current trends in investigation of concrete biodeterioration

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 65 (2013) 346 – 351 &RQFUHWHDQG&RQFUHWH6WUXFWXUHV&RQIHUHQFH &XUUHQW7UHQGVLQ,QYHVWLJDWLRQRI&RQFUHWH%LRGHWHULRUDWLRQ 9ODVWD2QGUHMND+DUEXODNRYDD $GULDQD(VWRNRYDE1DGH]GD6WHYXORYDE$OHQD /XSWiNRYiF.DWDULQD)RUDLRYDG D 7HFKQLFDO8QLYHVLW\RI.RVLFH)DFXOW\RI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ,QVWLWXWHRI(QYLURQHPHQWDO(QJLQHHULQJ'HSDUWPHQWRI(QYLURQPHQWDO (QJLQHHULQJ9\VRNRVNROVND.RVLFH6ORYDNLD E 7HFKQLFDO8QLYHVLW\RI.RVLFH)DFXOW\RI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ,QVWLWXWHRI(QYLURQPHQWDO(QJLQHHULQJ'HSDUWPHQWRI0DWHULDO(QJLQHHULQJ 9\VRNRVNROVND.RVLFH6ORYDNLD F 6ORYDN$FDGDP\RI6FLHQFH,QVWLWXWHRI*HRWHFKQLFV:DWVRQRYD.RVLFH6ORYDNLD G (DVWHUQ6ORYDNLD:DWHU6XSSO\&RPSDQ\.RPHQVNHKR.RVLFH6ORYDNLD  $EVWUDFW 7KHLVVXHRIWKHEXLOGLQJPDWHULDOVELRGHWHULRUDWLRQKDVDVLJQLILFDQWHFRQRPLFGLPHQVLRQEHFDXVHLWUHVXOWVLQWKHFRVWO\UHSDLU 7KH VWDUW DQG WKH FRXUVH RI FRUURVLRQ DUH FRQGLWLRQHG E\ PDQ\ IDFWRUV ZKLFK XQGRXEWHGO\ LQFOXGH ELRORJLFDO HIIHFWV OLNH WKH LQIOXHQFHRIYHJHWDWLRQDQGPLFURRUJDQLVPVFDXVLQJWKHVRFDOOHGPLFURELDOFRUURVLRQ0LFURRUJDQLVPVKDYHDOVRDFRQVLGHUDEOH VKDUHLQWKHGHFD\DQGGHJUDGDWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWEXLOGLQJPDWHULDOV 7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI VXOSKDWH DWWDFN RQ FRQFUHWH VDPSOHV FDXVHG E\ VLPXOWDQHRXV HIIHFW RI VXOSKXUR[LGLVLQJ EDFWHULD UHSUHVHQWHG E\ $FLGLWKLREDFLOOXV WKLRR[LGDQV DQG VXOSKDWHUHGXFLQJ EDFWHULD UHSUHVHQWHG E\ 'HVXOIRYLEULR GHVXOIXULFDQV  7KH H[SHULPHQWV SURFHHGHG LQ PRGHO ODERUDWRU\ FRQGLWLRQV DV ZHOO DV LQ VLWX LQ ZDVWH ZDWHU LQ VHZHUDJHV\VWHPV7KHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQFKDQJHVRIFRQFUHWHVDPSOHVZHLJKWFKDQJHVDQGFKDQJHVLQFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWK ZHUHLQYHVWLJDWHG  ‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG © 2013 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd Selection and peer-review under responsibility of University of Zilina, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Structures 6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI8QLYHUVLW\RI=LOLQD)DFXOW\RI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ'HSDUWPHQWRI6WUXFWXUHV and Bridges DQG%ULGJHV H\ZRUGV %LRFRUURVLRQFRQFUHWHFKHPLFDODQDO\VLV   7HOID[ (PDLODGGUHVVYODVWDKDUEXODNRYD#WXNHVN 1877-7058 © 2013 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd Selection and peer-review under responsibility of University of Zilina, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Structures and Bridges doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.09.053 Vlasta Ondrejka Harbulakova et al / Procedia Engineering 65 (2013) 346 –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±VXFKDVWKHVXOSKXUUHGXFLQJDQG SURWHRO\WLF EDFWHULD LQ WKH VHZHU ±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 7KH ODVW VSHFLHV OLVWHG LV DQ DFLGRSKLOLF VXOIXUR[LGL]LQJPLFURRUJDQLVP$620>@)XQJLKDYHDOVRUHFHQWO\EHHQIRXQGWREHLQYROYHGLQWKHFRUURVLRQ SURFHVVHV>@7KHFRORQL]DWLRQRIWKHFRQFUHWHLVDQH[FHOOHQWH[DPSOHRIPLFURELDOVXFFHVVLRQ2QFHWKHS+RIWKH FRQFUHWHVXUIDFHLVUHGXFHGWRDQGZLWKVXIILFLHQWQXWULHQWVPRLVWXUHDQGR[\JHQVRPHVSHFLHVRIVXOSKXUEDFWHULD OLNH$FLGLWKLREDFLOOXVVSSPHQWLRQHGDERYHFDQDWWDFNWKHFRQFUHWHVXUIDFHDQGUHSURGXFH>@ 7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV WKH SDUWLFXODU UHVXOWV RI WKH H[SHULPHQWV IRFXVHG RQ WKH VLPXODWLRQ RI VXOSKDWHEDVHG ELR FRUURVLRQRQFRQFUHWHVDPSOHVXQGHUODERUDWRU\FRQGLWLRQDVZHOODVRQELRFRUURVLRQLQVLWX 0DWHULDODQG0HWKRGV &RQFUHWHVDPSOHVRIYDULRXVFRPSRVLWLRQVZHUHSUHSDUHGIRUWKHH[SHULPHQWVVWDQGDUGFRQFUHWHPL[WXUHZLWKRXW DQ\DGGLWLYHVDQGPL[WXUHZLWKUHSODFHPHQWRIFHPHQWE\FRDOIO\DVK7KHPRUHGHWDLOHGLQIRUPDWLRQDERXW WKH PL[WXUHV FRPSRVLWLRQ DQG FRDO IO\ DVK FKHPLFDO DQDO\VLV DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ RXU SUHYLRXV ZRUNV >@ &XELF [[PPDQGF\OLQGULFDOPPLQGLDPHWHUDQGPP LQ KHLJKWFRQFUHWHVDPSOHV ZHUHXVHGLQWKH H[SHULPHQWV&\OLQGHUFRQFUHWHVDPSOHVZHUHIRUPHGDVDGULOOHGFRUHIURPFRQFUHWHFXEHXVLQJGULOOLQJPHFKDQLVPV 67$0 3UHSDUHG FRQFUHWH VDPSOHV ZHUH LQYHVWLJDWHG DJDLQVW VLPXOWDQHRXV HIIHFW RI VXOSKDWH  UHGXFLQJ EDFWHULD 65%'HVXOILYLEULRVSSDQG$FLGLWKLREDFLOOXVWKLRR[LGDQV )LUVWVHWRIVDPSOHVKDVEHHQWHVWHGE\ODERUDWRU\VLPXODWLRQRIELRFRUURVLRQDQGVHFRQGSDUWRIVDPSOHVKDVEHHQ WHVWHGLQVLWX /DERUDWRU\VLPXODWLRQH[SHULPHQWVSURFHHGHGGXULQJGD\VDQGDUHGHVFULEHGLQPRUHGHWDLOVLQRXUSUHYLRXV SDSHUV>@6XOSKXUR[LGL]LQJEDFWHULD$FLGLWKLREDFLOOXVWKLRR[LGDQVZHUHLVRODWHGIURPWKHPL[HGFXOWXUHREWDLQHG IURPWKHPLQHZDWHUWKHVKDIW3HFKWKHORFDOLW\6PROQtN(DVWHUQ6ORYDNLDDQGWKHVHOHFWLYHQXWULHQWPHGLXP. ZDVXVHGIRUWKHLVRODWLRQDQGFXOWLYDWLRQRIWKHP2SWLPDOJURZWKWHPSHUDWXUHZDVž&DQGS+KDVEHHQLQ ±UDQJH6XOSKDWHUHGXFLQJEDFWHULD'HVXOIRYLEULRVSSXVHGLQWKHH[SHULPHQWZHUHLVRODWHGIURPDPL[HG FXOWXUH REWDLQHG IURP WKH SRWDEOH PLQHUDO ZDWHU *DMGRYND VSULQJ WKH ORFDOLW\ RãLFHQRUWK 6ORYDNLD 7KH VHOHFWLYHQXWULHQWPHGLXP'603RVWJDWHZDVXVHGIRULVRODWLRQDQGFXOWLYDWLRQRIWKHVHEDFWHULD2SWLPDO JURZWKFRQGLWLRQVZHUHS+UDQJHIURPWRDQGWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJHRIž&PH]RILOLFDQGž& WKHUPRILOLF 348 Vlasta Ondrejka Harbulakova et al / Procedia Engineering 65 (2013) 346 – 351 ,QVLWXH[SHULPHQWVSURFHHGHGE\LPPHUVLRQRIFRQFUHWHVDPSOHVLQWRWKHZDVWHZDWHURIVHZHUDJHV\VWHPLQFLW\ RI.RVLFHIRUF\OLQGHUVDPSOHVDQGDQGPRQWKVFXEHVDPSOHV±)LJ7KHSDUDPHWHUVRIZDVWHZDWHU IURPJUDYLWDWLRQDOFRPELQHGVHZDJHV\VWHPGRPHVWLFDQGVWRUPZDWHUZHUHWHVWHGLQ/DERUDWRULHVRI:DWHUZDWHU LQ.RNVRY%DNVD(DVWHUQ6ORYDNLD:DWHU6XSSO\&RPSDQ\>@  )LJ&RQFUHWHVDPSOHVSUHSDUHGIRUVHZHUV\VWHPH[SHULPHQW 7KHZHLJKWFKDQJHVFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQDQGFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIWHVWHGFRQFUHWHVDPSOHVZHUHLQYHVWLJDWHG 7KH ZHLJKW FKDQJHV RI FRQFUHWH VDPSOHV ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG E\ JUDYLPHWULF PHWKRG PHDVXUHG E\ DQDO\WLFDO EDODQFH ZLWKLQJ7KHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIVDPSOHVEHIRUHDQGDIWHUWKHH[SHULPHQWVZDVPHDVXUHGE\;UD\ IORUHVFHQFH DQDO\VLV ;5) XVLQJ 63(&752 L4 ,, $PHWHN *HUPDQ\ ZLWK 6'' VLOLFRQ GULIW GHWHFWRU ZLWK UHVROXWLRQRIH9DWSXOVHV7KHVWUHQJWKSDUDPHWHUVZHUHWHVWHGE\XVLQJWKH(/($'5HTXLSPHQW 5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ 7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHZHLJKWFKDQJHVRIFRQFUHWHVDPSOHVDIWHUWKHODERUDWRU\H[SHULPHQWVDUHLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJ7KH FRQFUHWH VDPSOHV ZLWK FRDO IO\ DVK   DQG ZLWKRXW FRDO IO\ DVK DGGLWLRQ   ZHUH FRPSDUHG DIWHU WKH H[SRVLWLRQWRWKHEDFWHULDOHQYLURQPHQW%&DQGGLVWLOOHGZDWHU': D E     ZHLJKW>J@ ZHLJKW>J@ ':  %&             EHIRUH DIWHU  EHIRUH DIWHU  EHIRUH  DIWHU  EHIRUH DIWHU   )LJDZHLJKWFKDQJHVRIFRQFUHWHVDPSOHVEHIRUHDQGDIWHUELRFRUURVLRQH[SHULPHQWEZHLJKWFKDQJHVRIUHIHUHQFHFRQFUHWHVDPSOHVEHIRUH DQGDIWHUFRQWUROH[SHULPHQWGLVWLOOHGZDWHU 'HFUHDVHVLQZHLJKWIRUERWKVDPSOHVZLWKFRDOIO\DVKDQGZLWKRXWFRDOIO\DVKDGGLWLRQVWXGLHGLQ ELRFRUURVLRQH[SHULPHQWZHUHREVHUYHG DIWHUWKHH[SRVLWLRQWRWKHEDFWHULDOHQYLURQPHQW%&±)LJD,QFDVHRI VDPSOHZLWKRXWFRDOIO\DVKGHFUHDVHLQZHLJKWKDVEHHQPHDVXUHGWREHJDQGLQFDVHRIVDPSOHZLWKFRDOIO\DVK UHSODFHPHQWLWKDVEHHQJZKDWUHSUHVHQWVDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\,QFDVHRIVDPSOHVH[SRVHGWRWKH GLVWLOOHGZDWHUQRVLJQLILFDQWFKDQJHVZHUHREVHUYHGIRUERWKW\SHVRIVDPSOHV ,Q7DEOHUHVXOWVRIZHLJKWFKDQJHVIURPLQVLWXH[SHULPHQWVDUHSUHVHQWHG   349 Vlasta Ondrejka Harbulakova et al / Procedia Engineering 65 (2013) 346 – 351 7DEOH7KHZHLJKWFKDQJHVRIFRQFUHWHVDPSOHV  ZHLJKWEHIRUH H[SHULPHQW>J@  ZHLJKWDIWHU H[SHULPHQW>J@ FKDQJHRI ZHLJKW>@ UHIHUHQFHVDPSOH   Ĺ IO\DVKUHSODFHPHQW   Ĺ  2Q WKH FRQWUDU\ WR WKH ODERUDWRU\ H[SHULPHQWV WKH LQFUHDVH RI ZHLJKW ZDV REVHUYHG IRU ERWK VDPSOHV LQ H[SHULPHQWV RQ VLWH 7KH ZHLJKW FKDQJH IRU VDPSOH ZLWKRXW FRDO IO\ DVK UHSODFHPHQW UHSUHVHQWHG DOPRVW   IRU VDPSOHZLWKRIIO\DVKUHSODFHPHQWRQO\LQFUHDVHZDVPHDVXUHG  7KHFRQWHQWRIWKHEDVLFFRPSRQHQWVRIFRQFUHWHVDPSOHVZDVGHWHUPLQHGE\XVLQJ;UD\IOXRUHVFHQFHDQDO\VLV ;5),Q)LJWKHFKDQJHVLQFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIEDVLFFKHPLFDOFRPSRQHQWVRIFRQFUHWHVDPSOHZLWKFRDOIO\DVK WHVWHGLQODERUDWRU\FRQGLWLRQDUHLOOXVWUDWHG  D E  1D2  0J2  SHUFHQWDJH>@  SHUFHQWDJH>@   6L2  &D2  $O2  32 62  &O  .2  7L2 0Q2       EHIRUH )H2 EHIRUH DIWHU DIWHU    )LJ&KHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIFRQFUHWHVDPSOHVZLWKIO\DVKDGGLWLRQEHIRUHDDQGDIWHUWKHODERUDWRU\H[SHULPHQWVE 7KHGHFUHDVHLQFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRI6L2DQG&D2ZDVREVHUYHGDIWHUWKHODERUDWRU\H[SHULPHQWVIRUERWKFRQFUHWH VDPSOHVZLWK)LJDQGZLWKRXWFRDOIO\DVK%RWKLQFUHDVHDQGGHFUHDVHRIWKHRWKHUFRPSRQHQWVFRQFHQWUDWLRQV ZDVPHDVXUHGIRUERWKVDPSOHVDIWHUWKHH[SHULPHQWV D E SHUFHQWDJH>@   6L2  &D2    EHIRUH DIWHU  EHIRUH DIWHU   )LJ&KHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIFRQFUHWHVDPSOHVEHIRUHDDQGDIWHULQVLWXH[SHULPHQWE 7KHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIVDPSOHVZLWKDQGZLWKRXWFRDOIO\DVKEHIRUHDQG DIWHUPRQWKVRIZDVWHZDWHUH[SRVLWLRQLQUHDOFRQGLWLRQVLVLOOXVWUDWHGLQWKH)LJXUH $VLWLVVKRZQLQ)LJSHUFHQWDJHGHFUHDVHRIFKHPLFDOFRPSRQHQWV$O26L20J2&D2ZDVQRWLFHGLQ FDVHRIVDPSOHV ZLWKFHPHQWUHSODFHPHQW3HUFHQWDJHLQFUHDVHRIFKHPLFDOFRPSRQHQWVIRUWKHVDPHVDPSOHVZDV PHDVXUHGIRU)H2,QFDVHRIVDPSOHVZLWKRXWFHPHQWUHSODFHPHQWFKHPLFDOFRQWHQWRI$O2&D20J26L2DV ZHOODV)H2LQFUHDVHG 350 Vlasta Ondrejka Harbulakova et al / Procedia Engineering 65 (2013) 346 – 351 7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHFRQFUHWHFXEHVZLWKRIFRDOIO\DVKFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKPHDVXUHPHQWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ 7DEOH,QLWLDOYDOXHRIWKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKZDV03D 7DEOH&KDQJHVLQFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKFRPSDUHWRWKHLQLWLDOYDOXHRIUHIHUHQFHVDPSOH   &RPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWKDIWHU H[SHULPHQW >03D@ &RPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK FKDQJHVGXULQJ H[SHULPHQW>@ PRQWKV  Ĺ PRQWKV  Ĺ PRQWKV  Ļ  &RPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKLQFUHDVHVRIFRQFUHWHVDPSOHVDIWHUDQGPRQWKVZHUHREVHUYHGIRUVDPSOHVH[SRVHGWR ZDVWH ZDWHU FRPSDULQJ WR LQLWLDO FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK RI UHIHUHQFH VDPSOHV ,Q FDVH RI VDPSOH DIWHU  PRQWK DJJUHVVLYHH[SRVLWLRQQRWLFHDEOHGHFUHDVH ZDV PHDVXUHGPRUHWKDQ03D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±DQRYHUYLHZ5HYLVWDGH0LFURELRORJLDS± >@ 09DOL['=DPUL+0LQH\DPD:+&KXHQJ-6KL+%XVWDPDQWH0LFURELDOO\LQGXFHGFRUURVLRQRIFRQFUHWHDQGSURWHFWLYHFRDWLQJV LQJUDYLW\VHZHUV&KLQHVH-RXUQDORI&KHPLFDO(QJLQHHULQJS± >@ $. 3DUDQGH 3/ 5DPVDP\ 6 (WKLUDMDQ &5. 5DR 1 3DODQLVDP\ 'HWHULRUDWLRQ RI UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH LQ VHZHU HQYLURQPHQWV 0XQLFLSDO(QJLQHHU,VVXH0(,S >@ +*KRXDOHP$VVHVPHQWRI:DVWHZDWHUDQGWUHDWPHQWE\WKH/DJRRQ3URFHVV&KHPLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ7UDQVDFWLRQS >@1:LQWHU8QGHUVWDQGLQJ&HPHQW:+'0LFURDQDO\VLV&RQVXOWDQWV/WG8QLWHG.LQJGRPS >@  ' 1LFD -/ 'DYLV / LUE\ * =XR '- 5REHUWV ,VRODWLRQ DQGFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI PLFURRUJDQLVPV LQYROYHG LQ WKH ELRGHWHULRUDWLRQ RI FRQFUHWHLQVHZHUV,QWHUQDWLRQDO%LRGHWHULRUDWLRQ %LRGHJUDGDWLRQS± >@  - ' *X 7( )RUG 16 %HUNH 5 0LWFKHOO %LRGHWHULRUDWLRQ RI FRQFUHWH E\ WKH IXQJXV )XVDULXP ,QWHUQDWLRQDO %LRGHWHULRUDWLRQ  %LRGHJUDGDWLRQS± >@  7 0RUL 7 1RQDND  7D]DNL 0 RJD @$(VWRNRYD92QGUHMND+DUEXODNRYD$/XSWDNRYD16WHYXORYD6WXG\RIWKHGHWHULRUDWLRQRIFRQFUHWHLQIOXHQFHE\ELRJHQLFVXOSKDWH DWWDFN3URFHGLD(QJLQHHULQJS± >@$/XSWDNRYD03UDVFDNRYD$(VWRNRYD16WHYXORYD92QGUHMND+DUEXODNRYD,QIOXHQFHRIEDFWHULDRQEXLOGLQJFRPSRVLWHVPDWHULDOV FRQWDLQHGRIHQHUJHWLFZDVWHWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ(QYLURQPHQWDO6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\&(675KRGHV,VODQG*UHHN S± >@ 9 +DUEXODNRYD $ (VWRNRYD $ /XSWDNRYD 1 6WHYXORYD * -DQDN &RQFUHWH VSHFLPHQV ELRGHWHULRUDWLRQ E\ EDFWHULD $FLGLWKLREDFLOOXV WKLRR[LGDQVDQG'HVXOIRYLEULRJHQHUD3ROODFN3HULRGLFDS± >@ 9 2QGUHMND +DUEXODNRYD $ (VWRNRYD 1 6WHYXORYD 7KH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI FRQFUHWH ELRGHWHULRUDWLRQ LQ VHZHU SLSHVFDVH VWXG\ 3ROODFN 3HULRGLFDS± >@671(1&RQFUHWH3DUW,6SHFLILFDWLRQ3URSHUWLHV0DGHRI3URGXFWLRQDQG&RQIRUPLW\ ...Vlasta Ondrejka Harbulakova et al / Procedia Engineering 65 (2013) 346 – 351 347 ,QWURGXFWLRQ 0LFURRUJDQLVPV DUH DOPRVW QHYHU IRXQG LQ QDWXUH... JURZWKFRQGLWLRQVZHUHS+UDQJHIURPWRDQGWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJHRIž&PH]RILOLFDQGž& WKHUPRILOLF 348 Vlasta Ondrejka Harbulakova et al / Procedia Engineering 65 (2013) 346 – 351 ,QVLWXH[SHULPHQWVSURFHHGHGELPPHUVLRQRIFRQFUHWHVDPSOHVLQWRWKHZDVWHZDWHURIVHZHUDJHVVWHPLQFLW... ,Q7DEOHUHVXOWVRIZHLJKWFKDQJHVIURPLQVLWXH[SHULPHQWVDUHSUHVHQWHG   349 Vlasta Ondrejka Harbulakova et al / Procedia Engineering 65 (2013) 346 – 351 7DEOH7KHZHLJKWFKDQJHVRIFRQFUHWHVDPSOHV  ZHLJKWEHIRUH H[SHULPHQW>J@