128 B Handbook of Medicinal Herbs FAD); Corn (f; JLH); Cystosis (f; CAN); Dermatosis (1; APA; CAN; WAM); Diabetes (1; CAN; CRC); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Eczema (f; APA; CAN; WAM); Enterosis (f; APA); Eruption (f; CRC); Fever (f; APA; CRC; FNF; PHR; WAM); Flu (f; APA; FAD); Fungus (1; APA; PED); Furuncle (1; CAN); Gas (f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; APA); Gonorrhea (f; CRC); Gout (f; APA; CAN; FAD); Gravel (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; FAD); High Cholesterol (1; FNF); HIV (f; APA); Hives (f; FAD); Hyperglycemia (1; APA; CAN; PNC; SKY); Hysteria (f; CRC); Ichthyosis (f; PHR); Immunodepression (1; FNF); Impotence (f; CRC); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; APA; CRC; PED; PNC); Inflammation (f; JLH); Itch (f; CRC); Kidney Stone (1; APA; X7860196); Leukemia (1; FNF); Leukorrhea (f; CRC); Lumbago (1; CRC); Lymphoma (1; FNF; JAD); Measles (f; CRC; FAD); Mycosis (1; APA; PED); Nephrosis (f; CRC; FAD); Pain (f; APA); Parturition (f; APA); Pharyngosis (f; APA); Phosphaturia (f; CRC); Psoriasis (1; APA; CAN; WAM); Rheumatism (1; APA; CAN; CRC; PNC); Ringworm (f; CRC); Scarlet Fever (f; FAD); Sciatica (1; APA; CRC); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Scrofula (f; CRC; FAD); Shigella (1; FNF); Smallpox (f; CRC; FAD); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Staphylococcus (1; FNF); Sterility (f; CRC); Swelling (f; CRC); Syphilis (f; APA; CRC); Tumor (1; APA; CAN; CRC; JLH; SKY); Ulcer (f; APA; JLH); Urethrosis (Unapproved KOM); UTI (f; APA); VD (f; CRC); Vertigo (f; CRC; FAD); Wart (f; APA; JLH); Water Retention (1; APA; CAN; WAM); Wound (f; APA) Dosages (Burdock) — 0.25–0.5 cup fresh root (PED); 1.25 tsp chopped or powdered root/cup water (1 tsp = ~2 g) (APA; BIS); 2–6 g dry root as tea, ×/day (CAN); 6–12 g dry root (PED); g dry root:45 ml alcohol/45 ml water (PED); 2–8 ml liquid root extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) ×/day (CAN); 8–12 ml root tincture (1:10 in 45% ethanol) ×/day (CAN); 0.5–1 tsp tincture up to ×/day (APA); (475 mg) capsules ×/day (APA; NH); (470 mg) capsules ×/day (NH); 0.5–2 ml liquid seed extract (PNC) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Burdock) — Class (AHP) CAN notes that it may conflict with other hypoglycemic medications Physicians in Burgos, Spain, in 1995, reported three cases of contact dermatosis caused by burdock root poultices Herbs for Health (November/December) page 68, reviewing Rodriguez, P et al., 1995 Allergic contact dermatitis due to burdock Contact Dermatitis 33(2):134–5 (However, a letter from Alvaro Palacios in Spain tells me this is based on contamination with belladonna) Should be avoided during pregnancy due to a slight estrogenic effect (WAM) CAN also cautions that because it is a uterine stimulant, in vivo, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN) Extracts (Burdock) — High inulin and mucilage may explain GI soothing effect (SKY) The bitter compound artipicrin kills Gram-positive bacteria (CAN) Bitter constituents explain digestive properties (SKY); polyacetylenes are antimicrobial (SKY) Lignans have antileukemic, antilymphomic, antimutagenic, and antitumor activities (FNF) The burdock fiber (root can be 50% inulin) at 5% in the diet of rats protects against the toxicity of artificial food coloring Plant juice reduces chromosome aberrations (CAN) Inulin seems to have antidiabetic, gastrostimulant, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, immunostimulant, and lipolytic activities Flowers and leaves antibacterial against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, and Staphylococcus aureus BURNING BUSH, DITTANY, GASPLANT (Dictamnus albus L.) ++ Synonym — D caucasicus (Fisch & C A Mey.) Grossh., D fraxinellus Pers., D fraxinellus var caucasicus Fisch & C A Mey Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 129 Activities (Burning Bush) — Antiimplantation (1; PH2); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (f; DAA); Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Cardiosedative (f; HHB); Contraceptive (1; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS; HHB); Emmenagogue (f; EFS; PH2); Mutagenic (1; PH2); Nervine (f; EFS); Phototoxic (1; HHB; PH2); Propecic (1; PH2); Sedative (f; PH2); Stimulant (f; PH2); Tonic (f; EFS; PH2); Uterotonic (f; HHB); Vermifuge (f; EFS; HHB) Indications (Burning Bush) — Amenorrhea (f; PH2); Boil (f; DAA); Cancer (f; JLH); Childbirth (f; PH2); Cramp (f; EFS; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Eczema (f; PH2); Epilepsy (f; PH2); Fever (f; EFS; PH2); Fungus (f; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Hysteria (f; HHB; WOI); Impetigo (f; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Insomnia (f; PH2); Itch (f; DAA); Jaundice (f; PH2); Malaria (f; HHB; WOI); Mycosis (f; PH2); Nervousness (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; HHB; PH2); Scabies (f; PH2); Vitiligo (f; HHB); Water Retention (f; EFS; HHB); Worm (f; EFS; HHB; PH2); Wound (f; PH2) Dosages (Burning Bush) — 20 g herb/liter water (PH2); tsp root/2 glasses water (PH2) Strangely, PH2 suggests one g fresh herb or g dry herb/cup water (PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Burning Bush) — Not covered (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Mutagenic, phototoxic, uterotonic BURR MARIGOLD, WATER AGRIMONY (Bidens tripartita L.) ++ Synonym — B comosa (A Gray) Wiegand, B connata Muhl ex Willd., B connata var comosa A Gray Activities (Burr Marigold) — Antibacterial (f; WO3); Antiinflammatory (1; WO3); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (1; DAA; EFS; WO3); Aperient (f; EFS; WO2); Astringent (f; EFS; PH2); Choleretic (1; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; EFS; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS; PH2; WO2); Emmenagogue (f; EFS); Expectorant (f; WO2); Hemostat (f; EFS); Narcotic (f; EFS); Sedative (f; EFS) Indications (Burr Marigold) — Alopecia (f; PH2); Bacteria (f; WO3); Bite (f; PH2); Bleeding (f; EFS; WO2); Cancer (1; WO3); Cystosis (f; DAA); Dropsy (f; WO2); Dysentery (f; DAA; WO2); Eczema (f; WO2); Enterosis (f; WO3); Fever (f; EFS; PH2); Gallstone (f; WO2); Gastrosis (f; WO3); Gout (f; DAA; PH2); Gravel (f; DAA); Hematuria (f; PH2); Hemoptysis (f; WO2); Infection (1; EFS; WO3); Inflammation (1; WO3); Insomnia (f; EFS); Kidney Stone (f; WO2); Nervousness (f; EFS); Respirosis (f; WO2); Sclerosis (f; DAA); Scurvy (f; PH2); Stone (f; WO2); Toothache (f; PH2); Uterosis (f; WO2); Venosis (f; DAA); Water Retention (f; EFS; PH2; WO2); Wound (f; WO3) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Burr Marigold) — Not covered (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD) B 130 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs BUTCHER’S BROOM (Ruscus aculeatus L.) ++ B Activities (Butcher’s Broom) — Alpha-Adrenergic (1; PNC); Antiaggregant (f; PED); Anticapillary Fragility (1; PH2; SKY); Antiinflammatory (2; KOM; PHR; PH2; SKY); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Aperient (f; PNC); Aperitif (f; EFS); Bitter (f; PED); Deobstruent (f; EFS); Diaphoretic (f; EFS; PNC); Diuretic (2; KOM; PED; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; EFS); Expectorant (f; BIB); Laxative (f; APA; BGB; EFS); Tonic (1; PH2); Vasoconstrictor (1; APA; PNC; PED; SKY) Indications (Butcher’s Broom) — Anorexia (f; EFS); Arthrosis (1; APA); Atherosclerosis (f; PED; SKY); Cancer, prostate (f; HHB; JLH); Capillary Fragility (1; PH2; PNC; SKY); Catarrh (f; BIB); Chilblain (f; BIB); Constipation (f; APA; BGB; EFS); Cramp (1; APA; KOM; PH2); CVI (2; APA; BGB; PH2); Dropsy (f; BIB); Dyspnea (f; BIB); Dysuria (f; BIB); Fever (f; EFS; PNC); Fracture (f; APA; BGB); Hemorrhoid (2; APA; KOM; MAB; PH2; SKY); Hypertriglyceridemia (1; BGB); Inflammation (2; APA; KOM; PHR; PH2; SKY); Itch (1; APA; KOM; PH2); Jaundice (f; BIB; EFS); Nephrosis (f; BIB); Pain (1; KOM); Phlebitis (1; PED); Pulmonosis (f; EFS); Prostatosis (f; JLH); Respirosis (f; BIB); Retinosis (2; BGB); Rheumatism (f; APA); Scrofula (f; BIB); Swelling (1; APA; KOM; PH2); Thrombosis (1; HHB; PED); Ulcus cruris (f; HHB); Uterosis (f; BGB); Varicosis (1; APA; MAB; SKY); Water Retention (2; BIB; KOM; PED; PH2) Dosages (Butcher’s Broom) — 300-mg tablets (APA); 7–11 mg ruscogenin (or neoruscogenin + ruscogenin)/day or equivalent in raw extract (KOM; PH2); 1–2 tbsp fresh root (PED); 1.5–3 g dry root (PED); g dry root :10 ml alcohol/10 ml water (PED); g extract ×/day (SKY); StX (50–100 mg ruscogenin)/day) (SKY) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Butcher’s Broom) — Class (AHP; SKY) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Commission E Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 131 reports rhizome permitted for oral use No contraindications or interactions Adverse effects: rarely gastric complaints, nausea, queasiness (AEH; KOM; PHR; PH2) Ruscogenins and neoruscogenins, similar to diosgenin, are responsible for decreasing inflammation and vascular permeability (SKY) Saponins are antiaggregant, antiinflammatory, capillarifortificant, and diuretic (PED) BUTTERBUR (Petasites hybridus (L.) P Gaertn et al and P officinalis Moench) + Synonym — Tussilago hybrida L Activities (Butterbur) — Analgesic (1; BIS; HH2; PH2; SHT); Antiinflammatory (1; IJI1; SHT); Antileukotriene (1; IJI1; PH2; SHT); Antilithic (2; KOM; SHT); Antimigraine (1; IJI1); Antispasmodic (2; KOM; PHR; PH2; SHT); Antiulcer (1; HH2); Aperitif (f; PH2); Aquaretic (f; SHT); Carcinogenic (1; PHR; PH2); Cardiotonic (f; GMH); Cytoprotective (f; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; MAD); Diuretic (f; GMH; MAD; PHR; PNC); Dysuria (2; KOM); Emmenagogue (f; MAD); Hepatotoxic (1; PHR; PH2); Mutagenic (1; PHR; PH2); Sedative (f; BIS); Stimulant (f; PNC); Teratogenic (1; PHR; PH2); Tonic (f; PNC); Vermifuge (f; MAD) Indications (Butterbur) — Adenopathy (f; JLH); Agitation (f; PH2); Anorexia (f; PHR; PH2); Asthma (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Backache (f; GMH); Bladder Stone (2; PHR; PH2); Bronchosis (f; PHR; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; PHR; PH2); Cold (f; GMH); Colic (f; PHR; PH2; SHT); Cough (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Cramp (1; KOM; PHR; PH2; SHT); Dysmenorrhea (f; BIS); Dyspnea (f; GMH); Dysuria (f; GMH; MAD; SHT); Enterosis (f; BIS; PHR; PH2); Fever (f; GMH; MAD); Gastrosis (f; PHR; PH2); Headache (f; PHR; PH2); Hepatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Hoarseness (f; MAD); Inflammation (1; IJI1; SHT); Insomnia (f; BIS; PH2); Kidney Stone (2; PHR; PH2); Migraine (1; IJI1; PH2); Nervousness (f; BIS); Neuralgia (f; GMH); Pain (2; BIS; HH2; KOM; PHR; PH2; SHT); Pancreatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Pertussis (f; PHR; PH2); Plague (f; GMH); Psychasthenia (2; HH2); Respirosis (f; PH2); Sore (f; GMH; PHR; PH2); Sore Throat (f; MAD); Stone (2; PHR; PH2; SHT); Stress (f; PH2); Ulcer (1; HH2); Uterosis (f; MAD); UTI (f; PHR; PH2; SHT); Water Retention (f; GMH; MAD; PHR; PNC); Worm (f; GMH; MAD); Wound (f; PHR; PH2) Dosages (Butterbur) — 4.5–7 g/day dry herb (KOM; PH2; SHT); 1.2–2 g powdered herb/cup water, 2–3 ×/day (HH2; PH2) “Teas should not be used” (PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Butterbur) — Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) Not recommended due to PAs and sesquiterpene lactones (PNC) Daily dose should not exceed µg PAs; not dose more than 4–6 weeks a year (SHT) Botanically similar to Tussilago farfara Adequate data about PA content not available PAs are toxic to humans, with liver damage with cirrhosis and ascites, or seneciosis, or veno-occlusive disease (VOD) reported in almost all cases of severe or fatal intoxications, from intakes of 0.5–3.3 mg/kg (AEH) Commission E reports all plant parts contain hepatotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic PAs Contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation (AEH) Gruenwald (PHR) makes the following contradictory statements, back-to-back, first his template, “No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.” Then, the conflicting statement, “One should entirely forgo any administration of the drug, due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids with hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects in the parts of the plant above ground, as even mere traces of the alkaloids present a danger” (PHR) Extracts (Butterbur) — Ethanolic extract antispasmodic IC50 = 1.7 mg/ml (very weak cf atropine 1/1,000,000th of papaverine 1/1000th) LD50 dry drug 870 mg/kg ivn guinea pig, tincture 1250 mg/kg (HH2), LD50 root extract 2500 orl guinea pig (HH2), LD50 root extract 60 mg/kg ivn guinea pig (HH2) B 132 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs BUTTERNUT (Juglans cinerea L.) +++ B PH2 goofed and listed Juglans nigra and Black Walnut, which they not treat separately, as trade names for butternut Strangely, they also list Juglandis folium as a constituent Activities (Butternut) — Alterative (f; NUT); Antiseptic (1; FAD; PH2); Antitumor (1; HAD; PH2); Cholagogue (f; PNC); Depurative (f; MAD); Fungicide (1; FAD); Hemostat (1; FAD); Herbicide (1; HAD); Laxative (1; FAD; MAD; NUT; PH2; PNC); Rubefacient (f; NUT); Stimulant (f; NUT); Tonic (f; PNC; PH2); Vermifuge (f; FAD; NUT; PH2); Vulnerary (f; FAD) Indications (Butternut) — Acne (f; MAD); Bleeding (1; FAD); Cancer (1; JLH; PH2); Cholecystosis (f; PHR; PH2); Constipation (1; FAD; MAD; PH2); Dermatosis (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (f; MAD); Dysentery (f; MAD); Enterosis (f; HHB); Epithelioma (f; NUT); Fever (f; MAD); Fungus (1; FAD); Gastrosis (f; HHB); Headache (f; FAD; MAD); Hemorrhoid (f; PH2; PNC); Hepatosis (f; HHB; MAD); Infection (1; FAD; PH2); Malaria (f; MAD); Mycosis (1; FAD; NUT); Rheumatism (f; FAD; MAD); Parasite (1; PH2); Rosacea (f; MAD); Sore (f; NUT); Syphilis (f; NUT); Toothache (f; FAD); Tumor (1; HAD; PH2); VD (f; NUT); Worm (f; FAD; NUT; PH2) Dosages (Butternut) — 100–300 mg bark (HHB); 2–4 ml, 1:1 fluid extract (HHB); capsules 95 mg bark, 500 mg, 3500 mg (PH2); 1:1 Fluid Extract (PH2); 2–4 ml liquid bark extract (PNC); 0.3–0.5 g dry bark extract (PNC) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Butternut) — Class (AHP) Large doses mildly laxative, contraindicated in pregnancy (AHP) None known or listed (PHR; PNC) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Our best source of dietary serotonin, quickly broken down in the gut (where there are serotonin receptors) The combination of tannin with all its pesticidal activities and juglone may be pretty potent ... and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Commission E Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 131 reports rhizome permitted for oral use No contraindications or interactions Adverse... therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD) B 130 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs BUTCHER’S BROOM (Ruscus aculeatus L.) ++ B Activities (Butcher’s Broom) — Alpha-Adrenergic.. .Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 129 Activities (Burning Bush) — Antiimplantation (1; PH2); Antipyretic (f; EFS);