Subject Index Dual-route models, 301 Dual route views, 528, 555 Dual-task experiments, 282 Duplex theory of sound localization, 134–135 Dutch, perceptual span and, 560 Dynamic core, 24 Dynamic touch, 158 Dyslexia, 555 Echo, 243 Echoic memory, 479 Echolocating, 403, 419 Ecological evidence, 189 Ecological realism, 88 illusion and veridicality in, 96 modularity and, 95 perception and cognition in, 94 percepts and neurons, 90, 91 representation and, 93 representational transformation and, 93–94 visual system function and, 89 Ectothermy, 51 Edelman, Gerald, 24 Edge co-occurrence (EC) statistic, 112 Edge discontinuities, 189 Edge elements, 112, 114 Edge extraction process, 204 Effective onset, 108 Egan, James, 654 Eigenvalues, 154 inertia tensor and, 158 Electric shock, 14 Electroencephalogram (EEG): action selection and, 298 consciousness and, free will and, 13 motor preparation and, 322 Electromyogram (EMG), 309 motor control and, 318 flexibility and, 345–346 preparation and, 323 Element clustering, 282 Elements of Episodic Memory, 485 Empiricism, 358, 361 Emulation, 409 Encoding: instance theory of automaticity and, 500 specificity hypothesis, 484 specificity principle, 71 tasks, 72–74 Endogenous components, 298 Endothermy, 51 English: dialects of, 252 perceptual span and, 560 Episodic buffer, 436–437 Episodic memory See Memory, semantic Equal-energy rule, 131 Equal-outcome curve, 336 Equifinality, 325 trajectories, 336 Ergonomics Research Society, 654–655 Eriksen flanker effect, 305 Errors: consonant-vowel (CV), 243 movement, 244 semantic substitution, 244 speech, 243–245 Escape conditioning, 378 Essays Towards a New Theory of Vision, 88 Ethology, 400 Event cuing technique, 486 Event perception, 229–231 dynamics, 226–227 heading, 227–228 objects, approaching, 228–229 organization, 224–226 posture, visual control of, 228 vection, 228 Event-related electrical measures, consciousness and, Event-related potentials (ERP), 278 action selection and, 298 word identification and, 550 Evolution, animal cognition and, 416–419 Evolutionary approach, 412 Evolutionary biology, 400–401 Exogenous components, 298 Expanding practice, 657 Experimental analysis of behavior, 380 Experimental psychology: current issues, 655–657 developments in, 657–662 future challenges, 663–666 history, 652–655 journals and organizations, 666–667 research in, 649–652 Expertise See Reasoning, expertise in Exposure duration, 280 Expression-focused models, 370–371 Extinction, 362 Extrinsic space, motor control and, 329 Eye movement monitoring, 550 E-Z Reader model, 567–568 Faithfulness constraint, 242 Familiar size, 222–223 Fast-adapting populations (FA units), 149 Fear See Motivation, fear Feature-comparison theory, 448, 449 Feature detection paradigm, 17 FeatureGate model, 277 Feature integration theory (FIT), 277, 283–285 Feature lists, 201–202 Feature search mode, 274–276 Feature theory, 405 Fechner, Gustav, Federal Aviation Administration, 660 Federation of Behavioral, Psychological, and Cognitive Sciences, 651 Feedback, 510–511 Felial imprinting, 418–419 Fever, 53 Fill-in error, 438 Filter theory, 269–270 Filtering paradigm, 270 Fingers of instantiation (FINSTs), 286 Fish: audition and, hair cells, 142 fear and, 42 sexual motivation and, 42, 49, 50 Fitts, Paul, 310, 654 703 704 Subject Index Fitts’ law, 320 Fixation, 558, 560 Flanagan, J R., 654 Fletcher, Harvey, 132 Flicker paradigm, 281 Focal set models, 375 Focus of expansion (FOE), 227 Folk theory, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13 free will and, 13 perceptual construction and, 10 unconscious processing and, Food palatability See Motivation, feeding Forced-choice detection paradigm, 281 Forced-choice recognition, 478 Forced-choice tasks, 108 Ford, 656 Forward model, 250 Fourier, Joseph, 122 Fractionation, 515 Frame problem, 625–626, 628 Frame theory, 205 Free recall, 427, 476, 477 hypermnesia, 483–484 Free will, 13–14 learning studies and, 358 Free-choice recognition, 478 Free-operant, 380 Freezing, defensive, 42, 43, 47 French, perceptual span and, 560 Freudian slips, 13 Fringe, backward/forward, 133 Frontotemporal complex (FTC), 48 FRUMP, 586 Fugue states, 15 Functional sensitivity hypothesis, 228 Fundamental frequency, 257 Fundamental reasoning mechanism, 624 Fusion See Modified weak fusion (MWF) Fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP), 260 Galton word-cuing technique, 486 Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), 11, 14 Ganong effect, 261 Ganzheitspsychologie, 334 Garner, Wendell, 654 Gaussian noise, 123, 133 Gebhard, John, 654 Gender, spatial learning and, 412 General Motors, 656 Generalization gradient, 364 Generalized Context Model, 608 Generalized cylinders, 187 Generalized drive theory, 35 Generation effect, 481 Generative phonology, 242 Genetic influences, motivation and, 33–34 Geons, 202, 203, 204–205 Gestalt theory, 88 attention selection and, 271, 278 discrimination learning and, 404 motor coordination and, 336 optical stimulation information and, 92 perception and cognition in, 94 percepts and neurons, 90, 91 phenomenology of perception and, 110 representation and, 93 representational transformation and, 93 serial learning and, 405 sound source segregation and, 142 visual system function and, 89 Gestural theories, 242, 246, 251, 252, 254–257 Gibson, James J., 110 Glabrous, 148 Global workspace model, 17 Goal: problem solving, 637–638 tracking, 363 Goats, defensive behavior and, 44 Golf-ball illusion, 155 Gore, Al, 293 Grain size, 296 Grand-mal seizures, 71 Grasshoppers, 42 Grip force, 344 Grounding, 584 Grouping, 282–283 See also under Visual perception, organization Guidance hypothesis, 510–511 Guided search model, 277 Habituation, 360 Hair cell regeneration, 142–143 Hall, G Stanley, 650 Hallucinations, consciousness and, 15 Hand coding, 590, 616 Haptic system, 148 Harvard Psychoacoustics Laboratory, 654 Haskins Laboratories, 255 Head-related transfer functions (HRTFs), 125, 135–136, 143 Hebrew, perceptual span and, 560 Helmholtz, Hermann, 652 Hemineglect, lesions and, 18–19 Heuristic: generate and test, 642 problem solving, 639 algorithms and, 640 reasoning theories, 633–635 Hick-Hyman law, 298–299, 303, 310 Hierarchical associations, 379–380 Highway safety, 660–661, 662, 663 Highway Safety Act of 1966, 655 Homeostasis, temperature motivation and, 53–54 See also Motivation, temperature; Motivation, feeding Homophones, false, 556 Honesty, testing and, 7–8 Hopi language, 614 Horizon ratio, 216 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 657 Human-computer interaction (HCI), 655, 657, 658–659 Human-Computer Interaction, 658 Hunter, W S., 410 Hyperbolic-decay model, 385–386 Hypermnesia, 483–484 Hyperspace analog to language (HAL), 451–452, 458 Hyperthermia, 52, 53 Hypnosis, consciousness and, 16 Hypothalamus, anterior (AH), 54 Hysteresis, 106 Hysteria, mood dependence and, 71 Hysterical analgesia, 15 Subject Index IBM, 657 Ideal observer, 102 Ill-defined problems, 640–642 Illusory conjunctions, 283 Imitation, 408–409 Imminence continuum, 55 Immune response, subcellular structures and, 25 Impasses, 641 Impulsivity, 384 Incentive learning See Learning, incentive Incubation effect, 640, 642 Indirect perception, 89 Inertia tensor, 154, 158 Inferences, 579, 581–582 Information reduction hypothesis, 501 Information theory, 111, 298 Infusion, affect, 63–64 Initial links, 385 Insight problems, 640 Instance theory, 463 Instinct theory, 34 Instrumental conditioning, 377–389 animal cognition and, 402 interval timing and, 409 as a preferred method, 399 See also Pavlovian conditioning Integrative training See Training, skills Intelligent Transportation Systems Program, 660, 661 Interacting with Computers, 658 Interactive activation model, 192 Interference: forgetting and, 428 memory retrieval and, 432 OSCAR model and, 438 proactive, 479 retroactive, 482–483 vs decay, 428–429 Internet, 665 Interpolation, 201 Interval timing, 409–410 Intonational phrase boundary, 536 Inverse projection problem, 214 Invited conclusions, 625 Ironic thought suppression, 13–14 Isotropy, 217 James, William, 10 Japanese, 612 perceptual span and, 560 word encoding and, 553 Johns Hopkins University, 654 Journal of Applied Psychology, 650, 651, 652 Journal of Experimental Psychology, 651, 652 Judas eye, 10 Kana, 553 Kanizsa triangle, 190 Keyword mnemonic, 657 Kinesthetic system, 148 Kinnebrook, David, 652 Knowledge compilation, 507 Knowledge of results (KR), 510–511 Koch, Christof, 22 Korsakoff’s syndrome, 461 Kryter, Karl, 654 Labiodental consonants, 241 Lag effect, 458, 481 Landscape model, 589 Language: acquisition, 414–416, 416 categorization and, 613–614 comprehension mental lexicon, 530–532 overview, 527–528 sentences and discourse, 532–536 word recognition, 528–530 production sentences, 538–540 single words, 536–538 written language, 540–541 See also Memory, semantic Late closure, 533 Latent inhibition effect, 362 Latent semantic analysis (LSA), 452–453, 590–592 Lateralized readiness potential (LRP), 298, 309, 322 Law of disuse, 428 Law of effect, 377, 379, 380, 383, 387 matching law and, 383 Learning conditioning and history, 357–360 instrumental response, 377–389 overview, 389 Pavlovian response, 360–377 incentive, 38–39, 380 influences, motivation and, 33–34 irrelevance, 362 helplessness, 379 latent, 379 models, 454–455 observation, 44 procedural, 505 skill acquisition, 499–502, 506–518 implicit learning, 502–504 See also Memory, declarative; Memory, procedural “Lectures on Men and Machines: An Introduction to Human Engineering,” 654 Leisure time, 382 Lemmas, 244 spoken language sentences, 539, 540 single words, 536–537, 538 written language production and, 541 Length distortion, 160 Lesions: blindsight and, 334 consciousness and effects of, 18 fear motivation, defensive behavior and, 48 obesity-inducing brain, 38 temperature motivation and, 54 Lexical access, theory of, 245 Lexical decision task, 530 Licklider, J C R., 654 Likelihood ratio, 114 Linear perspective, 217 Linguistics, competence in, See also Phonology Linton, Marigold, 487 Lip aperture, motor coordination and, 335 List chunk See Chunking Little Albert, 62 705 706 Subject Index Lizard, mountain, 51 Llinás, Rodolfo, 23 Location dominance, 136 Lockheed-Martin, 656 Logical positivism, The Logic of Perception, 89 Logistic regression, 108 Logogen model, 462 Logothetis, Nikos, 17, 22 Long-term working memory (LTWM) See under Memory, working Lower threshold of motion (LTM), 107–108 Lucretius, Mackworth, Norman, 653–654 Magnet effects, 259 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): consciousness and, functional (fMRI), 5, 18, 144 action selection and, 298 procedural memory and, 506 word identification and, 550 visual-haptic interactions, 165 Magnetoencephalography (MEG), 23–24 Malsburg, Christof von der, 21 Mania, mood dependence and, 73 The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, 200 Mark test, 408 Maskelyne, Nevil, 652 Masking, 132–134 backward, 424–425 information, 137 masking-level difference (MLD), 137–138 word identification and, 550 Matching law, 381 extensions of, 383–385 Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 245 McGurk effect, 256, 259 Means-end analysis, 639 Mechanism, 358 Medicine, 661 Melioration, 382–383 Melton, Arthur, 654 Memory: autobiographical, 476–477, 485–493 construction, 10–11 declarative, 499–502 echoic, 479 enhancement, 657 episodic, 475–477, 477–485, 493 declarative memory and, 499 errors of commission, 13 explicit, 463–464, 465 false, 479, 489–490 iconic, 479 implicit, 7, 12–13, 16 overview, 423–424, 439–440 procedural, 504–506 prospective, 411 reference, 410–411 retrospective, 410–411 semantic, 447–453, 475 declarative memory and, 499 sensory, 423, 424 characteristics of, 425–426 measuring persistence, 424–425 modality and suffix, 426–427 short-term, 423, 427 forgetting, 427–430 limitations, 430–432 models of, 434–439 retrieval, 432–434 visual short-term memory (vSTM), 286 text comprehension and, 580–581 working, 410–411, 576–580 long-term working memory (LTWM), 578–580 problem solving and, 637–638 See also Learning, skill acquisition Mental model theory, 628–631 expertise and, 643 problem solving and, 637 verbal comprehension theory and, 631 Mental sets, 641, 642 Mentalism, 358 Merge, 260 Metabolism, subcellular structures and, 25 Metamemory judgments, 478 Microsoft, 657 Migration of activity, 321 Miller, George, 654 Mind, theory of, 407–409 MINERVA, 243 Miniature languages, Minimal attachment principle, 533 Minimal audible field (MAF) process, 131 Minimal audible pressure (MAP) process, 131 Minimal training See Training, skills Minimum principle, 188 Misoplegia, 19 MIT, 665 MoBIC, 168 Modified weak fusion (MWF), 219 Modularity, theory of, 401 Modularity of Mind, 95 Modulation detection interference (MDI), 140–141, 142 Modulation processing, inferior colliculus and, 131 Modus ponens rule, 624–625 Molar maximizing, 382 Momentary maximizing, 381–382 Monkeys: animal cognition and cognitive culture and, 418 imitation, 409 language learning, 414, 415, 416 memory, 411 numerical abilities, 407 serial learning, 406 theory of mind, 408 fear motivation and, 44 Monogamy, 48–49 Mood: congruence, 61 affect infusion model (AIM), 65–66, 70 associations/interpretations and, 67 attention and learning, 66–67 memory and, 67, 73 person perception and, 68–69 responding to requests and, 69 self-disclosure and, 69–70 self-judgments and, 67–68 Subject Index synopsis, 70 theories of, 62–65 dependence, 70–72, 79–80 clinical perspectives on, 76–79 cognitive perspectives on, 72–76 Morgan, Clifford, 654 Morpheme, 242 eye movement and, 559 connected speech and, 540 mental lexicon and, 531 speech errors and, 244 Morphology, 528 Motion: absolute, 224–225 biological, 225–226 commotion, 225 extended body, 227 information, 217–218 parallax, 213, 228 depth cue integration and, 219 dynamic occlusion and, 218 particle, 227 relative, 225 Motivation: explanation of, 35 fear, 41–42 defensive behavior and, 44–45 learned, 47–48 predatory imminence continuum, 45–47 unlearned, 48 initiation of, 42–44 pervasiveness of, 42 feeding, 34, 35, 42 factors of, 36–37 incentive aspects of foods, 38 response organization, 39–40 rat behavior system, 40–41 variety of intake, 37 functional behavior systems, 34 development of, 34–35 sexual, 48–49 organization of behavior system, 50–51 reproductive signals, 49–50 temperature, 51 behavior system, 53–54 learning and, 53 thermoregulatory responses, 51–53 theories of behavior and, 33–34, 54–55 unconscious, 13 Motor control, 151 coordination of, 335–342 flexibility, 342–346 overview, 317, 346 preparation, 322–324, 326–327 motor control structures, 324–326 problems, 317–319 solutions to, 319–322 sensory information and, 327–335 transformation, 319 Motor equivalence, 248 Motor program, 324 Motor skill, 509 Motor space, 329 Motor theory, 255–257 Movement Gestalts, 336 Moving room, 228 Moving window technique, 559 Müller-Lyer illusion, 283, 330 Multidimensional scaling (MDS), 607–608 Multigestural segments, 251 Multiple personality disorder, 15 mood dependence and, 71 Multiple schedules, 381 Nader, Ralph, 655 Naïve realism, perceptual construction and, 10 unconscious processing and, Narrow-band noise, 123 National Advanced Driving Simulator, 660 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 656, 660 National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 654 National Highway Safety Bureau (NHSB), 655 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 660 National Institutes of Health, 656 National Research Council, 657 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, 655 Natural language, Naval Electronics Laboratory, 654 Negative mediation, 368, 369 Negative reinforcement, 378 Neighborhood activation model (NAM), 260 Neodissociation theory, 16 Nerve injury, 151 Nerve transmission See Action selection Net excitation, 403–404 Neuroimaging, consciousness and, 20 Neurolinguistics, 528 Neuroscience, approaches to consciousness, 17–25 consciousness and, Neutral trials, 276 New Essays on Human Understanding, 96 New Look movement, 10, 94 No-cue trials See Cue, no-cue trials Noise reduction hypothesis, 276–277 Noise waveform, 134 NOMAD system, 168 Nonword ratio (NR), 456 Normalization, 201 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 655 Null counts, 462 Object recognition See under Visual perception, object identification Object-based selection, 271 Object-centered reference frame, 194 Object-files, 286 Obligation, 627 Obligatory retrieval, instance theory of automaticity and, 500 Oblique effect, 160 Occasion setting, 370 positive/negative, 363 Occlusion, 216 depth cue integration and, 219 dynamic, 218, 224 Oculomotor models, 567 Off-sized perception, theory of, 223 Olfaction, sexual motivation and, 49 Omission, 378 Open-loop processes, 317, 320 707 ... 560 word encoding and, 553 Johns Hopkins University, 654 Journal of Applied Psychology, 650, 651, 652 Journal of Experimental Psychology, 651, 652 Judas eye, 10 Kana, 553 Kanizsa triangle, 190... explanation of, 35 fear, 41–42 defensive behavior and, 44–45 learned, 47–48 predatory imminence continuum, 45–47 unlearned, 48 initiation of, 42–44 pervasiveness of, 42 feeding, 34, 35, 42 factors of, ... incentive aspects of foods, 38 response organization, 39–40 rat behavior system, 40–41 variety of intake, 37 functional behavior systems, 34 development of, 34–35 sexual, 48–49 organization of behavior