A-Brief-History-of-Urban-Trees-in-NM

2018  a brief history of urban trees in New Mexico Author: Karen Van Citters FINAL REPORT: January 15, 2018 Produced in cooperation with the U.S Department of Agriculture Forest Service, which is an equal opportunity service provider and employer A BRIEF HISTORY OF URBAN TREES IN NEW MEXICO Completed by Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC in cooperation with Groundwork Studio and Prepared for State of New Mexico, Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department, Forestry Division Contract I.D 17-521-0410-0159 Funded by the U.S Department of Agriculture Forest Service Author: Karen Van Citters FINAL January 15, 2018 Roswell, circa 1930s This photo and cover photo from Adella Collier Collection, New Mexico State Records Center and Archives A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   Significant Events Prior to Spanish and Mexican settlement and development of the land that is now New Mexico, native trees lined the rivers and dotted the mountains Piñon, cottonwood, oak, and fir were plentiful and used by Spanish settlers Other native species that we know today as urban trees were in the region, such as New Mexico locusts (Robinia neomexicana), Rocky Mountain maples (Acer glabrum), Arizona sycamores (Platanus wrightii), honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), netleaf hackberries (Celtis laevigate var reticulata) and Arizona ash (Fraxinus velutina) Imported trees first came to New Mexico with Spanish colonists From 1598 until 1848, through the Spanish and Mexican periods, more than 100 fruit tree cultivars were brought into the area along the Camino Real During that time, the colonists kept to the Rio Grande valley region and used the trees they found there for fuel and shelter, but overused and severely denuded the riparian forests By the time American settlers came to Santa Fe along the Santa Fe Trail, both the fruit trees and native shade trees were largely gone These settlers started transplanting native cottonwoods and other riparian species in the area for shade In 1850, as the U.S won the Mexican-American war, the Catholic church established the vicariate apostolic of New Mexico, and named Father John Baptist Lamy as bishop Lamy grew up and entered the priesthood in France, during a time when there was a frenzy of European enthusiasm for botany and trees He served as a missionary in Ohio and Kentucky before coming to Santa Fe, and lived amongst the stately shade trees of the Ohio River Valley He felt that trees were critical to grace and civilization and was responsible for bringing in new species of shade trees and many fruit trees, in addition to transplanting and cultivating native shade trees in urban landscapes Notably, he was the first person documented in the research for this report to introduce the elm and horsechesnut genera to New Mexico, that are still part of New Mexico’s urban forest today Lamy personally planted and shared trees throughout the community of Santa Fe, bringing about the shaded town that the railroad saw when it entered the town in 1880 Lamy was finally joined by the first tree nursery in New Mexico, which appeared in Santa Fe in 1868 A nurseryman from Rochester, New York arrived via stagecoach, took orders and coordinated their delivery to Santa Fe While the nursery primarily traded in fruit trees, they also offered “maple”, “mountain ash”, and other “ornamental trees” The railroad brought enormous change to New Mexico and made a lasting impact on the landscape The railroad brought general economic development, promoted irrigation and the development of agriculture, increased the numbers of fruit trees into the hundreds of thousands, and brought new shade and evergreen tree species to the area Agents of nurseries back east would travel to New Mexico, take orders, and then deliver the trees in the springtime via rail Over time, local nurseries began to develop, and for out-of-state purchases, catalogues became the norm and offered a multitude of exotic tree species and cultivars Railroad stations, wanting to provide a comforting stop for passengers, built depot parks with trees for shade, and were some of the first parks of New Mexico The railroads were eventually augmented by a network Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC i A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico of engineered roads that were used by automobiles and trucks This greatly increased mobility and speed, and imported trees began to make their way to smaller communities in New Mexico The railroads ushered an influx of not only tree species, but research, and people from other areas of the country that had a deep interest in and ideas for tree planting, species selection, and tree care Exotic tree species that had been imported and cultivated on America’s East Coast in the latter half of the 1800s arrived in New Mexico, native tree species from other areas of the country were introduced, the US government established experimental nurseries and the New Mexico land-grant college, and acres of fruit trees were provided to Deming, the Rio Grande valley, the Pecos valley, and the Four Corners area In the early 1900s, horticultural and beautification organizations emerged across the state, and advice on selecting tree species and tree care appeared in newsletters and newspapers The earliest urban forest management efforts of New Mexico emerged to address the growing issues that the cottonwoods presented to urban life, as their cotton created a nuisance and their health suffered as available water decreased As New Mexico moved through the mid-1900s, the role of the government in promoting the planting and selection of trees became pronounced The U.S Forest Service gave away hundreds of evergreens to residents, and experimental nurseries run by the Forest Service, Soil Conservation Service, and the Agriculture College sold trees to New Mexico towns and developers Government recommendations for tree species led to booms statewide in the planting of black locusts (Robinia pseudoacacia), only to see them discouraged for planting to instead make way for “Chinese elms” (primarily Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila) Clyde Tingley, during his administrations as governor of New Mexico and mayor of Albuquerque, promoted the planting of hundreds of thousands of trees statewide (mostly Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila) by taking advantage of Federal New Deal funding programs, and establishing a nursery in Albuquerque that raised and gave away tree seedlings As part of national Arbor Day celebrations, many cities in New Mexico handed out thousands of trees to residents To stay competitive in this age of giveaways, commercial tree nurseries provided trees and planting advice in conjunction with landscape design By the late 1950s, tree giveaway programs were on a significant decline Cities began investing in developing and maintaining their park systems, and the Beautification Act of 1965 provided investment for efforts on public lands At the same time, the new residential ranch house designs in vogue had landscaping that favored lower-growing plants with fewer shade trees The Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) was distinguished as a nuisance tree, with no new replacement promoted or provided in its wake As the interstate highway system was developed, a huge number of new species, cultivars, and varietals traveled throughout the U.S Tree Species Most of the trees that were brought into urban areas between 1598 and 1943 were deciduous shade trees After 1943, a plethora of evergreen species began to find their way into New Mexican cities, as well as lower-growing shrubs The primary shade trees in New Mexican urban environments through most of the history were cottonwoods, black locust, and Siberian elm (called Chinese until the 1950s) The cottonwoods were used by settlers, as they were native shade trees that were easily propagated, but as more Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC ii A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico people came to New Mexico and towns expanded, the water table decreased, and the cottonwoods began to die, particularly in Albuquerque, Alamogordo, and Roswell Around the same time, the black locust had been tested at experimental stations and seemed to be a miracle tree with which the cottonwood could be replaced New Mexican communities could not get enough of the tree until it was threatened by a borer The Siberian elm was identified to fill the void, imported to New Mexico through research stations Throughout the 1930s and into the 1950s, the Siberian elm was the tree of choice for New Mexican towns: it was inexpensive, propagated easily, grew fast, and provided shade Although it was the favorite, other species continued to come into New Mexico and be sold through local nurseries, a process that is ongoing today Below is a table that identifies the species that were planted or available in New Mexico as urban trees, organized by fruit/nut trees, deciduous, and evergreen, and then roughly by genera They are identified in the time period in which they were first mentioned in the research There may be other trees that came to New Mexico that failed; arrived, but were not in the project documentation; or are noted in a document that was not discovered during the course of research for this project Species first mentioned in the research after 1943 are not included in the table, as this time period saw a huge influx of species Those species that have been documented in the tree inventory portion of this project are noted Table Summary of trees found during research and fieldwork Source: Groundwork Studio, State Forestry Division, and data in this history This table was compiled by Jennifer Dann of the New Mexico State Forestry Division Tree Type Exotic or Native 15981850 18501879 18791912 19121930 19301943 Notes Found During Inventory Fruit and Nut Trees Fruit trees Apple Apricot Cherry Crab Nectarine Peach Pear Plum Quince Nut trees Almond Pecan (Hickory) Walnut (see also below) Spanish settlers introduced fruit trees over the Camino Real Over 100 heirloom cultivars may still exist in New Mexico, and hundreds more cultivars and varietals exist in the urban landscape today, including many ornamental species X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Ailanthus Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC Deciduous Trees X Commonly called ‘Tree of Heaven’, this species is now classified as a noxious weed in New Mexico X iii A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico Tree Type Exotic or Native 15981850 18501879 Green ash 19121930 19301943 X Ash Arizona 18791912 NM Native X U.S Native X Basswood/Linden X X Catalpa Chinaberry/Texas Umbrella Exotic Chokecherry NM Native Cottonwood NM Native X X X?? Elm Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC X X Notes In addition to the native Arizona ash (Fraxinus velutina), there are several species of ash native to the east and Midwest of the U.S., as well as species from other countries, that are now present in New Mexico Native to southwestern New Mexico, this is the first time it was mentioned as an urban tree Native to east and central United States The genus Tilia contains several species of deciduous trees native to other parts of the United States The Western catalpa (Catalpa speciosa) is native to the Midwest U.S., but this genus of deciduous trees also includes exotics Exotic found primarily in southern New Mexico The Western chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) is native to New Mexico’s cooler and wetter elevations, but is first documented as being used as a deciduous urban tree during this time period While several species of cottonwood exist natively in New Mexico, they were first documented as being intentionally planted as urban trees during this time period Lamy imported “elms”, probably American elm (Ulmus Americana), a Found During Inventory X X X X X X X X X iv A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico Tree Type Exotic or Native Chinese Exotic Siberian Exotic 15981850 18501879 18791912 19121930 19301943 X X Hackberry X Hawthorn X Honeylocust U.S Native X Horsechestnut X Kentucky coffeetree U.S Native X Locust X Black U.S Native X Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC Notes native tree to the east and midwest Both Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) and Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia) were imported during this time period, although the literature refers only to “Chinese elms” until the 1950s Netleaf hackberries (Celtis laevigata var reticulata) are native, but those first planted were likely Common hackberries, deciduous trees native to the U.S Some species of this deciduous tree genus are native to the Rocky Mountain regions and northwest U.S Honeylocusts (Gleditsia triacanthos) are deciduous trees native to the Midwest ‘Horsechestnut’ can refer to the Hippocastanacae family of plants, or to the deciduous tree species (Aesculus hippocastum), which is still common in Santa Fe today A deciduous tree species native to the Midwest United States The New Mexico locust (Robinia neomexicana) is a native deciduous tree, but the “locusts” Lamy planted were most likely Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) First identified specifically as Black locust during this time period, these deciduous trees were planted heavily at one time, but Found During Inventory X X X X X X1 X X X v A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico Tree Type Exotic or Native 15981850 18501879 18791912 19121930 Maple X Box elder U.S Native X X Mountain ash X Mulberry X Russian mulberry Exotic X Oak Live U.S Native X “Olive” Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 19301943 Notes largely discontinued by 1943 While several species of maple are native to the mountains and riparian areas of New Mexico, other species of maple were likely imported by Lamy and the nursery from the east during this time period Box elders, a species in the Acer genus, were specifically mentioned in the research during this time period The common name ‘mountain ash’ can refer to a number of tree species, but the nursery’s import may have been a Sorbus species native in other parts of the United States There are many species of Mulberry Red mulberry (Morus rubra) is native to the east and midwest of the U.S Russian mulberry trees, often commonly named White mulberry, are exotic deciduous trees There are a few species of deciduous oak trees found in New Mexico, including the native Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) and other introduced species “Live oaks” may refer to Southern live oaks, Quercus virginiana, common to the southern United States Neither of the species commonly called olive trees in New Mexico are true olive trees Found During Inventory X X X X X X X vi A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico Tree Type New Mexico Exotic or Native NM Native 15981850 18501879 18791912 19121930 19301943 X Russian X Osage Orange U.S Native X Lombardy Exotic Silver Exotic X X Walnut English U.S Native X U.S Native Exotic Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC X X Found During Inventory X X X X X X Sycamore Butternut New Mexico olive (Neomexicana forestiera) is a native tree, but first documented as being used in an urban landscape during this time period Russian olive (Eleagnus angustifolia) is an exotic tree, now classified as a noxious weed in New Mexico Deciduous tree native to Texas and Oklahoma There are several species of these exotic deciduous trees found in New Mexico Poplar Black Notes Also commonly known as White poplar The sycamores available during this time period might have included native Arizona sycamore transplants, or species native to other parts of the U.S The London plane tree (Platanus acerifolia) is a common sycamore hybrid in the recent New Mexico landscape The Arizona walnut (Juglans major) is native to southern New Mexico, and other walnut species native to the eastern U.S have a New Mexico presence Deciduous tree native to the eastern United States A member of the Juglans genus, this is also commonly called white walnut Lamy was documented as importing exotic X X X X X1 vii A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico Tree Type Exotic or Native 15981850 18501879 18791912 19121930 Willow Osier Exotic Weeping Exotic X X Other Species/ Genera Balm of Gilead U.S Native X Buffaloberry X China umbrella Exotic X Japonicum U.S Native X Siberian pea Exotic X 19301943 Notes “English walnuts”, a species still present in central New Mexico There are willows native to New Mexico, including the Peachleaf willow tree (Salix amygdaloides), and several other species of introduced willow Records of Lamy’s garden include references to “Osier and Weeping willows”, both exotic species These genera and species were mentioned in the research, but not have a common presence in New Mexico today A deciduous tree, sometimes called the Balsam poplar, more typically found in moist riparian areas of mountain forest The genus Shepherdia contains several species of shrubs Invasive deciduous species in warm, southern areas of the U.S Common deciduous tree to the Midwest Found During Inventory X X An introduced deciduous shrub found in the northern U.S Evergreen Trees X X Arborvitae California Pepper Tree Exotic Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC X Bishop Lamy’s garden was documented as containing “evergreens” Arborvitae refers to the genus Thuja, which includes several evergreen species Invasive evergreen species in warm, X viii A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico reforestation and the department had received $4,200 in matching Federal funding.257 During FY 1961, the agency distributed 150,000 seedlings, which was 40,000 more trees than they previous year As they had been by individuals in the past, the seedlings for the program were received from Colorado State Forestry Nursery and local nurseries During the year, forestry aided two commercial enterprises in developing Christmas tree plantations in New Mexico The next year a law was passed to discourage the theft of trees on private, state, or federal lands for use during Christmas.258 Las Cruces had planted a considerable number of trees throughout the years, and by 1961 most newcomers were surprised by how green the city was The Las Cruces Sun-News listed trees that were easy to plant: cottonwood, black locust, Aleppo pine, Arizona and Italian cypress, Arizona ash, Chinese elm, mulberry, Russian olive, red cedar, Austrian pine, desert and weeping willow, globe, and American arborvitae Other trees that were recommended for the area, but may have not been as easy to grow included: pecan trees, Lombardy poplar, sycamore, Mexican elder, honey locust, red bud, jujube, Italian stone pine, bearing apricot, purple leaf plum, mock orange, tamarisk, China berry, Cedar of Lebanon and Deodar cedar The author noted that a great deal of planting had been done by Frank Feather who had owned a nursery, then obtained a master’s degree at NMSU and then became the director of campus maintenance and improvement He set out on a mission to ‘architecturally landscape’ the campus Additionally, Southwest Builders donated an acre of trees to the city of Las Cruces, with one-third each going to the city, schools, and the university Tree planting and garden improving was prolific as subdivisions continued to grow in the Las Cruces community By 1961, there were five nurseries and feed stores in Las Cruces that were selling trees.259 In 1964, windbreaks in Grants were planted using 13,000 seedlings and 90% of them survived Many conifers were planted in town, but not as many survived because while the windbreak plantings received supplemental water, the town trees did not and most of the conifers were planted in areas that were outside their normal zones.260 8.3 Beautification In 1965, The Beautification Act was passed It had been spurred on by the First Lady, Claudia “Ladybird” Johnson Ladybird was concerned that the term ‘beautification’ would be seen as something cosmetic or trivial, so she emphasized that it meant more, including clean water, clean air, clean roadsides, safe waste disposal and preservation of valued old landmarks as well as great parks and wilderness areas.261 The President’s Council on Recreation and Natural Beauty, chaired by Vice President Hubert Humphrey, was created and served as a vehicle for ensuring 257 Ray S Bell, “New Mexico State Forestry minutes, April 4, 1960,” New Mexico Forestry Division Records, Forest Conservation – Minutes, Manuals, Rules and Regs – 1957-1977, Serial Number 7906, on file at New Mexico Records Center & Archives 258 New Mexico Department of State Forestry, “Annual Report New Mexico Department of State Forestry, 51st Fiscal Year, July 1, 1962 through June 30, 1963,” New Mexico Forestry Division Records, Forest Conservation – Minutes, Manuals, Rules and Regs – 1957-1977, Serial Number 7906, on file at New Mexico Records Center & Archives 259 “Greenery Here Is Amazing Newcomers To Las Cruces,” Las Cruces Sun-News, March 26, 1961, p 260 Annual Report, State Forestry, 52nd Fiscal Year, p 13 261 “First Lady Biography: Lady Bird Johnson,” , accessed November 7, 2017 Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 57 A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico the conservation message went across America and worked to encouraging local efforts, including anti-litter campaigns Beautification included everything from site cleanup to remove blight and litter to planting of trees Towns across New Mexico had participated in beautification projects.262 During the same period, on a beautification quest of her own, an Albuquerque city commissioner, Mrs Rosalie Doolittle suggested a three- to five-year plan to eliminate the “obnoxious Siberian elm tree.”263 She called the seeds “the worst pests the gardener and homeowner has to fight” and she called for a law to make it illegal to own or plant the Siberian elm, although if it was pruned yearly one could keep their tree She added that since the city gave the trees away and did so long after they know the faults, they city should bear the cost of removal.264 In response to Mrs Doolittle, a Herbert Brownwell sent a letter to the editor in which he stated that the Siberian elm is hardy He noted that the tree would survive in New Mexico where maples or the American elm would not He felt that cleaning seeds and twigs was a normal part of having trees, and that it would be okay for the city to advocate not planting any new Siberian elm, but that to cut down all the trees would be “savage and barbaric, a slaughter of old friends.”265 There were residents in Albuquerque who understood the city was stuck with the tree, but they pointed out that if the Siberian elm was pruned properly, it could mimic the American elm and be quite graceful Even Mrs Doolittle alluded to proper pruning in her crusade to the rid the city of the tree Mrs Eunice Kalloch, who during her life served as a president of the Albuquerque Civic Beautification Committee and chairman of the Governor’s Committee for State Beautification, understood pruning and stated, “Maintenance That’s the whole thing…unless trees are properly maintained you don’t get good results…if they [Siberian elm] are properly taken care of…they can be beautiful.”266 Although the tree had a few fans, the debate continued to rage on In a 1966 letter to the editor, a resident of Albuquerque suggested that the city tax the elms, because he felt that the trees were a “marvelous and untapped source of income.” The elms were seen by residents as pests, as they damaged sidewalk, street pavement, and utilities They caused allergies and the bill for cleaning up all the seeds was large So, he felt that it would be a win/win situation to tax the elms and raise money for the city.267 As the debate over the Siberian elm continued in New Mexico, on the national front, two years after the Beautification Act passed, President Johnson issued a proclamation declaring 1967 a “Youth Natural Beauty and Conservation Year.” His idea was to encourage youth and adults to work together to create greater beauty for the country and to “instill a greater interest and 262 Aztec, Los Lunas, Raton, and Tucumcari, Report of Community Beautification Activities, 1966, on file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 4, Folder 5, UNM, CSWR 263 “Termed by Pest Expert: City Urged to Outlaw Siberian Elm Trees,” Albuquerque Journal, February 11, 1965, p 36 264 “City Commission Asked To Outlaw Chinese Elms,” Albuquerque Journal, May 5, 1959, p 7; and “Termed by Pest Expert: City Urged to Outlaw Siberian Elm Trees,” Albuquerque Journal, February 11, 1965, p 36 265 Herbert Brownwell, “Slaughter of Friends,” Albuquerque Journal, February 15, 1965, p 266 Marcus Walton, “The Trees We Love to Hate,” Impact: Albuquerque Journal Magazine, April 10, 1984, p 267 Cliff Lloyd, “Tax the Elms,” Albuquerque Journal, February 10, 1966, p Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 58 A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico dedication among all people to become more aware of the beauty of America for an investment in better environment and better citizenship.”268 The work continued into 1967:       In Artesia, the college planned to plant trees and were looking for: eight mimosas, 20 fruitless mulberry trees, three ask, nine locust trees, five ponderosa pine, two pinon, six Colorado blue spruce and many plants The town also planted trees at a tourist park near the airport.269 At Mora, the town was planning on landscaping the courthouse and Mora County Community Center by planting lawns, trees, and shrubs; in Espanola, the town was adamant that street medians should be planted with grass; and in Las Cruces the Women’s Improvement Association Garden Department was planting shrubs and updating medians in their city.270 In Albuquerque there was a Gift Tree Committee that planted trees at the Erna Fergusson Branch Library with plans for more planting on Ridgecrest Drive (in the 1928 development of Parkland Hills), Bernalillo County Courthouse, Los Griegos Branch Library and Columbus Park.271 The Portales Women’s Club planted flowering crab trees in city park.272 In Gallup, the students at Indian Hills Elementary School planted Russian olive and Lombardy poplar.273 In Farmington elementary school children planted 30 Navajo willow trees to “eliminate glare from wrecked cars in a storage yard next to our school.”274 That same year there were some beautification failures:   The Torrance County Citizen reported that Estancia’s streets were unpaved and even worse, had volunteer trees and corn growing at the sidewalks.275 El Independente stated that the Albuquerque businesses had a complete contempt for the city and those that would try to beautify it and gave an example of the Bellas Hess Department store that had a “complete, inexcusable, lack of landscaping” and gave the 268 “The Environmental First Lady,” , accessed October 11, 2017 Curtis and Carol Beard, “Plants Needed for Landscaping College Listed,” Artesia Daily Press, February 26, 1967; and “Trees Planted In Tourist Park Near Airport,” Artesia Daily Press, February 9, 1967, both clippings on file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 17, UNM, CSWR 270 “Beautification drive begins in Mora,” Las Vegas Daily Optic, June 12, 1967; and “Merchants Back Beautification of Road Median,” The Española New Mexican, June 29, 1967; and “Women Deserve Praise,” Las Cruces Sun-News, clippings on file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 17, UNM, CSWR 271 Eunice Kalloch, letter to the Members of the Civic Beautification Committee, May 22, 1967, on file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 8, UNM, CSWR 272 Photograph with caption in Portales News-Tribune, March 29, 1967, clipping on file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 13, UNM, CSWR 273 “Students Help Beautify Their School,” Gallup Daily Independent, June 7, 1967, clipping on file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 13, UNM, CSWR 274 “Tree Project,” Farmington Daily Times, May 3, 1967, clipping on file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 13, UNM, CSWR 275 “From the Publisher,” Torrance County Citizen, September 21, 1967, clipping on file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 13, UNM, CSWR 269 Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 59 A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico project a “minus-civic-pride citation: a mixed bouquet of wild onions, tumbleweed, and spreading goat-heads.”276 By 1967, the Big Ditch in Silver City had become an area where juvenile delinquents could escape to after creating disorder downtown As a result, the American Association of University Women supported developing and beautifying the ditch Although it had been previously upgraded for park use by the SCS, by the 1970s it was seen by residents as an embarrassment.277 During that decade, a federal program allowed Silver City to redevelop the Big Ditch as a park The proposed project was in the city masterplan and included updating existing park areas, adding a new footbridge, and adding landscaping and terracing and planting a variety of native and exotic flora.278 By 1969, no matter the feelings about the Siberian elm, Albuquerque had been infested by the elm beetle and the citizens were working to save the trees John Gray, a local nurseryman, sprayed seven trees in Roosevelt Park with an oil based insecticide Within an hour the beetles began to fall from the trees and Gray felt that he had demonstrated that the beetle could be controlled After the demonstration, Parks and Recreation Department director, Robert Burgan, asked members of the Albuquerque Tree and Shrubbery Association, the County, and NMSU to develop specifications that the city could use to begin spraying trees to remove the beetle in a more holistic manner.279 As Albuquerque was dealing with pests for the Chinese elm, in which the city was so heavily invested, in 1971, 41 years after American trees were first infected with the disease, the USDA announced that they believed they were close to eliminating Dutch elm disease By that time, the disease had killed around 16 million elms and affected how agencies and the public dealt with trees that became diseased As the public was coming around to wanting to save diseased species rather than rid their community of the trees, the USDA was experimenting with inoculations of chemical compounds to create a disease resistant elm, including grafting European and Siberian elm to develop a new species that would be resistant to the disease and provide shade for urban environments.280 276 Opinion article in El Independente, August 18, 1967, clipping on file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 13, UNM, CSWR 277 No author, “Proposed Big Ditch Riverwalk Park,” newsletter located in George Pearl Papers, MSS 782 BC, Box 9, Folder 25, UNM, CSWR 278 Ibid 279 “City May Begin War Against Elm Beetles,” Albuquerque Journal, August 6, 1969, p 280 “Scourge of Elms May Be Close To Eradication,” Albuquerque Journal, June 27, 1971, p 50 Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 60 A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico 9.0 SUMMARY Urban trees in New Mexico, for all intents and purposes, began with Bishop Lamy in Santa Fe Although the Spanish imported fruit trees, most of the trees in the settled cities were gone by the time that Lamy arrived The bishop planted eight trees that have stood the test of time and endured in the New Mexico landscape But, humans being what we are, are always enthralled with fashion, science, and trends and are always looking for the next best thing Over the years there were 53 more types of trees that were imported and planted in the state.281 The federal government started during the 1800s to encourage Americans to plant exotic trees, Clyde Tingley gave away over 200,000 Chinese elm during his political career, and the State Forestry Department gave over million trees to the public in a four-year period from 1963-1977 Whatever values are placed on those actions and their effect on the development of New Mexico, one universal truth is that humans like trees and one of the first things they in a new environment, is to plant a tree Trees have a recognized place in the development on every civilized community Their presence creates a home-like atmosphere and is suggestive of permanence Their absence suggests a transient or unesthetic population.282 281 282 This includes the trees that were documented during research for this report, there may be more “Trees for Shade and Ornamental Planting in Arizona and New Mexico.” Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 61 A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico BIBLIOGRAPHY Arellano, Juan Estevan “Fruit of Their Labors: The Agricultural Revolution in New Spain.” , accessed September 26, 2017 Aztec Museum Association “Historic Aztec: Self-Guided Walking & Biking Tours,” 2010 Bell, Ray S “New Mexico State Forest Conservation Commission, July 8, 1957.” New Mexico Forestry Division Records, Forest Conservation – Minutes, Manuals, Rules and Regs – 19571977, Serial Number 7906, Folder 1957-1972 On file at New Mexico State Records Center and Archives “New Mexico State Forestry Minutes, April 4, 1960,” New Mexico Forestry Division Records, Forest Conservation – Minutes, Manuals, Rules and Regs – 1957-1977, Serial Number 7906 On file at New Mexico State Records Center and Archives Bell, Ray S and John G Baird “Operating Plan New Mexico Forestry Department, F.Y 1958.” New Mexico Forestry Division Records, Forest Conservation-Minutes, Manuals, Rules and Regs-1957-1977, Serial Number 7906 On file at New Mexico Records Center and Archives Burroughs, Jean M., Editor Roosevelt County History and Heritage Portales, New Mexico: Bishop Printing Company, 1975 Chase, John A Chairman of the Parks and Recreation Board, letter to Members of the City Commission, September 17, 1984 On file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 2, Folder 7, UNM, CSWR Chairman Parks and Recreation Board, letter for City Commission, September 21, 1954 On file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 2, Folder 7, UNM, CSWR City of Albuquerque “City of Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1953 Annual Report.” On file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 2, Folder 7, UNM, CSWR “Preliminary Recommendations of the Albuquerque Parks and Recreation Board.” On file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 2, Folder 7, UNM, CSWR Parks and Recreation Department, “A Plan for Development and Maintenance of Dividers Within the Albuquerque Area.” December 28, 1962 On file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 3, UNM, CSWR Conron, John P Socorro: A Historic Survey Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1980 Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 62 A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico Culbert, James I “Cattle Industry of New Mexico.” Economic Geography, Vol 17, No April 1941 Davis, Mary, Kathleen Brooker, and Susan Dewitt National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, “Spruce Park Historic District.” January 1981 On file at New Mexico Historic Preservation Division Dunmire, William W Gardens of New Spain: How Mediterranean Plants and Foods Changed America Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004 Ford, D’Lyn “Colonial Heritage Orchard Preserves Old Fruit Varieties in Northern New Mexico,” 12/09/2002, , accessed September 26, 2017 Fordyce, Kenneth “Early Transportation,” June 17, 1939 Located in File #127, Works Project Administration Collection at New Mexico State Records Center & Archives Fox, Chris P “The First Railroad Bridge Across the Rio Grande.” Password, The El Paso County Historical Society, Vol XXV, No El Paso, Texas, Spring 1980 Fugate, Francis L and Roberta B Roadside History of New Mexico Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company, 1989 Hooker, Van Dorn Only in New Mexico Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000 Horgan, Paul Lamy of Santa Fe: His Life and Times New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1975 Hufstetler, Mark and Lon Johnson National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, “Carlsbad Irrigation District.” On file at New Mexico Historic Preservation Division Jenkins, Myra Ellen and Spencer Wilson “Socorro: Facts not Fancy.” , accessed October 13, 2017 Jonnes, Jill Urban Forests: A Natural History of Trees and People in the American Cityscape New York: Penguin Books, 2017 Julyan, Robert The Place Names of New Mexico Revised Edition Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998 Kammer, David National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, “Clayton Public Schools Historic District,” 1996 National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, “Park Lake Historic District,” 1995 Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 63 A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico Kammer, David (continued) National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, “Carrie Tingley Hospital Historic District,” 2005 Leopold, Donald J “Chinese and Siberian Elms.” Journal of Arboriculture 6(7) July 1980 MacCameron, Robert “Environmental Change in Colonial New Mexico.” Environmental History Review, Vol 18, No 2, Summer 1994 Middleton, William D., George M Smerk, and Roberta L Diehl, Editors Encyclopedia of North American Railroads Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2007 Morris, Jeffry B and Richard B Morris, Encyclopedia of American History, Seventh Edition, Revised and Updated New York: Harpers Collins Publishers, Inc., 1996 Murphey, John National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, “Carrizozo Commercial Historic District.” September 15, 2015 Myrick, David F New Mexico’s Railroads: A Historical Survey, Revised Edition Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990 New Mexico Department of State Forestry Annual Report, 51st Fiscal Year, July 1, 1962 through June 30, 1963 New Mexico Forestry Division Records, Forest Conservation – Minutes, Manuals, Rules and Regs – 19571977, Serial Number 7906 On file at New Mexico State Records Center and Archives Annual Report, 52nd Fiscal Year, July 1, 1963 through June 30, 1964 New Mexico Forestry Division Records, Forest Conservation – Minutes, Manuals, Rules and Regs – 1957-1977, Serial Number 7906 On file at New Mexico State Records Center and Archives New Mexico State Highway Department “State of New Mexico Report on Fiscal Survey 1935-1936.” On file at New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department Library “New Mexico Highways Report to the People.” 1956 On file at New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department Library No author Application for Registration, New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties, State Planning Office, Santa Fe, “Las Cocinitas”, SR-37 “A Brief History of the Ridgecrest Area.” Typed pages in TACA, MSS 774 BC, Box 1, Folder “Neighborhood Tours 1983-89.” On file at UNM, CSWR Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 64 A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico No author (continued) Aztec, Los Lunas, Raton, and Tucumcari, Report of Community Beautification Activities, 1966 On file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 4, Folder 5, UNM, CSWR “First Lady Biography: Lady Bird Johnson.” , accessed November 7, 2017 “Guadalupe County, NM: Genealogy and History.” , accessed 15 August 2017 “Proposed Big Ditch Riverwalk Park.” Newsletter located in George Pearl Papers, MSS 782 BC, Box 9, Folder 25, UNM, CSWR “The Environmental First Lady,” , accessed October 11, 2017 “Walking Tour of the Spruce Park Historic District,” October 22, 1983, TACA, MSS 774 BC, Box 1, Folder “Neighborhood Tours 1983-89,” UNM, CSWR “What is the Big Ditch? Part II: The Story of the River from Nowhere,” Silver City’s Historical Guide and Downtown Shopper, April 29-May 6, 1977, on file in George Pearl Papers, MSS 782 BC, Box 9, Folder 27, UNM, CSWR Pennock, Anthony National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, “Mesquite Original Townsite District of Las Cruces.” May 10, 1980 Platt, Kenneth B “The Taylor Grazing Act in Operation, Article 5” Squaw Butte Regional Range Experiment Station, Burns, Oregon, circular, February 28, 1940, p Located in Box 03- administration, topography-1936, Serial Number 5609, Folder holl vert in Works Project Administration Collection at New Mexico State Records Center & Archives Pregill, Philip and Nancy Volkman Landscapes in History: Design and Planning in the Western Tradition New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993 Roberston, Donald B Encyclopedia of Western Railroad History: The Desert States, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah Caldwell, Ohio: The Caxton Printers, Ltd, 1986 Roosevelt, Franklin D Letter to Nelson C Brown at New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, March 8, 1933 File 128 at , accessed November 1, 2017 Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 65 A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico Rutkow, Eric American Canopy: Trees, Forest, and the Making of a Nation New York: Scribner, 2012 Ryerson, Knowles A “History and Significance of the Foreign Plant Introduction Work of the United States Department of Agriculture.” Agricultural History, Vol 7, No (July 1933) Simmons, Marc Albuquerque: A Narrative History Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982 U.S Congress, Sixty-Eighth Congress, Session I, Chapter 348, June 7, 1924 U.S Forest Service, Southwestern District, “Trees for Shade and Ornamental Planting in Arizona and New Mexico,” United States Department of Agricultural, Forest Service, Southwestern District, 1927, pp 2-9 Located in Box 03-administration, topography-1936, Serial Number 5609, Folder holl vert in Works Project Administration Collection at New Mexico State Records Center & Archives Van Citters, Karen, Edith Cherry, and William A Dodge “University of New Mexico Preservation Plan.” Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2006 Walter, Paul A.F and Max Frost The Land of Sunshine: A Handbook of the Resources, Products, Industries and Climate of New Mexico New Mexico Bureau of Immigration, Santa Fe: New Mexican Printing Company, 1906 Walter, Paul A.F “Yesterdays In the Spanish Southwest, Sketch No 137”, Albuquerque Journal, May 20, 1929 White, Langdon C., Edwin J Foscue, and Tom L McKnight Regional Geography of AngloAmerica, Fifth Edition Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1979 Williams, Gerald W The USDA Forest Service––The First Century Washington, D.C.: USDA Forest Service, Office of Communication, 2005 Wilson, Chris and Stefanos Polysoides, Editors The Plazas of New Mexico San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 2011 NEWSPAPERS Alamogordo News “Mountain Park Nurseries.” February 3, 1906, p “Landscape Plants Cause for Nursery.” March 9, 1950, p “Will Plant 140 Shade Trees In Community Planting, Sunday.” Mary 20, 1952, p “City Can Furnish Trees for Gallup.” Photograph, August 17, 1907, p Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 66 A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico Albuquerque Citizen “Alamogordo.” October 22, 1902, p “Incorporations.” April 22, 1903, p “Nursery Products.” December, 11, 1906, p “Carload of Trees for Otero County.” April 5, 1906, p “A Bratina: General Merchandise and Real Estate for Sale.” May 16, 1906, p “A Carload of Trees.” February 18, 1909, p February 27, 1909, p Albuquerque Journal “Fruit Trees The Franklin Nurseries, Agency at Albuquerque, NM.” March 18, 1884, p “Farmington Branch Still Tied Up.” November 22, 1911, p “Forestry Experiments at Fort Bayard.” August 4, 1905, p “Fort Bayard Forestry Nursery Flourishing.” August 28, 1906, p “Forest Planting to Begin on Extensive Scale in Near Future.” January 21, 1915, p February 20, 1908, p Fabian Garcia, “Tells What Trees should be Planted on Arbor Day.” March 26, 1906, p Reprinted from the Fort Sumner Review, October 11, 1909, p “Would Cut Down Cotton Bearing Trees.” June 29, 1908, p “Tree Planting on Extensive Scale at Carlsbad.” December 19, 1909, p “Park Commission Makes Permanent Improvements.” May 19, 1911, p March 17, 1912, p September 29, 1912, p April 4, 1908, p “For Sale!” October 21, 1912, p “The Cotton Nuisance.” June 25, 1913, p “Abate the Nuisance.” June 28, 1913, p “Fifty Years Ago.” January 16, 1963, p “2,000 Black Locust Trees from Quarter’s Worth of Seeds.” May 8, 1910, p “Time to Plant Trees is Now, Say Foresters.” March 2, 1916, p March 12, 1920, p “Data on Nurseries at Forest Service.” April 12, 1921, p “Grauch [sic] to Take Charge of Gallinas Nursery.” March 19, 1914, p “Forest Service Trees Growing Well in City.” April 20, 1921, p “Citizens Have Chance to Get Fir Trees Free.” April 5, 1921, p “Tells the Kind of Trees to Plant in this Region: Bulletin Issued by Department of Agriculture Contains Valuable Advice for Shade Tree Planters.” January 28, 1918, p “Eliminate all Female Species of Cottonwoods: J.T Young, Expert Tree Grower, Recommends American Elm and Black Locust as Best Shade Trees.” March 23, 1920, p “Preserve Shade Trees of City Says Tree Man.” February 26, 1921, p “University Heights Doings.” July 13, 1921, p 10 “University Heights Doings.” March 21, 1922, p “Cottonwood Nuisance.” June 22, 1925, p “Society.” January 15, 1927, p “New Mexico Nurseries.” March 15, 1928, p Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 67 A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico Albuquerque Journal (continued) “Nurseries to Have Opening of a New Warehouse Today.” February 14, 1928, p J.T Young, “Landscape Gardening.” February 26, 1928, p 17 Elaborate Plan by Expert for Parkland Hills is Carried Out.” March 11, 1928, p 11 Nursery advertisement April 7, 1929, p Classified advertisements March 26, 1929, p “Non-Bearing Mulberry Best for Albuquerque Home Owners, Says United States Forest Authority.” March 17, 1929, p 19 “Pruning Shade Trees Must Be Done Scientifically or it is Harmful, Expert Tells Journal.” February 24, 1929, p 17 “Chinese Elm Tree Nursery Successful at Blind’s School.” March 7, 1931, p W.H Long, “Black Locust is Undesirable as Shade Trees, Because of the Pest which will Attack it: This is Statement of Government Plant Specialist Who Says Survey Shows Many Here Diseased.” February 2, p “City’s Water Table Lower Says Speaker: Pathologist in Address to Kiwanis Club, Asserts Trees Dying Because of Various Improvements.” October 9, 1930, p “Development of City Parks by Conservation Workers Discussed by Municipal, State Commissions.” September 6, 1933, p “City Can Furnish Trees for Gallup.” August 21, 1953, p 16 “Free Tree Distribution.” November 29, 1935, p “Appointees Chosen for Hot Springs Children’s Hospital.” April 7, 1937, p 11 “City Will Give Away Chinese Elm Trees Las Week of March.” March 6, 1942, p 14 “Colfax County Gets 8,000 Elm Seedlings: 200,000 Distributed Over State in 10 Years.” March 18, 1943, p “City and County School Children Plant 3,290 Trees, Join in Program Participated in by 15 Counties in State on Arbor Day.” April 3, 1937, p “State Co-operation.” April 1, 1937, p “124,000 Trees Being Distributed to New Mexico Farmers by Soil Conservation Service: Will make for Better Rural Living, Says Forestry Expert.” February 8, 1945, p “Trees Go Fast, Only 40 Left.” February 19, 1946, p “Free Tree Registration Gets Under Way Today.” February 26, 1953, p “Free Booklet Describes Best Shade Trees Here.” May 4, 1952, p “Selection of Shade Trees Is a Problem Here.” November 22, 1953, p 33 Nursery advertisement, January 24, 1954, p 32 May 2, 1957, p 17 “Termed by Pest Expert: City Urged to Outlaw Siberian Elm Trees.” February 11, 1965, p 36 “City Commission Asked To Outlaw Chinese Elms.” May 5, 1959, p Herbert Brownwell “Slaughter of Friends.” February 15, 1965, p Marcus Walton “The Trees We Love to Hate.” Impact: Albuquerque Journal Magazine, April 10, 1984, p Cliff Lloyd “Tax the Elms.” February 10, 1966, p “City May Begin War Against Elm Beetles.” August 6, 1969, p “Scourge of Elms May Be Close To Eradication.” June 27, 1971, p 50 Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 68 A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico Artesia Daily Press Curtis and Carol Beard “Plants Needed for Landscaping College Listed.” February 26, 1967 On file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 17, UNM, CSWR “Trees Planted In Tourist Park Near Airport.” February 9, 1967 On file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 17, UNM, CSWR Las Cruces Sun-News, December 28, 1906, p March 11, 1910, p November 15, 1912, p January 1, 1915, p “Greenery Here Is Amazing Newcomers To Las Cruces.” March 26, 1961, p “Women Deserve Praise.” On file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 17, UNM, CSWR Las Vegas Daily Optic, “Track and Train.” December 17, 1890, p “Territorial Topics.” April 22, 1891, p “Beautification drive begins in Mora,” June 12, 1967 San Juan County Index April 20, 1906, p July 8, 1904, p “Aztec Nursery.” March 9, 1906, p The Carlsbad Current March 3, 1911, p “Plant More Shade Trees.” January 22, 1915, p The Clayton Citizen March 25, 1916, p May 4, 1916, p The Clovis News “Notice.” February 26, 1915, p June 11, 1915, p March 15, 1915, p April 17, 1919, p The Deming Headlight “Baker’s New Well is a Peach.” April 28, 1911, p “Experimental Farm and Nursery.” September 27, 1912, p “Luna County World’s Fair, Trees from Seed.” September 30, 1910, p “One Cent a Word Column.” February 9, 1912, p “Trees and Shrubbery for Sanatorium.” February 5, 1915, p Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 69 A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico The Deming Headlight (continued) “Stark Bros Trees Coming.” November 25, 1919, p The Las Vegas Gazette “Nursery Notice.” November 8, 1881, p “Fruit Trees and Shrubbery.” June 22, 1881, p “Notice to the Public.” August 5, 1881, p “J Rock’s Nurseries.” April 4, 1882, p August 18, 1883, p The New Mexican Review “A Matter of Justice.” December 15, 188, p 3; and Charles A Keffer “Order Nursery Stock Now, New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and Experiment Station.” October 19, 1899, reprinted October 26, 1899 The Santa Fe New Mexican August 18, 1868, p “Nursery for Sale.” January 11, 1871, p “Pomological: La Mesilla, New Mexico, March 4, 1871.” March 11, 1871, p 21 “A Fairy Scene, The Archbishop’s Orchard and Garden––Fruits––Flowers––Shade Trees–– Vegetables––the Lake––Cuba, etc.” July 27, 1876, p “Trees for Sale.” December 7, 1880, p March 22, 1884, p “Forest Service Finishes Rio Bonito Tree Nursery.” June 7, 1907, p “Santa Fe Nursery!” April 29, 1890, p “Santa Fe Nursery.” April 17, 1894, p “City Tree Planting Successful as a Community Stunt.” February 12, 1920, p “Over 100,000 Trees Planted at Big Nursery near Las Vegas; Many and Valuable are Results of Work.” September 12, 1914, p “Saving the Cottonwoods.” Santa Fe New Mexican, reprinted from the Roswell Southwestern Dispatch, July 2, 1928, p “Will Give School Kids 10,000 Young Trees.” April 20, 1949, p Joe M Clark, “Shade Trees Are Valuable Addition to the Landscape.” May 29, 1960, p 24 “Careful Selection of Good Shade Trees Improves Property Via New Patio Beauty, Better Landscape.” September 10, 1961, p 23 The Tucumcari News and Tucumcari Times “Arbor Day.” March 31, 1906, p “Haney Summer Nursery Company” December 29, 1906, p J.E Mundell, “The Tree Varieties for Tucumcari,” January 28, 1914, p May 27, 1915, p September 9, 1915, p August 19, 1915, p “The City Beautiful.” March 14, 1913, p.1 Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 70 A Brief History of Urban Trees in New Mexico The Tucumcari News and Tucumcari Times (continued) C.A Bennett, “Horticulture: The Tree Peddler.” Reprinted from Farmer’s Review, March 31, 1906, p January 30 1909, p The Weekly New Mexican Arthur Boyle “Horticultural, President Boyle’s Address to the Fruit Growers of New Mexico.” April 15, 1886, p “100,000 Fruit Trees, How New Mexico Goes to the Front in Horticulture.” April 15, 1886, p “From Fort Selden to Santa Fe.” February 20, 1877, p Other Newspaper Articles: “Park Avenue Nursery.” The Socorro Chieftain May 9, 1888, p The San Juan Times October 18, 1895, p “Typhoid Fever––Basswood Trees––A Dyke Greatly Needed.” Albuquerque Weekly Citizen November 14, 1903, p “Growing Artificial Forests, Important Circular Issued by the Forest Commissioner.” Rio Grande Republican March 10, 1888, p “Lordsburg: Its Resources, Its Prospects, Its Men of Merit.” Western Liberal, Volume IX, No December 13, 1895, p “Farm Trees Are ‘Taxpayers’.” Clovis News Journal February 25, 1943, p “Merchants Back Beautification of Road Median.” The Española New Mexican June 29, 1967 On file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 17, UNM, CSWR Photograph with caption in Portales News-Tribune March 29, 1967 On file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 13, UNM, CSWR “Students Help Beautify Their School.” Gallup Daily Independent June 7, 1967 On file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 13, UNM, CSWR “Tree Project.” Farmington Daily Times May 3, 1967 On file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 13, UNM, CSWR “From the Publisher.” Torrance County Citizen September 21, 1967 On file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 1949-1980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 13, UNM, CSWR Opinion article in El Independente August 18, 1967 On file in Eunice Kalloch Papers, 19491980, MSS 384 BC, Box 1, Folder 13, UNM, CSWR Van Citters: Historic Preservation, LLC 71