Are Wildlife Good in Themselves-An Empirical Exploration into the Prevalence and Features of the Belief that Wildlife Possess Intrinsic Value (Absolute Final)

Are Wildlife Good in Themselves? An Empirical Exploration Into the Prevalence and Features of the Belief That Wildlife Possess Intrinsic Value Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Benjamin J Wickizer, B A Graduate Program in Environment and Natural Resource The Ohio State University 2016 Thesis Committee: Dr Jeremy T Bruskotter, Advisor Dr Eric Toman Dr Robyn S Wilson Copyrighted by Benjamin J Wickizer 2016 Abstract Intrinsic value has been the focus of philosophers’ inquiries in numerous contexts In the case of wildlife, environmental ethicists have offered a variety of frameworks asserting that species possess value outside of the utility they offer humans, although there is contention within the field as to these claims However, wildlife’s intrinsic value has received minimal attention outside of the normative approach taken by environmental ethics Thus, little is understood about intrinsic value in the context of conservation from a social psychological perspective Using a national data sample from the United States, this study addresses four research questions: 1) What is the prevalence of the belief that wildlife possess intrinsic value? 2) Is the belief that wildlife possess intrinsic value separate and distinct from existing measures of wildlife value orientation (i.e., mutualism)? 3) Does the belief that wildlife possess intrinsic value help explain other wildlife-related judgments? 4) What social and demographic factors are associated with the belief that wildlife possess intrinsic value? The study found that a majority of the public (69%) holds the belief that wildlife possess intrinsic value; that intrinsic-value belief is distinct from wildlife value orientation; that intrinsic-value belief is associated with other wildlife-related judgments; and that most social and demographic factors have minimal direct association with ii intrinsic-value belief These findings have implications for the field of human dimensions of wildlife as well as wildlife policy Perhaps most importantly, my findings suggest the majority of the American public deems wildlife worthy moral consideration – meaning, wildlife are entitled to be treated in ways that consider their welfare, rather than simply being utilized for humanity’s benefit Presently, wildlife policy in the United States largely ignores the welfare of wildlife, focusing almost exclusively on provisioning benefits to human beings Altering wildlife policy such that it provides meaningful consideration for the welfare of wild animals would require profound changes to the policies and institutions that govern wildlife conservation in the U.S iii Dedication I dedicate this work to my grandmother, Barbara Painter She engendered a resolute curiosity in me, and taught me about, among many other wondrous things, trilliums iv Acknowledgments I first would like to acknowledge the insights that Dr Eric Toman, Dr Robyn Wilson, and Dr Jeremy Bruskotter have provided, in addition to their willingness to review my final work Additionally, I am indebted to Dr Bruskotter for his excellent guidance, training, and assistance during my tenure at Ohio State University I thank Dr Bruskotter and Dr Wilson for allowing me to utilize their dataset The faculty at my undergraduate institution, SUNY Geneseo, whose training exceptionally prepared me to pursue my future professional and academic undertakings, deserve acknowledgment Specifically, I must thank Dr William Cook and Dr Jordan Kleiman They taught me to ask the right questions and understand the significance of the answers I am appreciative of my family’s patience with my persistent inquiries for their opinions of wildlife and axiological subjects, which helped frame my thinking about this work I am grateful for my mom’s unwavering support and faith in my ability to succeed and surmount challenges I thank my dad for his helpful informal statistics consultations, but more importantly, for his boundless willingness to listen and provide insight and encouragement And last, but certainly not least, I am eternally grateful to my fiancée, Laura, whose support, patience, belief, and love serve as a wellspring for me v Vita 2005…………………………………………Mercer Island High School 2010…………………………………………B.A History, SUNY Geneseo 2013 to present…………………………… M.S The Ohio State University Publications Wickizer, B J., & Snow, A (2011) Rediscovering the transportation frontier: Improving sustainability in the United States through passenger rail Sustainable Development Law and Policy, 11(1), 12-16, 61-62 Fields of Study Major Field: Environment and Natural Resources Specialization: Environmental Social Science vi Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………ii Dedication……………………………………………………………………………… iv Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………… v Vita……………………………………………………………………………………… vi List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………viii Introduction………………………… ……………………………………………………1 Literature Review………………… …………………………………………………… Methods………………… ………………………………………………………………45 Results………………… ……………………………………………………………… 61 Discussion…………… …………………………………………………………………83 Limitations…………… ……………………………………………………………… 97 Conclusion and Suggested Future Research………….……………………………… 100 References………………………………………………………………………………102 vii List of Tables Table Descriptive Statistics for Logistic Regression Model Independent Variables…62 Table Agreement With the Response Item: “Wildlife Have Inherent Value, Above and Beyond Their Utility to People.”……………………………………………………… 64 Table Agreement With Response Item: “Wildlife are Only Valuable if People Get to Utilize Them in Some Way.”…………………………………………………………….65 Table Prevalence of Intrinsic Value Belief for Combined Intrinsic-Value Measure….65 Table Principal Component Analysis for Wildlife Value Orientation and IntrinsicValue Items………………………………………………………………………………68 Table ANOVA for Intrinsic-Value Belief and Wildlife Attitude…………………… 70 Table ANOVA for Intrinsic-Value Belief and Variance of Wildlife Attitudes……….71 Table Intrinsic-Value Believers’ and Non-Believers’ Attitudes Towards Individual Animals………………………………………………………………………………… 72 Table Intrinsic-Value Belief and Wildlife Attitude (Controlling for Wildlife Value Orientation)………………………………………………………………………………75 Table 10 Intrinsic-Value Belief and Variance of Wildlife Attitudes (Controlling for Wildlife Value Orientation)…………………………………………………………… 76 Table 11 Prevalence of Support for the Endangered Species Act………………………77 viii Table 12 Logistic Regression Model Explaining Endangered Species Act Support……79 Table 13 Logistic Regression Model Explaining Intrinsic-Value Belief……………… 81 ix References Abramson, P R (2011, March) Critiques and counter-critiques of the postmaterialism thesis: Thirty-four years of debate Paper presented at the meeting for Global Cultural Changes Conferences: Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M (1980) Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Barnosky, A D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., Wogan, G O U., Swartz, B., Quental, T B., Ferrer, E A (2011) Has the earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived? 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The study found that a majority of the public (69%) holds the belief that wildlife possess intrinsic