708 Subject Index Operant conditioning, behavioral variance and, 34 Operational timing, 332 Optacon, 167, 169 Optic flow, 218–219, 227 Optical covariation, 111 Optimality theory, 242 Order irrelevance principle, 407 Orientation difference, 112 OSCAR (OSCillator-based Associative Recall) model, 438 Ototoxic drugs, 142 Outcome, 360 Outcome-limited models, 374 Overshadowing, 364–365 chunking and, 406–407 instrumental conditioning and, 378 retrospective revaluation and, 369 serial, 373 Owls, audition and, 131, 143 Oxygen Project, 665 Oxygenation, 24–25 Paired-associate recall, 477 Parafovea, 561, 562 processing, 562–563, 568 Parallel distributed processing (PDP) systems, 556, 638, 644 Parallel feature search, 273, 280 Paralysis: anosognosia and, 15–16, 19 consciousness and, 15 lesions and, 18 Parental care, mating strategies and, 49 Parity, 238 speech perception and, 252 speech production and, 247 Parsing, 187, 566 syntactic, 588 Part segmentation See Parsing Partial reinforcement, 362 Partial report, 425, 426 Part-whole hierarchy, 179–180 Pattern playback, 255 Pattern recognition, model of, 550–551 Pavlovian conditioning, 35 animal cognition and, 402 behavioral variance and, 34 conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and, 38 empirical laws of, 360–369 evolution and cognition, 417–418 fear motivation and, 42, 44, 47–48 incentive learning and, 39 vs instrumental conditioning, 378–379, 380 interval timing and, 409 memory and, 411 models of, 369–377 as a preferred method, 399 sexual motivation and, 49, 51 temperature motivation and, 53 See also Animal cognition; Instrumental conditioning; Learning, conditioning and Peak procedure, 378, 409 Peak shift, 364 Perceived transparency, 190–191 Perception: categorization and, 611–613 depth, 214–220, 229–231 distance, 220–222 geographical slant, 223–224 size, 222–223 direct, 223 implicit, logic of, 9–10 (see also under Consciousness) See also Visual perception Perception of the Visual World, 88 Perceptual assimilation model (PAM), 259 Perceptual defense, 10 Perceptual organization, theory of, 271 See Visual perception, organization Perceptual representation systems (PRS), 465 Perceptual span, 559 Perceptual speed, 511 Perceptual symbol systems, theory of, 612 Perceptual-motor integration problem, 509–510 Periaqueductal gray (PAG), 48 Peripheral dominance hypothesis, 228 Permission, 627, 628 Peromyscus maniculatus austerus (P m austerus), 43 Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli (P m gambeli), 43 Personal equation, 652 Personal space, 220, 221 motor control and, 329 PHANToM, 169 Phase transitions, 249 Pheromones, 403 Phonemes, 241 DIVA model and, 250 lexical/phonotactic knowledge and, 260–261 phonological planning and, 245 speech errors and, 244 restoration of, 529 Phones, 241 lexical/phonotactic knowledge and, 259, 260 PAM and, 259 speech errors and, 244 syllable position, 246–247 Phonology: competence, 238–243 loops, 435–436 connectionist model and, 438 overview, 237–238, 261 perception, 252–261 phrase, 540 planning, 243–247 production, 247–252 word, 540 Phototaxis, negative, 44 Phylogenetic influences, 43 Picture superiority effect, 481 Pidgin, 416 Pitch, 138 Place versus response controversy, 413 Plato, 4, 575 Poetzl phenomenon, 13 Poikilotherm, 51 Pointing, 220 Pollack, Irwin, 654 Polyandry, 48–49 Polygyny, 48–49 Polyrhythms, bimanual response and, 338 Polysemous word, 532 Ponzo illusion, 96, 283 Pop-out search, 273 Porcupines, 42 Positive mediation, 368, 369 Subject Index Positive reinforcement, 378 Positron-emission tomography (PET), 144, 340, 550 action selection and, 298, 299 consciousness and, procedural memory and, 506 Post-display probe technique, 278 Post-stimulus-time (PST) histograms, 129 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 490 Potentiation, 365 retrospective revaluation and, 369 Power law of practice, 500 Pragmatic reasoning theory, 626–628 problem solving and, 637 social contract theory vs., 632 Prägnanz, principle of, 188 Preattentive process, 185 Precategorical acoustic storage (PAS), 426–427 Precedence, global, 191–192 Predictability, word identification and, 564 Prefer argument, 533 Preferred viewing location, 567 Presbycusis, 131 Preview benefit, 562 Primal sketch, 185 Priming, 166–167, 247 affective, 63, 67, 69 in discourse, 588 effect, 539, 553 repetition benefits and, 302 form, 245 forward and backward, 459–460 negative, 11–12 action selection and, 306–307 paradigm, 196–197, 486 procedural memory and, 505 repetition, 447, 453, 461–467 conceptual, 466 perceptual, 466 semantic, 447, 453–461, 553 subliminal, 11–12, 460 Principled task decomposition, 514 Prism adaptation, 342–343, 345 Probability density function, 112 Probability heuristic model (PH model), 634–635 Probit model, 108 Problem solving See Reasoning Procedural learning, 476 Process dissociation, 465 Processing effort, 636 Processing models, 567 Productivity, 415 Prone extension, 52 Proprioception, 328 feedback information and, 333, 334 target information and, 329–331, 331–332 visuo-motor transformations and, 342–343 Prosodification, 245, 246 Prosody, 528 language comprehension and, 536 Prosopagnosia, 199 Prosthesis, cochlear, 143 Proto-self, 24 Proximity, 181 models, 454 Psychological refractory period (PRP), 308–309 Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 651 Psychology, experimental See Experimental psychology Psychophysical isomorphism, 110 Psychophysical tuning curves, 132 forward masking and, 133 Psychophysics, development of, Punishment, 378 QWERTY keyboard, 658 Radial-tangential effect, 159–160 Ramachandran, V S., 19 Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), 278 attentional blink and, 287 repetition blindness and, 287 Rate-expectancy theory (RET), 375, 376 Ratio strain, 378 Rationalism, 358 Rats: animal cognition and, imitation, 409 interval timing, 410 memory, 410, 411 numerical abilities, 407 serial learning, 405 spatial learning, 412, 414 fear motivation and, 42, 43, 44–45, 46 feeding response, 40–41, 42 instrumental conditioning and behavior regulation, 387 behavioral economics, 387 reinforcement delay, 385 Pavlovian conditioning and, 359, 361 temperature motivation, 52, 53 Reaching, 220, 221 Reaction times (RTs), 274 action selection and, 293, 294 application of, 311 Hick-Hyman law and, 298–299 modeling, 295–297 psychological measures of, 297–298 psychological refractory period and, 308–309 repetition benefit, 303 speed-accuracy trade-off, 297 stimulus-response compatibility and, 299–301 stop signals and, 309 warning effects and, 303–304 feature integration theory and, 284 Reading: eye movements, 557–563 models of, 566–568 overview, 549–569 sound coding in, 554–557 word identification, 550–554 in context, 563–566 See also Comprehension, text Reading-span test, 576–577 Real-time models, 374 Reasoning: expertise in, 642–644 overview, 623–624, 644–645 problem solving, 623, 637–639 theories of, 639–642 theories, 624–637 Receiver operating characteristic (ROC), 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 105 Reception paradigm, 639–640 709 710 Subject Index Recoding, 479–480 Recognition by components (RBC) theory, 203, 204, 205 Redintegration, 432 Redundancy exploitation, 111 Redundancy reduction, 111 Reference element, 112–114 Reference frame effects, 192–193 Referential coding, 301 Referential theory, 534 Region segmentation See under Visual perception Regressions, 558 Reinforcement theory, 372, 384 Relatability theory, 189 Relatedness proportion (RP), 455, 456, 457 Relative frequency judgment tasks, 478 REM sleep: consciousness and, thalamocortical loops and, 23 Reminiscence, 483 bump, 489, 493 Renewal effect, 362 Repeated covert retrieval, 482, 483 Repetition: benefit, 301–303 blindness (see Blindness, repetition) effect, 481, 502 massed, 481 spaced, 481 Replication, 201 Repression, 490 mood dependence and, 71 Rescorla-Wagner model, 373 Resonance models, 556 Resonance theory, 535 Respond opposite rule, 306 Response: compression, 223 deprivation, 387 summation, 365 response-outcome associations, 379, 380 response-stimulus interval (RSI) Hick-Hyman law and, 303 repetition benefit and, 302–303 task switching and, 307 Retardation test, 367 Retinal invariance hypothesis, 228 Retrieval: strength, 510 tasks, 74–75 Retrospective revaluation, 362, 368–369 Reward schedule investigation, 406 Right-left prevalence effect, 300–301 Rime, 243, 530 Robotics, motor control and, 346 Rod and frame effect, 193 Rouge test, 408 Rounding: explanation of, 239 vowel inventories and, 240 Rule theories, 624 Saccade, 558, 560, 561, 562 suppression, 558 SAI, 152, 161 Salience, 362, 371 Salient, categorization and, 614 Saliva spreading, 52 SAT, 651 Saturation, vection, 228 Scalar-expectancy theory (SET), 375 Schemas, 626 deontic reasoning and, 627–628 Schizophrenia: consciousness and, 4, 15 episodic memory and, 478 Schopenhauer, 4–5 Scientific American, 665 Scission: color, 190–191 figural 191 Search of associative memory (SAM), 454, 457–458 priming and, 459 Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 105–106 Second-order conditioning, 367 Segmentation problem, 528 Selection inhibition hypothesis, 307 Selective associations, 42–43 Selective-set paradigm, 270 Self-control, instrumental conditioning and, 384 Self-disclosure, 69–70 Self-recognition, 408 Sensitization, 360 Sensorimotor system, vs cognitive system, 334–335 Sensory memory See Memory, sensory Sensory neuropathy, 329 Sensory preconditioning, 367 Serial learning, 405 Serial recall, 477 Serial response time (SRT) task, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506 Serial-order problem, 509 Set size, 280 Sexual motivation, fear and, 42 Shading, 217 Shadowing, 14 Shape formation, 282 Shape primitive approach, 187 Shared mental model, 517 Short-term memory See Memory, short-term Sign stimuli, 49, 50 Signal detection theory, 103–105, 114 See also Theory of signal detection (TSD) Signal enhancement hypothesis, 276–277 Simon effect, 305–306, 308, 310 Simulated autobiographical events, 486 Simultaneous conditioning deficit, 361 Simulus-response (S-R) connections, 377 Single-neuron doctrine, 91 Single-schedule procedure, 381 Singleton detection mode, 274–276 Singular value decomposition (SVD), 452 Sinusoidal vibrations, 122 complex vibrations and, 122–123 Situation awareness, 517 Size-distance invariance hypothesis, 222 Size-distance paradox, 222 Skill See Learning, skill acquisition Skilled memory theory, 513 Sleep deprivation, 658 Sleepwalking, 71 Sleight, Robert, 654 Subject Index Slow-adapting populations (SA units), 149 Small, Arnold, 654 Social contract theory, 631–633, 644 Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 667 Society of Engineering Psychologists, 655 Sound pressure level (SPL), 124 Sound propagation, inverse square law of, 123–124 Sound shadow, 134 Sound spectrography, 255 Source judgments, 478 Space Fortress, 514, 516, 659 Spacing effect, 481 Spatial coding, 306 Spatial hearing, inferior colliculus and, 131 Spatial learning, 411–414 Species-specific defensive reaction (SSDR) hypothesis, 44–45 Specificity-of-practice hypothesis, 509–510 Spectral pattern recognition, inferior colliculus and, 131 Speech See Phonology Speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT), 285, 324, 327, 512 Spillover effect, 559 Spirituality, consciousness and, Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAE), 128 Spreading activation theory, 448–449, 453–454 Squirrels, fear motivation and, 46 Stage model, 296–297 Staircase procedure, 109 Standard social science model (SSSM), 401–402 Start-End model, 438 Statistical Abstact, 661 Stereopsis, 215, 219 Stereoscopic depth-constancy problem, 215 Stevens, S S., 654 Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology, ix Stimulus enhancement, 409 Stimulus generalization, 403–404 decrement, 364 Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), 108, 245, 276, 308, 454 attentional blink and, 287 automatic vs strategic priming, 455, 456, 457 backward priming and, 459 space variant view and, 279 visual search and, 280 Stimulus salience, 273 Stimulus-outcome (S-O) associations, 379, 380 Stimulus-response (S-R) alternatives, 298 Stimulus-response (S-R) associations, 379, 380 Stimulus-response compatibility (SRC), 299–301, 308 action selection, applications of, 310–311 Stoke patients, anosognosia and, 15 Stop, 239 alveolar, 241, 258 Hindi dental, 258 oral/nasal, 239 retroflex voiceless, 258 stop-signal paradigm, 309 Storage-bin model, 63 Storage strength, 510 Strategy-tactics model, 567 Stream segregation, 137 Stress pattern, 245 Stroop effect, 11–12, 304–305, 306, 307, 460, 550, 552–553 Structure from motion (SFM), 218–219 Studies on Hysteria, 71 Subliminal psychodynamic activation (SPA), 12 Summation test, 367 Sun Microsystems, 657 Superconditioning, 365 Superquadrics, 202 Suppositions, 625 Surface segregation, 224 Syllogisms: categorical, 629–630, 631, 635–636, 643, 644 conditional, 643, 644 PH model and, 635 Symmetry, 204 Synchrony, 21–22 judgment task, 424–425, 426 principle of, 181–182 Synergies, 248–249 Syntactic rule theory, 624–625, 630–631 expertise and, 643 problem solving and, 637 verbal comprehension theory and, 631 Tachistoscopic presentation, 550, 551 Tadoma method, 168 Task mass, 325 Task-dynamic approach, 325 Tau, 229 Taylor, Franklin V., 654 Teleoperation, 169 Telepresence, 169 Temperature regulation behavior, 36 See also Motivation, temperature Templates, 200–201 Temporal cycles, 491–492 Temporal discounting, 385 Temporal generalization, 409 Temporal integration task, 425 Temporal landmarks, 492 Temporal modulation transfer functions, 134 Terminal links, 385 Test element, 112–114 Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), 452, 591 Testimony, eyewitness and earwitness, 657–658 Texels, 217 Textons, 185 Texture segmentation, 185 Thalamic searchlight hypothesis, 23 Thalamocortical loop models, 23 Thalamus See Consciousness, thalamocortical loops Thematic Apperception Test, 67 Theory of signal detection (TSD), 133 Thigmotaxis, 46, 47 Three Mile Island, 655 Three-term contingency, 377 Timbre, 138 Tip-of-the-tongue states, 537 T-junction, 189 TODAM, priming and, 459–460 Tolerance, 115 Tononi, Giulio, 24 Top-down activation, 273 Touch, 147–148, 152 as an active multisensory system, 148 cortex and major cortical areas, 150 curvature, 155–156 cutaneous system and, 150–151 grasping and manipulation, sensory-guided, 151–152 haptic memory and, 165–167 711 712 Subject Index Touch (Continued) haptic system space perception and, 159–160 pattern perception and, 160–164 haptically perceptible properties, 152–153 motor control and, 329 overview, 169–170 perceiving object properties, role of manual exploration in, 156–158 relative-availability of, 158–159 research applications and, 167, 168–169 aids for the visually impaired, 167–168 roughness, 153–154 skin and, 148–150 visual-haptic interactions attention, 164–165 cross-modal integration, 165 weight, 154–155 TRACE, 260–261 Train illusion, 228 Training: part-task, 659 simultaneous, 403 skills, 514–517 successive, 403 Trait anxiety, person perception and, 69 Transactionalism, 88 optical stimulation information and, 91 Transfer appropriate processing (TAP), 465 Transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TOAE), 128 Translation, motion, 225 Transposition, 404 Treatise on Physiological Optics, 88 Trial chunk See Chunking Triangulation, pointing, 220 Trimethylthiazoline (TMT), 44 Turtles, 42 Two-action test, 409 Two-thirds power law, 321 Two-vowel paradigm, 138–139 U.S Advanced Research Projects Agency, 659 U.S Air Force, Armstrong Laboratory, 310 U.S Census Bureau, 661 Unconditional stimuli (USs), 418 conditioned inhibition and, 373 fear motivation and, 42 mood congruence and, 62–63 reinforcement theory and, 372–373 US-preexposure effect, 362, 372 Uniform connectedness Uniformly connected (UC) regions, 184–185, 186 parsing and, 187 Unilateral neglect, 279 University of Iowa, 660 University of Leipzig, ix Unsafe at Any Speed, 655 Variable sweeping rule, 202 Ventral stream, 334 Verbal comprehension theory, 631 Verbal judgments, 220–221 Vergence angle, 214 Vertical-horizontal illusion, 159 Vertral periaqueductal gray (vPAG), 48 Vision, 88, 90, 93 eye movement and reading, 557–563 models of control, 566–568 motor control and, 328–329 distorted feedback and, 333–334 target information and, 329–331 repetition priming and, 466–467 visuo-motor transformations and, 342–344, 345 visuo-spatial sketchpad, 435, 436 See also Memory, sensory; Reading Vista space, 220 Visual matching, 220 Visual perception: environmental regularities, 110–111 eyewitness testimony, 657–658 functions of, 89–96 human performance and natural image statistics, 114–116 natural contours, co-occurrence statistics of, 112 absolute edge, 112–114 Bayesian edge, 114 object identification, 194–195 categorization/typicality and, 195 contextual effects, 198–199 orientation, 197 part structural effects, 197–198 perspective effects, 195–197 theories of, 200–207 visual agnosia, 199–200 organization, 179–180 figure-ground, 185–187 grouping, 180–184 parsing, 187 parts and wholes, 191–192 reference frames, 192–194 region segmentation, 184–185 visual interpolation, 187–191 psychophysical methods, 96–110 redundancy and covariation, 111–112 theories of, 87–89 Visual search: experiment, 280–281 word identification and, 550 Visual short-term memory (vSTM) See under Memory, short-term VITE (vector-integration-to-endpoint) model, 326 Voice onset time (VOT) continuum, 254, 259 Walking, targeted, 220 Watson, John, WEAVER, 245, 246 Weber fraction, 134 Wedge prisms, 342 Wertheimer, Max, 180–181 Whales, equivalence classes and, 600 White noise, 123 Win-shift, 412 WordNet, 590, 592 Working memory See Memory, working World Almanac, 661 World War II, 653–654 consciousness and, Wundt, Wilhelm, ix Xerox, 657 Yes-no recognition, 478 ... Interest, 651 Psychology, experimental See Experimental psychology Psychophysical isomorphism, 110 Psychophysical tuning curves, 132 forward masking and, 133 Psychophysics, development of, Punishment,... application of, 311 Hick-Hyman law and, 298–299 modeling, 295–297 psychological measures of, 297–298 psychological refractory period and, 308–309 repetition benefit, 303 speed-accuracy trade-off, 297... Stereopsis, 215, 219 Stereoscopic depth-constancy problem, 215 Stevens, S S., 654 Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology, ix Stimulus enhancement, 409 Stimulus generalization, 403–404 decrement,