Hệ thống tưới nước tự động

OPENING PART The necessity for the research to be conducted Firstly, Vietnam’s agriculture is still out of dated with a small number of scientific and technological researches to be applied in reality So many cultivation techniques and processes have been conducted based on farmers’ experiences rather than scientific requirements Besides techniques applied to growing and taking care of plants, watering is one of the most important works in agriculture to make sure that plants can grow well Once plants are watered properly according to scientific requirements in agriculture, it is less likely for pests to develop, therefore, it will be unnecessary to use pesticides Consequences, productivity will be higher and agricultural products shall be safer The second reason is the fact that using watering trucks on roads in the city center can contribute to cause traffic jams On the other hand, industrialization and modernization has appeared in all aspects of Vietnam’s society so automatic equipment and machines are being gradually used to replace human beings Therefore, more and more watering equipment are being researched, designed, manufactured and applied There are many types of watering equipment (rain ejectors, atomizers …) with many different parameters which are suitable with many different kinds of plants They are made in many different countries such as Israel, Korea, Taiwan, China, etc… Consequently, it will be very convenient for users to choose one that best suits their needs In order to apply them on large scale, it is necessary to select watering systems that both meet scientific requirements and are suitable with economic and technical conditions Watering system must make sure that roots, leaves and atmosphere have sufficient moisture so that plants can grow well; water-saving system shall create conditions for plants to absorb nutrition minimizing erosion, land degradation and environmental pollution Automatic watering systems can be combined with ii fertilization and using chemicals in agriculture Moreover, with an automatic watering system, humans shall not have to water and supervise watering time anymore so it helps save labor force With this system, watering is totally automatic Water level shall be adjusted depending on temperature, moisture, seasons, etc All these conditions shall be inputted into the system then it shall calculate and give accurate time to pump water Laborers shall not need to care the watering work any more Thanks to proper watering and calculating more accurate water level, plants shall grow better Reasons for choosing the topic Automatic watering system (drip watering, atomizers …) is now the best watering system to be applied widely in developed countries which can meet scientific requirements for plants The automatic watering system is a reasonable form of watering that helps save labor force and cost It has been widely used in many countries in the world However, only in the past few years, using this system has been a trend in Vietnam In the context of modernization in agriculture and rural areas, automatic watering system has become more and more popular; nevertheless, not all farmers are able to use it because of its high price On the other hand, strong development of science and technology makes life more convenient and modern Thanks to the development of electronic techniques, modern devices and machines are manufactured to take over hard jobs requiring high accuracy that were conducted by humans before Advancements in electronic technique have been quickly applied in many sectors: industry, transport, aviation, etc Automatic devices have played very important parts in constant development of these sectors Vietnam’s agriculture still depends heavily on weather conditions Besides, traditional cultivation methods don’t bring high yield With the development of economy and society, human demands have gradually increased, requiring an increase in quantity and quality as well Hence, advanced devices that can measure and adjust parameters such as temperature, atmosphere moisture, nutrition to suit every single stage during the process of development of plants are iii needed For the above-mentioned reasons, we have decided to research and design “Automatic Watering System” Purpose for conducting the research We wish to apply accumulated knowledge to research and design an automatic watering system model in order to apply to Vietnam’s agriculture We hope to bring new methods to watering plants so that agricultural production can be more effective Outline - Overall introduction about the topic - Introduction about components used in control circuits - Designing automatic watering system - Result and development orientation Research method In order to conduct the research, we use the following methods:  Inheritance research results - Inheriting researches by past generations on theoretical backgrounds for programming and modeling software - Inheriting researches applied in reality  Research orientation - Researching programming and modeling software on computers - Seeking simple, easy-to-use and effective programming methods  Test - Conduct the test run repeatedly, check and find out mistakes then perfect the system iv INDEX Lời cám ơn Opening part Index i ii v Figures and charts vii CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW 1 Definition of ‘Automatics’ 1 The role of automatics in production 1 How ‘automatics’ is applied in watering plants Researches conducted in foreign countries Domestic researches Domestic researches CHAPTER 2: CONTROLLER ELEMENTS Central processing unit 1 Board Arduino Mega 2560 2 Diagram of Board Ardunio Mega 2560 ports Technical specifications of Board Arduino Mega 2560 2 Receiver unit 2 Temperature sensor LM35 2 Humidity measure sensor FC-28 Error! Bookmark not defined.0 2 Matrix keypad 4x4 Error! Bookmark not defined.2 Display unit Error! Bookmark not defined.3 LCD 2004 Blue Error! Bookmark not defined.3 Communication module LCD 1602/2004 Error! Bookmark not defined.5 Real-time unit Error! Bookmark not defined.6 Equipment controlling unit Error! Bookmark not defined.7 v CHAPTER 3: DESIGNING PLANT WATERING SYSTEM 18 Set up the problem for the system 18 Designing the mechanical parts 18 Estimating the needs of water each time and the ability for water supply 19 2 Dividing watering zones Error! Bookmark not defined.9 3 Calculating the main pipes 20 Calculating the branch pipes, secondary pipes 20 Selecting the watering method 21 Materials used in construction of watering system 22 3 Designing controlling circuit Error! Bookmark not defined.3 3 Designing the hardware 243 3 Designing software .Error! Bookmark not defined.4 CHAPTER 4: TEST AND RESULTS 25 Testing “Display unit” 25 Automatic watering 26 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND DEVELOPMENT ORIENTATION 27 Conclusion 27 Limitation of the topic 27 Development orientation 27 REFERENCE 29 vi FIGURES AND CHARTS Figure 1-1: Watering Robot Droplet Figure 2-1: Diagram of units Figure 2-2: Pin diagram of board Arduino Mega 2560 Figure 2-3: Temperature sensor LM35 10 Figure 2-4: Humidity measure sensor FC-28 11 Figure 2-5: Matrix keypad 4x4 12 Figure 2-6: LCD 2004 Blue Error! Bookmark not defined.3 Figure 2-7: Pin diagram of LCD 2004 blue Error! Bookmark not defined.4 Figure 2-8: Communication module LCD 1602/2004Error! Bookmark not defined.5 Figure 2-9: Module RTC 1307 16 Figure 2-10: Pin diagram of Module RTC 1307 16 Figure 2-11: 4-Channel 5V Relay Module 17 Figure 3-1: The hardware according to figure 1-1 23 Figure 3-2: Plastic box of hardware 23 Figure 3-3: Interface of programming software 24 Figure 4-1: Manual mode 25 Figure 4-2: Time mode 26 Figure 4-3: Alarm mode 26 vii CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW This chapter deals with the following parts: brief introduction about automatics in agriculture, domestic and foreign researches on automatic watering system models, and additional solutions to the research topic 1 Definition of ‘automatics’ Automatic systems which comprise automatic components are systems used to control processes happening in the nature and life without direct interference from human beings Automatic control systems are combination of physical elements which are related to each other and used to monitor, adjust or control other systems Automatic control systems are very popular nowadays - Air conditioning systems - Moisture adjusting systems - Fire alarm systems … In factories/plants: - Automatic machines - Automatic production and assembly lines - Control machines operating based on programs, computers, robots, etc Role of automatics in production Thanks to mechanization and electrification, production tools and equipment have gradually developed and perfected Innovations in the material technology field then electronics and information technology fields have created favorable conditions for automatic technology to thrive which brings so many benefits to the society In reality, when automatic technology is applied in production, results are huge such as decrease in production cost, improvements in productivity and production conditions, meeting high intensity requirements in modern production, specialization in production, etc Thanks to these results, competitiveness shall be advanced, meeting production requirements In the near future, automatics shall play an indispensable part because it is not only applied in production but also daily life In production, it replaces humans when it comes to hard, dangerous, toxic works and works requiring sophistication etc And in daily life, this technology shall serve various demands of humans It will be an indispensable means in our daily lives Application of automatics technology in watering plants Vegetation work is the agricultural production base and is a typical example of modernization All processes in agricultural production can be controlled automatically in order to decrease labor force, increase yield, etc Although automatic technology was applied to watering for a long time, it only developed in some developed countries For developing countries, even though agriculture occupies a high proportion in their economies, applying automatic technology in watering plants is not popular Today, with assistance from foreign countries, developing countries especially Southeast Asian countries including Vietnam have been applying automatic technology to life and production Nowadays, with strong development of automatic technology and achievements in microelectronics and information technology, automatics in all fields become possible It is possible to affirm that automatics have become a trend in all industries of any country Researches conducted in foreign countries There have been many researches on automatic watering system in foreign countries so far: In early 1980s, Soviet Union (the old name of Russia) manufactured an auto machine applied in its agriculture While it was being operated, this machine could observe land moisture, atmosphere temperature, wind force, etc It could determine watering method and water plants thanks to a machine that could produce artificial rain Robot manufacturer Droplet has introduced watering robots integrated with latest automatic technologies, cloud computing and some other connection services allowing Droplet to be able to automatically observe injectors, adjust water volume and watering frequency Thanks to this, it can automatically water plants according to schedules calculated by itself based on analyzing input date Droplet is an automatic injector that is able to adjust water to be injected from roots to trunks within a radius of 9.14 meters Before the robot automatically operates, what users need to is providing names of trees in the garden through a telephone or a tablet wirelessly connected with the robot Based on the given information, Droplet shall search information on the Internet by itself in order to determine water volume and watering frequency suitable with each kind of tree Moreover, Droplet also searches information about local weather conditions to determine whether it is going to be sunny or rainy in order to calculate an appropriate schedule Israel automatic watering controller is easily programmed according to users’ demands Installation of the automatic watering system according to advanced technology only requires some small programs, providing the system with an input water source and leading injectors to positions needing watered Figure 1-1: Watering Robot Droplet There are two kinds of control: based on watering time and circle: - Control based on watering time: Systems operate according to real time shown in clocks - Control based on watering circle: Systems operate according to repeat circles of the time Time and magnetic valve controllers: - Auto controller: used to set auto watering time such as operating time, operating duration, and time for stopping water or switching to new positions The rain sensor will help the machine to automatically stop watering when it rains or moisture in the atmosphere is high - Magnetic valve: is device which receives and transmits signals from the controller to injectors so that they can operate properly Watering systems’ operation principle: Watering time shall be set, when it comes to operating time, the controller shall automatically transmit signals to magnetic valves Then these valves shall be automatically opened and supply water for injectors Users can set the watering time anytime they want Figure 2-7: Pin diagram of LCD 2004 blue Including: - VSS is grounded port - VEE port selects contrast This port selected via 01 rheostat 5K a connection head VCC, a Neutral wire - Port VDD connects to Positive source - Port selects registers RS (Register Select): have 02 registers in LCD  If RS=0 in writing command mode such as follows deleting screen, open close pointer  If RS=01 in writing data mode such as follows displaying characters, numbers on screen - Reading/ writing ports (R/W): input reading/ writing allow user to fill information on LCD R/W = or reading information of LCD when R/W=1 14 - Allowing port E (Enable): allowing port E used by LCD to complete its data When data is in that port we need a frequency from high-level to low-level at this port for LCD completing data, this frequency must have width at least such as 450ns - Port D0 – D7: This is 08 ports of 08-bit data, used for sending to information LCD or reading content of registers in LCD Communication module LCD 1602/2004 To use types of LCD with driver such HD44780 (LCD 1602, LCD 2004, ), need at least 06 ports of MCU connected to ports such as follows RS, EN, D7, D6, D5 and D4 to communicate with LCD However, with communication module LCD to I2C, only need ports (SDA and SCL) of MCU connected to 02 ports (SDA and SCL) of module, it can display information on LCD There out we can adjust contrast by assembling rheostat on module Figure 2-8: Communication module LCD 1602/2004 Description of ports (according to order): - GND: grounded port 0V - VCC: source 5V - SDA: Analog head - SCL: Analog head 15 Real-time unit Figure 2-9: Module RTC 1307 Real-time Module DS1307 (RTC) has feature to store date information day, month, year as well as hour, minute, second, it works as a watch and export data via I2C protocol (Inter-Integrated Circuit) Module designed attaches with a battery of watch has ability for storing information up to 10 years needless to provide source 5V from outside Module attached with EEPROM AT24C32 has ability for storing information up to 32Kbit Figure 2-10: Pin diagram of Module RTC 1307 16 Description of ports such as follows: - X1 and X2 are oscillate input for DS1307 Need oscillate of quartz crystal 32.76 KHz - Vbat is power supply for chip This source from 2V-3,5V This source helps chip perform continuously when does not have source Vcc and DS 1307 still performs according to time - VCC is source for communication I2C Voltage provided is 5V according to standard and used together with microprocessor If we not have Vcc but we have Vbat, so DS1307 still performs as normal but without writing and reading data - GND is general ground for Vcc and Vbat - SQW/OUT is an output create oscillation frequency (Square wave) This port does not affect real-time so we not use this port in real-time and ignore it - SCL and SDA are 02 data bus of DS 1307 Equipment controlling unit Equipment controlling unit uses Relay to close / interrupt electrical circuit this capacity received controlling command from Board Arduino Mega 2560 (Using low voltage open/close high voltage) Figure 2-11: 4-Channel 5V Relay Module 17 CHAPTER 3: DESIGNING PLANT WATERING SYSTEM Set up the problem for the system The automatic plant watering system has been widely applied By automating the plant watering system, it will increase the efficiency of cultivation such as: labor hours reduced, water saved, plan productivity increased However, in order to reach highest efficiency, it needs to be considered carefully in term of plant properties and local conditions An automatic plant watering system contains: - Water supply for the system - Water pump, electromagnetic valves - System of main and secondary pipes - Sprinkler heads (may be not applicable depending on watering methods) - Control box which automatically shut the water pump and electromagnetic valves when necessary Proposing the solution for the automatic watering system Options to decide whether to open/shut the watering system as follows: - Humidity > 90%, the system are not operated - Humidity of 85-90%, watering in 10 minutes - Humidity of 80-84%, watering in 15 minutes - Humidity of 75-79%, watering in 20 minutes - Humidity < 74%, watering in 25 minutes These options are subject to change depending on the region, plants, seasons and weather Designing the automatic timer, the system is operated when the set time come, the pump is turned on and turn off depending on the humidity Designing the mechanical parts The watering methods which involved watering pipes have the same calculation principles of drainage and hydraulic pipes These are: Determining the 18 watering zone, water supply, water demand for each type of plant, area and terrain From these parameters, we will calculate the diameter of main pipes, secondary pipes, branch pipes, laterals, velocity of water flow in the pipe, water pressure in the pipe, the length of the pipes, the connectors (swan-necks, T pipe connector, valve, pipe curve connector ), the number of spraying heads, bottom base, connector pipes etc… and finally make the list of quantity of materials, calculate minimum supplies costs, installation fees etc … Estimating the needs of water and the ability for water supply Depending on each plant, we determine number of watering time, water needed per time The number of watering time depends on the properties of plants and dampness of soil We only need to calculate the approximate parameters on the number of watering to find the amount of water needed In production, number of watering time should be adjusted according to actual soil, weather conditions Water needed per time is important parameter for calculating and designing watering system and calculate amount of water In reality, the water plants need is less than the amount we provided, so that the amount of water needed depends on the watering methods In general, the water demand for a perennial plant per time is ranged from 5-10 liters (drip watering); 15-20 liters (jet watering), 30 to 40 liters of water (ditch watering, sprinkler watering) 2 Dividing watering zones If only a small area need to watered, it will be one watering zone, but with a larger area, it must be divided into several watering zones If the divided watering zone is too large, the capacity of water pump and diameter of main watering pipes will be increase significantly; this leads to no economic benefit The best method is to water each watering zone one after another When dividing watering zones, it must be drawn up to present the shape and area of each watering zone, the length of the edge of the watering zones, drawing the tree line and the length of each row of trees so we can calculate the number of trees planted in each watering zone, to find the diameter, length of the main pipes 19 3 Calculating the main pipes The main pipe carry water to each watering zone and the whole watering area, therefore we have to calculate the appropriate length and diameter of the pipes and even pressure to choose suitable pipes (if the pipe is too big, it is too costly, the pipes which is too small cannot carry enough water to the watering zone, the inferior pipes will be torn apart, it cause wastes) In addition, we should consider the installation location for the pipe and make up these on the drawing Normally, if the watering zone is gradual lowland area, we arrange pipes to go along with the highest edge of the watering zone, thereby when water is discharged from the main pipes, the water flow will tend to come from high places to low place This would be beneficial in term of energy If the land is relatively flat or wave raised in the middle of the area, the pipes should be arranged along with the high peak to distribute water to two sides of the area Calculating the branch pipes, secondary pipes One main pipe will contain many branch pipes, each branch pipe carries water from the main pipes to an area of watering zone In design, we need to allocate the watering zone of each branch pipe to be relatively equal, so the branch pipes should have the equivalent diameter The secondary pipe is the pipe come through the tree line, bring water to the trees in the line The parameters needed of the branch pipes are also the length and diameter of the pipes The method for calculating the length and diameter of the pipe is similar to method for the main pipe: use ruler to measure the length on the drawing and multiply by the ratio on the drawing, calculate the diameter of pipe by determine the number of tree which watered by that pipe, from that, calculate the water output flow in the pipe, velocity of water flow is selected as meter/second Depending on the area that watered by that branch pipe, we will find that branch pipes have different size After that, we will round up to select the standard size of pipe in the market (the pipe sizes are 16, 21, 27, 32 mm etc.) 20 The manual drawing and calculation should only applied to small-sized watering zone and the shape is relatively simple, small number of edges, angles (rectangle, square, trapezium…etc.) Regarding the large-sized watering zone, in order to ensure correct calculation, we usually need professional graphics software to make drawing, determine the length of pipe line and use Excel to find the diameter of main pipes, branch pipes and secondary pipes In the drainage industry, people also calculate the loss of energy lead to water pressure decreased due to swan-necks, plumbing elbows, valve, bent pipes… effected However, in this case, these issue are abridged and skipped, assume that this problem is relatively correct, and in reality this is still can be applied to design the small-sized watering system without significant effects and it is automatically adjusted (For example: the time of watering can be increased to compensate the errors in calculation Selecting the watering method If the area of watering zone is small, the branch pipe can be unnecessary, the distributing pipes can be attached directly into main pipes Regarding the flooding watering method, branch pipe is replaced by ditches and drains, level 05 pipes is replaced by secondary ditches With the above watering method, in our opinion, the farmers have very limited funding, especially at the beginning stage, they have to spend on many things, thereby selecting the most appropriate and cost-saving models needs to be considered, calculated carefully After, when harvesting, people can improve, supplement to complete the watering system Accordingly, if the funding meets difficulties, and the terrain is convenient (watering zone is flat or fairly sloping), we should choose ditch watering model, because we need to invest in water pump, main pipes only, the branch pipes, secondary pipes is replaced by small ditches and drains, so the cost of buying pipes is saved However, the ditch watering model is inapplicable for uneven and heavily divided terrain If the ditch watering model is inapplicable, the jet watering model can be 21 applied, the advantage of this model is the entire pipes such as main pipes, branch pipes, secondary pipes are PVC pipes which can carry water through uneven terrain, there is reduction in water loss and it is stable application When applying the ditch watering model, the calculation of lengths, diameter of connecting pipes must be relatively correct and the selection of material, construction method should be appropriate Materials used in construction of watering system Currently, in the market, there are many materials to supply waters, such as soft pipes, PVC hard pipes, HDPV, metal pipes…etc., with different sizes, varieties, prices With main pipes, it is necessary to buy high quality pipe which have the highest pressure-resistant parameter (normally, with 2.8-3mm thick pipe, the pressure-resistant is over bar), because the main pipes is subject to very high pressure when working With the branch pipes and secondary pipes, we can use pipes which are made of synthetic resin This kind of pipes is very common for use in agricultures, with, color and standard diameter similar to PVC pipes which are used for supplying running water, but this kind of pipe is blended with stone powder, so it is cheaper by 30-50% when compared to up-to-standard products These pipes is usually bored many hole by worms, but it can be overcome by stitching up pipes, or the water flow out from the hole also mean supplying water for trees In the case of difficulty, the black PE pipes (soft plastic flat pipes) can be used to make branch pipes or secondary pipes These pipes are made of soft and flexible plastic like plastic bags, is rolled into coils which have same size with bicycle wheels, especially the price is cheap (the pipes with diameter of 32 mm have price of 1,000 VND/meter, the pipe with diameter of 27 mm is cheaper) From the secondary pipe line, in order to bring water to tree roots, there needs to be bases and black plastic pipe of 3-4 mm We use electronic hold (the hold uses battery to work in the rice field), drill a hole with the size of the base, stick into PVC pipes, after that, put the flexible plastic pipes into the PVC pipes The 22 secondary pipes is buried deeply next to the tree line about 5-10 cm, only the black flexible plastic pipes are “exposed” on the ground next to the tree root to supplying water 3 Designing controlling circuit 3 Designing the hardware Figure 3-1: The hardware according to figure 1-1 Figure 3-2: Plastic box of hardware 23 3 Designing software It is programming software of Ardunio with open source code, so it is easy and convenient to program, compile and upload the program to the board The software is active in many different operating systems such as Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux The environment is written in Java and based on processing and other open source code software This software can be used with any Arduino board therefore it is very appropriate for studying and researching purposes of students Figure 3-3: Interface of programming software 24 CHAPTER 4: TEST AND RESULTS For a research project, the results are always the most important Based on these experiments after finishing, we can measure which things is good and things did not well so we can find it and fix it Missing in the design process and the operation has stabilized or not will be shown by experimental results Testing “Display unit” For controlling hardware system, we use LCD 2004 Blue to display the character and use Matrix keypad to edit the setting So that the system have three interface displays: - Manual mode: By changing the statement of Relay, the user can freely control the watering system - Time mode: Display will show time and days from Module RTC DS1307 It also show the temperature and water level in tank - Alarm mode: In this mode, user can watering by setting:  Days of watering  Number of watering  Time of watering Figure 4-1: Manual mode 25 Figure 4-2: Time mode Figure 4-3: Alarm mode Automatic watering The system will still work even user set a mode or not The system will always drip watering and it don’t affect by temperature or humidity But sometimes depend on seasons and weather, the ground will to dry then the system will automatically active atomize watering base on temperature and humidity in environment The system check the temperature and humidity in environment every hours and if it meet the condition, atomize watering will active and stay working in thirty minutes After that system will take break in thirty minutes and continue working 26 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND DEVELOPMENT ORIENTATION Conclusion For several months of carrying out the topic with the help of instructors, the team completed the automatic watering system The group has focused on learning about automated systems because it is an important theoretical basis for the topic - Learn about automatic watering systems: classification, principles, building method - Learn about the Board Arduino, methods of using the microcontroller onboard to handle and display the result on the LCD - Design the hardware and write program for automatic watering systems, ensure the proper operation of controlling circuit Limitation of the topic Due to the limited conditions, in this topic, team only design the controlling circuit to turn on/off the electronic devices (water pump) under humidity Development orientation If the longer time and higher funding are allowed for the project, the team will have the following development orientations: - Can program to water more times in a day Program to control more devices - Design application on smart phone for users to check the status of garden, at the same time, they can install and control via internet 27 REFERENCE [1] Dr Nguyen Truong Giang (2011), Micro processing Technology, Publisher: The University of Transportation [2] Tran Xuan Truong (2010), CCS instruction documents, Publisher: The University of Science and Technology Ho Chi Minh City [3] Dr Cung Trong Cuong (2014), Bulletin of Science and Technonogy No 2, Edit: Hue Industrial College [4] John Boxal (2013), Arduino Workshop [5] Michael Margolis (2011), Arduino cookbook- 2nd edition, Publisher: O'Reilly Media List of reference website: http://catalogdatasheet.com http://ccsinfo.com/forum http://ardunio.vn https://www.arduino.cc 28