi quan trgng va vd tdn Bdi le: Tha nhdt, egng ddng Id dieu kiin tiin quyit eua chu nghta cd nhdn Bdi li, mac dii cdc ed nhdn cd vai tro chinh yiu, nhung hg deu cdn ed cgng ddng di dgt dugc mye lieu eua minh Vi vdy, chft nghta cd nhdn Id tiidt ly cfta sy hgp tac xd hdi vd tdng eudng theo hudng tien bg eua mdi lien ket xd hgi Cd nhan vd cdng ddng khdng Ioai trft Chu nghta cd nhdn cho rdng, mdi ca nhdn nhdn trdeh nhifm tu eho ehinh minh, hdnh dfng dya tten tu tudng eua chinh minh vd dgt duge hgnh phue eua chinh minh, nhung no phft nhdn quan diem cho rdng, xa hdi tdeh bift vdi nhiing cd nhdn hgp thdnh xa hdi dd D l cao vai ttd tii thugng cho cd nhdn khdng eo nghta Id lam gidm gia tri ciia hgp tdc xd hdi Con ngudi khdng ehi Id nhflng cd nhan tach bift vdi nhau, ma cdn Id sinh vat mang tinh xd hfi Hdnh dgng phdi hgp thftc ddy eo hgi phat triin vd mang lgi nhiing lgi ich ma tftng ed nhdn rieng le khdng till ndo dgt dugc Sy phii hgp boat ddng se hgp nhdt, chft khdng chia tach eac cd nhdn vd cde cd nhan ehi cd thi tin tgi sy hien difn vd phii hgp vdi ttong eac hogt ddng Mgt edng ding Id sy lien kit gifla cac ed nhdn nhdm hgp tde hdnh dfng vd hanh ddng hgp tdc Id kit qud cfta nhihig n l lyc ty dinh hudng vd ty khdi xudng cfta timg ed nhan ttong nhdm Tha hai, cd nhdn vd egng ddng vua la mgt thi thdng nhdt, viia la mdt khdi mdu thudn Su cdng thdng giua khuynh hudng cd nhdn vd cdng ddng ttong xd hdi hifn dgi Id khdng the logi bd duge Vdn dl quan trpng nhdt Id ldm thi ndo di kit hgp vd thda hiip hai Idiuynh hudng ndy Tu ed ly luan vd thuc tien, sy hgp tdc ty nguydn cfta nhftng ngudi ty thudng tao nhung cdi vt dgi hon bat eft nhiing gi ma nhiing bg dc don le cd tiie hieu bilt duge mgt edeh ddy du Cdc mdi quan he ty nguyen vd cflng cd lgi giiia cde ed nhdn tu ehft Id ngudn goc tgo nhiing edng ddng dieh thyc Nhiing ngudi hodi nghi quyen lye nhd nude ludn flng hf sy hifn dien cfta cde nhdm ty nguyfn trung gian giua nhd nude vd ede cd nhan - ede td ehftc giftp cho cd nhdn thye hifn nhflng myc tidu cfta hg mft cdeh ty vd hoan thien hon [Xem: 4] Qua trinh ndy tao vin xd hpi, mft ngudn lyc quan ttgng, thiet yeu eho su phdt trien ciia cde xa hgi thi gidi hifn dgi Theo kinh nghifm, cdc khu vyc vd qude gia CO vin xd hdi d mfte cao hon thudng dgt duge mfte ddi mdi vd tdng trudng eao hon so vdi cde xa hdi cd niem tin vd tinh thdn cdng ddn thdp (xem Ostrom 1999, Rose 1999, Kaasa 2009) Tha ba, chu nghia ed nhdn la diiu kiin liin quyit eho suphdt triin cita vdn xd hgi • sy hgp tdc tu nguyfn vd quan hf dli tde giiia cdc ca nhan - edi ehi cd the cd dugc ngudi ddn ed quyin tic chu, tu qudn vd mgt cdm gide trudng thdnh ve trdeh nhi$m Sy phdt trien cua ed nhdn, ty ehu vd ty ed the eoi Id dieu kien cdn thiet cho vifc phdt trien su hgp tde gifta ede cd nhdn, sy CHU NGHIA CA NHAN VA VON XA HQI phy thude lan vd doan ket xa hdi Mpt ldi gidi thieh eho nghich ly rdng dudng nhu Id ty tri vd ddc ldp, mgi ngudi nhgn hg se khdng dugc hudng led rieng, trft theo dudi muc tidu chung cfta minh [Xem: 9, tt.I24] Hoge nhu Toequeville khdng dinh, ttong cdc quic gia ddn ehu hifn dgi, tdt cd cac cdng ddn diu dgc lap vd yeu dt; hg eo till gap khd khdn ty minh lam bdt eft dieu gi vd khdng s6 hg c6 thi bat huge ddng logi giftp minh Do do, tdt ea hp diu ttd nen bdt lyc, ndu khdng biet edeh ty nguyfn giup dd ldn Quyen ty ehft vd dde lgp cfta ca nhdn cd thi dugc eoi la dilu kifn tien quyit cho vide lap cdc hifp hgi ty nguyfn, sy tin tudng, mdi quan hf vd hgp tde lan Tha lu, ehu nghta ed nhdn ddnh gid mdl cdeh sdu sde gidi hgn cua su hiiu biit cua mdi cd nhdn vd hiiu rang, chi cd hgp tdc mdi dem lgi cho cdc cd nhdn su sdng tgo, vi moi ngudi diu nhdn duge lgi ieh tft nhung mdu kiln thftc dgc ddo ma mdi ngudi s l hang tridu ngudi khdc dem vao ttong cdc mang ludi quan hf Chinh vi vliy, ly tinh efta eon ngudi tgo dieu kifn eho hg hgp tac vd giao thifp vdi nhflng ngudi khdc Trong xd hgi ty do, ngudi ta ty nguydn tham gia vdo tdt cd nhiing edng vifc hgp tde xd hdi Cfng ddng thdt sy xudt hifn, ngudi ta duge ty thdnh lap nhiing hiep hfi ty nguyfn nhdm theo duoi quyin lgi cd nhdn vd quyen lgi cd tinh h6 tuong vdi Trong xa hgi ty do, ede cd nhdn thudng dong thdi la vien eiia nhieu edng ddng khde Sy tiln bf ve mat cdng nghf ngdy cdng gia tdng ttong Itnh vyc thdng tin lien lae vd giao thdng lam eho ngudi ddn cd thdm dieu kifn lya chgn nhihig edng ddng cd thi ddp ftng mgt edeh tdt nhat nhu cau vd ky vpng eua hg ngudi tim thdy sd thich vd niim dam me phdt triin dung sd trudng cua bdn thdn duge sdng dung vdi ngudi thuc eua minh vd d dd hg dugc lira chgn cdc gid tri chung mgt edch tic Vifc phdn ehia cdc chlic nang vd vai tto ttong xa hgi giup cdc cd nhan dodn kit hon, bdi nhiing hoat ddng la cdn thilt dh phii hgp hdnh ddng vd bat ddu hgp tde Theo quan diem ndy, vifc tham gia nhieu hifp hgi khdng de dga, ma khuyen khfch chft nghta ea nhdn (Triandis, 1995) Vide tham gia vdo nhiiu nhdm va hifp hdi ty nguyen sd ldm cho cdc cd nhdn ehft ttgng hon din ttdch nhidm xd hfi Hofstede (2001) dd phdn tich 26 nin van hda, theo do, ehft nghta ed nhdn eiing ldm tdng long khoan dung vd sy tin tudng Pearson ehi mdi tuong quan giua ehi sd ve chu nghta ed nhdn vd sy tin tudng lan tft cdc cugc khao sat Gia tij The Gidi 1990 - 1993 Waterman (1984) lap lugn rdng, chu nghta ed nhdn dgo dfte thgm chi cdn ndng eao phftc lgi xa hdi bdng edch thue ddy nilm tin, ciing nhu bdng each khuyen khich mgi ngudi Idm vifc sang tgo, tft dd ngudi khdc ed thd duge hudng lgi (xem thdm Madden, 2001) Chft nghia cd nhdn eiing duge gdn Hen vdi long ty trgng eao hon vd lac quan hon Ngudi ddn d cde ndn vdn hoa ca nhdn thudng cd nhidu ngudi quen vd ban be (Triandis, 2000); hp hudng ngogi vd cdi md han dl cd ttdi nghiem mdi (MeCrae, 2001); hg tin tudng va khoan dung hon dli vdi nhflng ngudi thufc cac chftng tgc khdc (Hofstede, 2001) Do do, chft nghta cd nhdn khdng nhdt thiet gay nguy hilm cho sy hgp nhdt huu co vd dodn kit xa hdi Cde gid trf cd nhdn xudt hi^n ludn cd lgi cho vdn xd hdi vd vdn xd hgi dudng nhu ed lgi cho ehu nghta cd nhdn (xem them Inkeles, 2000) Cae quan hd xa Tha ndm, ehu nghta cd nhdn giup mdi hfi eho phep cae cd nhdn c6 quyin tiep c§n 66 BUI VIET HUONG nhftng nguon lyc thufc sd hftu cfta nhung ngudi cftng hgi vdi minh [Xem: 3] Thd gidi hifn dgi dang phdi ddi dien vdi sy ndi ldn cfta qua trinh ea nhdn hoa khdc lift, sy ehuyen nghipp ngdy cdng tdng ttong xa hgi vd Itnh vyc chinh tri, sy phue tgp ttong nhflng thdeh thfte ma ngudi phdi ddi difn, vd mdt ldn sdng hodi nghi dugc thiic ddy bdi cdc phuong tien truyen thdng Chft nghta cd nhdn cd thi dugc xem nhu Id mgt he qud eua hifn dgi hda Xa hgi hifn dgi duge xdy dyng tten lgi ich ty thdn eua ede ehu the, vdi tu edch cdc ed nhan dfe ldp vd cd nhiing quyin bdt khd xdm phgm Nhieu nhd khoa hgc xa hgi da du dodn hdu qua tdt yeu cua vifc hifn dai hoa Id sy phdt trien khdng gidi han eua chu nghta ca nhdn, ddt moi de dga nghidm trpng tdi sy hgp nhdt hiiu ea eiia cde ed nhdn vd xa hdi bdng each md cho xd hfi mfit dudng feh ky vo bien vd thieu tin c$y (Etzioni, 1993, 1996; Lane, 1994) Nhung, chiing ta eiing da thdy, ehu ngtua cd nhdn xudt hifn cd lien quan chat che vdi sy gia tdng vin xa hfi, ca vd giua cde nen van hda Trong nhiing xd hgi md ede ed nhdn ed nhiiu ty chu vd dudng nhu dugc gidi phdng khdi cdc lidn kit xd hgi, cae ed nhan ndy eung cd nhiiu xu hudng hinh tiidnh nhiing hifp hgi ty nguyfn, ludn tin Iudng lan vd hinh thdnh tinh than egng ddng Con ngudi cfta xd hfi hien dgi cdn ed dupre cdc khd ndng dinh hlnh cugc sdng cua mlnh, edn phdi ed sy ty vd tiem ndng dl thvrc hidn su thay ddi vd phdt triin sdng tao xd hgi cua minh Tu tudng ty ca nhdn dl eao phdm gid cfta moi cd nhdn, bao gdm ed cde quyin vd trdeh nhifm Neu cd nhan dugc ty phdt trien khd ndng cflng co nghta Id hg phdi eo trdeh nhifm tiirdc nhihig hgu qud cua sy phdt triin dd va phdi chiu ttdch nhifm vl hogt dgng cfta mmh Thugt ngft cd nhdn phdi bao gom ty do, edng ly, dftc hgnh, nhdn each vd hgnh phflc; nhung vifc theo dudi hanh phfte ed nhdn duong nhien Id vd hau nhu bao gid eung diln egng ddng Ngdy nay, tdn trgng ngudi bao hdm ed f nghta tdn ttgng quyin tham gia cua hg vdo ede hifp hdi md hg lya chgn, ngudi dan ngdy cdng ty tin vdi vai ttd vd ndng lyc cfla minh vifc gdy dyng vdn xa hfi cho sy phdt trien bdn viing cua edng ddng vd qudc gia Tdi li^u tham khao [1] Adam Ferguson (1767), An Essay on the History of Civil Society [2] Bishop, Philip Schuyler (2007), Three theories ofind'tvidualism Graduate Theses and Dissertations http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/636 [3] D$ng Thanh Tnic v i cfng s\r (2008), D I tii cdp Vifn (Vifn X i hOi hpc), SU dgng von xa hgi sinh ke cua nong ddn viing ven qud trinh dd thi hda (nghiSn cihi tnifmg hpp xi Ding Quang, huy^n Tft Son, tinh Bic Ninh) [4] Edward Younkins, Chd nghTa ed nhdn vd tif do: Cdc tnf egt quan trgng eda cgng ddng chdn chinh http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/ individualism-and-freedom-vital-pillars-of-truecommunities [5] Francis Fukuyama (2003), Ngudn vdn xd hgi vd sif phdt trien: Chuong Irinh nghf sif tucmg lai, [6] T?p chf x a h9i hpc, s l (84) Hoing Bd Thjnh (2009), Vdn xd hgi, mgng luai xd hgi vd nhiing phi tdn, T^p chf X i hfli hpc, s6 Individualism: True and False, http://mises.oig/ books/individualismandeconomicorder.pdf [8] Nguyen Hio Hii (2004), Lich suphdt triin chu nghTa cd nhdn Ihi 1^ XIX, Tgp chf Tri^t [7] hpc, so 12 Robert D.Putnam (2000), Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community [10] T r ^ HChi Dung, Vdn xd h$i vd kinh li, http://www.tapchithoidai.org/TD8_THDung.pdf [9] 67 ... chu nghta cd nhdn la mdi de dga ldn ddi vdi sy hgp 64 nhat hiiu ca giiia cae ed nhdn va xd hpi Trong cdc xd hgi hifn dgi, moi ca nhdn ddu ddc lgp, ty chfl vd nhu vdy, khdng hi ehi phdi bdi dgo... phd hfty cua cdc hdng hda edng cgng; nd phd huy sy tin tudng vd ttdt ty cdng ddn ttong mgt xd hgi Trong f nghta do, sy phdt triin efla ehu nghta cd nhdn ehde ehdn se ddn den sy hfty dift cfta vdn... ldm suy ylu nhftng lyc lugng bdo vf tuih Idnh manh vd hgnh phue cua eOng ddng ndi ehung [Xem: 10] Trong cuon Tgi chinh trf lgi co vdn di, Stoker (2006) cho rdng, vife nhan mgnh vdo sy lya chgn ca