108 B Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Sciatica (f; CRC); Scrofula (f; CRC; DEM); Sore (f; DEM; FAD; MAD); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Spermatorrhea (f; CRC); Stomachache (f; CRC); Swelling (f; DEM; FAD); Syphilis (f; CRC); Tumor (f; JLH); VD (f; CRC); Vomiting (f; CAN); Water Retention (f; CAN; CRC; MAD); Whitlow (f; CRC); Wound (f; DEM) Dosages (Blue Flag) — 0.6–2 g dried rhizome in tea, ×/day (CAN); 0.3–1.2 g powdered root (MAD); g powdered root (PNC); 1–2 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 45% alcohol) ×/day (CAN); 2–4 ml liquid extract (PNC); 4–12 ml tincture (PNC) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Blue Flag) — Class 2b, 2d May cause nausea and vomiting Fresh root may irritate mucosa (AHP) Fresh root and its furfural (volatile oil) may cause nausea, vomiting, and may irritate the GI tract and eyes (CAN) Furfural irritates the mucous membranes, causing lacrimation, inflammation of the eyes, irritation of the throat, and headache Because of the irritant oil, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN) Recent exchanges I have seen indicate that the fresh root makes proportionately much more potent and toxic solutions than the dry ones, which being much weaker, are taken in larger doses The information provided me said that naturopaths may tend to work with the drier roots and larger doses Then, when someone gets a fresh herbal tincture and takes the same dose, irritation and nausea can result LD50 of furfural, 127 mg/kg (CAN) Iridine poisonous to humans and livestock, hepatotonic in animals Reduced intake of food in rats (MAD; PNC) BOGBEAN (Menyanthes trifoliata L.) + Activities (Bogbean) — Anabolic (f; DEM); Antiedemic (1; FNF); Antihemorrhagic (1; FAD); Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antileukotriene (1; FNF); Antimelanomic (1; JAD); Antiprostaglandin (1; FNF); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (f; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; APA); Aperitif (1; APA; CEB; DAW; EFS); Astringent (f; FEL); Bitter (2; JAD; PHR); Cholagogue (f; DAW; EFS); Choleretic (1; APA; CAN; FAD); Deobstruent (f; DAW; EFS; PNC); Depurative (f; DAW; EFS); Diaphoretic (f; CEB; DAW); Digestive (1; APA; FAD); Diuretic (f; CAN; CEB; DAW); Emetic (1; CAN; CEB; DAW; EFS); Emmenagogue (f; CEB); Gastrostimulant (2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Hemolytic (1; CAN); Hepatoprotective (1; APA); Hypnotic (f; DAW; EFS); Hypoglycemic (f; MAD); Intoxicant (f; DAW); Laxative (1; APA; CAN; DAW; EFS; FEL); Narcotic (f; DAW; EFS; WOI); Nervine (f; DAW; EFS); Sedative (f; DAW; EFS); Sialagogue (2; APA; KOM; PHR; PH2); Stomachic (1; CAN; DAW); Tonic (1; DEM; DEP; DAW; FAD; FEL); Vermifuge (f; DAW) Indications (Bogbean) — Ague (f; CEB); Amenorrhea (f; MAD; PH2); Anemia (f; MAD); Anorexia (2; APA; CEB; DAW; EFS; KOM; PHR; PH2); Aposteme (f; JLH); Arthrosis (f; CAN; MAD); Asthenia (f; CAN); Bacteria (1; ABS); Bleeding (1; FAD); Cachexia (f; FEL); Cacoethes (f; JLH); Cancer (f; CEB; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, intestine (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, skin (1; FNF; HHB; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; HHB); Cholera (f; MAD); Cold (f; MAD); Constipation (f; APA; DAW; DEM); Cough (f; CEB; HHB); Cramp (1; APA); Dermatosis (f; APA; CEB; FAD); Diabetes (f; MAD); Diarrhea (f; CEB); Dropsy (f; FAD; FEL); Dry Mouth (2; APA; KOM; PHR); Dysmenorrhea (f; MAD); Dyspepsia (2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Edema (1; FNF; PH2); Endothelioma (f; JLH); Enterosis (f; JLH; PH2); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Fever (f; APA; CEB; DAW; EFS; FAD; FEL); Flu (f; DEM); Furuncle (f; PH2); Gas (f; DEM; HHB; MAD); Gastrosis (1; MAD; PH2); Glomerulonephrosis (f; ABS; FNF); Gout (f; CEB; PH2; MAD); Headache (f; MAD; PH2); Heartburn (f; MAD); Hemoptysis (f; CEB; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; MAD); Hepatosis (1; APA; CEB; FAD; JLH); Hyperacidity (f; MAD); Hyperglycemia (f; MAD); Hypochondria (f; MAD); Infection (1; PH2); Inflammation (1; APA; FNF); Insomnia (f; DAW; EFS; PH2); Jaundice (f; MAD; PH2); Lethargy (1; DEM; FAD); Malaria (f; APA; FEL; PH2); Melanoma (1; FNF; JAD); Migraine (f; HHB); Nephrosis (f; ABS; FNF); Nervousness (f; DAW; EFS; MAD); Neuralgia Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 109 (f; MAD); Otosis (f; PH2); Pain (f; CEB; DEM); Rheumatism (f; APA; CAN; CEB; DEM; FEL); Sarcoma (f; JLH); Scabies (f; PH2); Scrofula (f; CEB; MAD); Seasickness (f; MAD); Sore (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; HHB; PH2); Stomachache (f; DEM); Stone (f; HHB); Stress (f; EFS); Swelling (1; FNF); Trigeminal Neuralgia (f; MAD); Tuberculosis (f; HHB; MAD); Uterosis (f; FEL); Water Retention (f; CAN; CEB; DAW; MAD); Worm (f; APA; CEB; DAW; FAD; FEL); Wound (f; MAD) Dosages (Bogbean) — 0.5–1 tsp chopped leaf one-half hour before meals (APA); 10–25 grains powdered leaf (FEL); 1–2 tsp (1.5-3 g) leaf in hot or cold tea (MAD); 1–2 g, perhaps in tea, ×/day (CAN); tsp (= 0.9 g) or 0.5–1 g/cup tea, 1/2 cup before each meal (PH2); 1–2 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 25% alcohol) ×/day (CAN); 1–3 ml liquid extract (1:5 in 45% alcohol) ×/day (CAN); 1–15 drops tincture with sugar for seasickness (MAD); 0.5–1.5 ml liquid herb extract (PNC) Food farmacy; emergency food in Russia; hops substitute in Germany; tea substitute elsewhere (WOI) Roots used for making mission or famine bread Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bogbean) — AHP Class 2b, 2d (JAD) None known (KOM) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Not for patients with colitis, diarrhea, or dysentery (PH2) Should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation (CAN) Large doses may induce diarrhea, gripping pain, nausea, and vomiting (CAN; PH2) Unidentified hemolytic principle Large doses are emetic and laxative Betulinic acid is a promising antimelanomic compound Europeans report success in treating glomerulnephrosis Decoctions show dose-dependent antiedemic, antiinflammatory, antileukotriene, and antiprostaglandin activity; induced exocytosis BOG BILBERRY, BOG BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) ++ Activities (Bog Bilberry) — Narcotic (f; CEB; EFS) Indications (Bog Bilberry) — Catarrh (f; HH2); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cystosis (f; EFS; HH2; PH2); Debility (f; DEM); Diarrhea (f; HH2; PH2); Enterosis (f; EFS; PH2); Gastrosis (f; EFS; HH2; PH2) Dosages (Bog Bilberry) — heaping tsp fruit/250 ml cold water (HH2; PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bog Bilberry) — Not covered (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Overeating possibly fungal contaminated fruits may cause debility, dizziness, intoxication, queasiness, and vomiting (PH2) Extracts (Bog Bilberry) — Anthocyanins and polyphenols in berries of several Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium spp have in vitro antiradical activity on chemically generated superoxide radicals The extracts also inhibit xanthine oxidase All crude extracts were highly active toward chemically generated superoxide radicals Ribes nigrum extracts exhibited most activity, being the richest in both anthocyanins and polyphenols But Ribes rubrum extracts seem to contain more active substances (X1332092) BOLDO (Peumus boldus Molina) + Synonym — Boldea fragrans (Ruiz & Pav.) Gay, Peumus fragrans Ruiz & Pav Activities (Boldo) — Analgesic (f; BGB; CRC); Anticholinergic (1; BRU); Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antioxidant (1; APA; BGB); Antirheumatic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (1; CAN; CRC; EFS); Antispasmodic (2; APA; BRU; KOM; PH2; SHT); Aperitif (2; PHR); Carcinogenic (1; CRC); Carminative (f; BGB); Cholagogue (2; APA; CAN; SHT); Cholekinetic (2; SHT); Choleretic (2; B 110 B Handbook of Medicinal Herbs CRC; KOM; HHB; PH2; SHT); Demulcent (f; CAN); Diuretic (1; APA; BGB; CAN); Emetic (1; HHB); Gastrostimulant (2; APA; KOM; PH2); Hepatoprotective (1; APA; BGB); Hepatotonic (2; CAN; EFS; PNC); Hypnotic (f; CRC; HHB); Laxative (1; APA; HHB); Myorelaxant (1; APA; BGB; BRU); Narcotic (f; EFS); Nervine (f; BGB); Poison (f; CRC); Secretagogue (1; BRU; KOM); Sedative (f; APA; CAN; EFS; HHB); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (1; CAN; HHB); Tonic (f; CRC; EFS); Urinary Antiseptic (1; CAN); Vermicide (1; BGB; EFS); Vermifuge (f; CRC; HHB) Indications (Boldo) — Aging (1; APA); Anorexia (2; PHR); Atherosclerosis (1; APA); Autoimmune Disease (1; APA); Bilious Problem (2; APA; CAN; SHT); Cancer (1; APA); Cholecystosis (f; BGB; CAN; HHB); Cholelithiasis (1; CAN; HHB); Cold (f; CRC); Constipation (1; APA; HHB); Cough (f; CRC); Cramp (2; APA; BRU; KOM; PH2; SHT); Cystosis (1; CAN; PNC); Dyspepsia (2; APA; BGB; BRU; KOM; PH2); Enterosis (2; APA; KOM); Gallstone (1; CAN; HHB; PNC); Gas (f; BGB); Gastrosis (2; CRC; KOM); Gonorrhea (1; CAN; GMH; HHB); Gout (f; APA; BGB; CRC); Head Cold (f; CRC); Heartburn (f; BGB; BRU); Hepatosis (2; APA; CAN; CRC; HHB; PHR); Hypertonia (2; KOM); Infection (1; CAN; CRC; EFS); Inflammation (1; APA); Insomnia (f; APA; CAN; EFS; HHB); Jaundice (f; CRC; GMH); Lethargy (f; EFS); Nephrosis (f; BGB); Nervousness (f; APA; CAN; EFS; HHB); Obesity (f; PNC); Otosis (f; CRC); Pain (f; BGB; CRC); Prostatosis (f; BGB); Rheumatism (f; APA; BGB; CAN; EFS); Stomachache (1; APA); Stone (1; BRU); Syphilis (f; CRC; HHB); Urogenitosis (f; GMH); VD (f; CRC; HHB); Water Retention (1; APA; BGB; CAN); Worm (1; APA; BGB; CRC; EFS; HHB); Wound (f; CRC) Dosages (Boldo) — 1–2 tsp (2-3 g) dry leaf/cup water (APA); g dry leaf/day (KOM); 4.5 g dry leaf/day (PHR; PH2); 1–2 g leaf (HHB); 60–200 mg as tea, ×/day (CAN); 0.1–0.3 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 45% alcohol) ×/day (CAN); 0.5–2 ml tincture (1:10 in 60% alcohol) ×/day (CAN); 1–5 g tincture or elixir (HHB); drops boldo oil for urogenitary problems (GMH) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Boldo) — Class 2b (JAD) 2d Contraindicated in gallstones, serious hepatosis, and obstruction of the bile duct (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Still, PH2 cites an old source indicating that long-term consumption of boldine led to color hallucinations, depression, partial motor aphasia, and sound hallucinations (PH2) Commission E reports contraindications for leaf: biliary obstruction, severe liver diseases EO and distillates should not be used because of their ascaridole content (AEH) CAN caution against toxicity and irritation from the volatile oil Because of the irritant oil, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN) It’s nice to be cited by Schulz, Hansel, and Tyler (1998), “Because the herb contains substances that are potentially toxic (Duke, 1985), it is not recommended for long term use and should not be taken during pregnancy” (SHT) But that could be carried as far as the Delaney Clause, since all herbs (like all pharmaceuticals) contain substances that are potentially toxic Given internally in toxic doses, boldine causes great excitement, exaggerates reflexes and respiratory movements, increases diuresis, causes cramps and convulsions ending in death from centric respiratory paralysis, the heart beating some time after respiration fails Extracts (Boldo) — High doses of the hydroalcoholic extract (= tincture) inhibit lipid peroxidation, (in rat hepatocyte cultures) and protect such hepatocytes against various xenobiotics (BRU) Although overdoses (injected) may cause cramping, boldine has anticholinergic activity, causing relaxation of smooth muscle (from the rat ileum) (BRU) EO LD50 = 130 orl rat; LD50 = 625–1250 mg/kg der rabbit (CAN) Convulsant 70 mg/kg (CAN) The diuretic terpinen-4-ol is irritant (CAN) Alkaloids probably underlie the choleretic activity The total alkaloid content is more choleretic than boldine alone (PNC) Ascaridole is toxic Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 111 BONESET (Eupatorium perfoliatum L.) ++ Activities (Boneset) — Antibacterial (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; PH2; PNC); Antiperiodic (f; EFS); Antipyretic (f; APA; EFS; PED; PNC); Antispasmodic (1; WAM); Antitumor (1; APA); Antitussive (1; WAM); Antiviral (f; APA); Aperient (f; CAN; CRC); Astringent (1; PH2); Bitter (f; PED; PHR; PH2); Choleretic (f; APA); Cytotoxic (1; HHB; PNC); Diaphoretic (1; APA; CAN; CEB; CRC; PNC; WAM); Diuretic (1; APA); Emetic (f; CRC; EFS); Expectorant (f; EFS; PED, PNC); Hemostat (f; APA; CRC; EFS); Hepatoprotective (f; APA); Immunostimulant (1; APA; FAD; PHR; PH2); Laxative (f; APA; CRC; PED, PNC); Nervine (f; CRC; EFS); Peristaltic (f; PED); Phagocytotic (1; APA; PNC; PHR; PH2); Stimulant (f; CEB; CRC; EFS; PED); Tonic (f; DEM; EFS; PNC) Indications (Boneset) — Anorexia (1; APA; WAM); Arthrosis (1; APA; MIC); Backache (f; CEB); Bacteria (1; APA); Biliousness (f; APA; DEM); Bleeding (f; APA; CRC; EFS); Bronchosis (1; CAN); Bruise (f; PED); Cancer (1; APA; HHB; JLH); Catarrh (1; CAN; CEB; PH2); Chill (f; CEB; DEM); Cold (1; APA; FAD; WAM); Constipation (f; APA; PED; PNC); Cough (1; WAM); Cramp (1; WAM); Debility (f; DEM); Dengue (1; APA); Dermatosis (1; CEB; PNC); Dropsy (f; CEB); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Fever (1; APA; CAN; CEB; CRC; DEM; EFS; PED; PH2; PNC; WAM); Flu (1; APA; CAN; PH2; WAM); Fracture (f; DEM; PED); Gastrosis (f; CEB; MIC); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Gout (1; FAD); Headache (f; DEM); Hematemesis (f; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; DEM); Immunodepression (1; APA; FAD; PHR; PH2; PNC); Indigestion (f; PED); Infection (1; CEB); Inflammation (1; APA; PED; PH2; PNC); Insomnia (f; EFS; MIC); Malaria (f; CEB; EFS; FAD); Myalgia (f; FAD); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Osteosis (f; DEM); Pain (f; APA; MIC; PED); Pharyngosis (1; CAN); Pleurisy (1; FAD); Pneumonia (1; CEB; FAD); Rheumatism (1; APA; DEM; FAD); Snakebite (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; DEM); Tumor (1; APA; FAD); Typhoid (f; APA; CEB; DEM); Ulcer (f; MIC); Urethrosis (1; PED); Virus (f; APA); Water Retention (1; APA) Dosages (Boneset) — 1–2 tsp chopped leaf/cup water, up to ×/day; 0.5–1 tsp up to ×/day (APA); 1–2 g as tea, ×/day (CAN); 2–4 tsp fresh herb (PED); 1–2 g dry herb (PED); 1.5 g dry herb: ml alcohol/8 ml water (PED); 0.5–1 g powdered herb (PNC); 2–4 ml liquid herb extract (PNC); 0.3–0.5 g solid herb extract (PNC); 1–2 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 25% alcohol) ×/day (CAN); 1–4 ml tincture (1:5 in 45% alcohol) ×/day (CAN) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Boneset) — Class Large doses are laxative and emetic (AHP) Classified as a drug, which must normally be registered as a pharmaceutical (AEH) Sesquiterpene lactones are cytotoxic and can cause dermatosis (CAN) Because of the cytotoxic constituents in this and related species, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN) Do not use during pregnancy (WAM) Should not be used by children under year of age (WAM) Not for use more than days (WAM) May cause diarrhea or nausea in large doses (WAM) In the book Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs (De Smet et al., 1993), we read that all Eupatorium species containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids are, in principle, hazardous for mankind “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Extracts (Boneset) — Immunostimulant activity has been established in vitro for sesquiterpene lactone and polysaccharide components (CAN) Heteroxylan polysaccharides immunostimulant (PHR) Extracts weakly antiinflammatory in rats (PNC) B 112 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs BORAGE (Borago officinalis L.) + B Activities (Borage) — Adrenocorticostimulant (f; APA; CAN); Analgesic (f; PHR; PH2); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; CAN; FAD; PH2); Antipyretic (f; CRC; EFS; FAD; WO2); Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Aperient (f; CRC); Astringent (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Carcinogenic (1; APA; CAN); Cardiotonic (f; PHR; PH2); Collyrium (f; JFM); Demulcent (1; CAN; CRC; EFS); Depurative (f; CRC; EFS; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; CAN; CRC; EFS; JFM; PHR; PH2); Diuretic (1; APA; FAD; PNC); Emollient (f; CRC; EFA; HHB; PNC); Expectorant (f; CAN); Genotoxic (1; CAN); Hepatocarcinogenic (1; APA; PHR); Hepatotoxic (1; CRC; PHR); Hypotensive (1; CAN); Lactagogue (f; APA; CAN; CRC); Laxative (f; CRC; EFS; WO2); Nervine (f; CRC; EFS; WO2); Pectoral (f; CRC); Sedative (f; PHR; PH2); Tonic (f; CAN; CRC) Indications (Borage) — Alactea (f; APA; CAN); Alcoholism (1; LAF); Arthrosis (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Bladder Stone (f; CRC); Bronchosis (f; APA; CRC; PHR; PH2); Cancer, breast (f; CRC); Cancer, face (f; CRC); Cardiopathy (1; APA; CRC; JFM; LAF; PHR); Catarrh (f; CRC); Cholecystosis (f; PHR); Cold (1; APA); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC; JFM); Constipation (f; CRC; EFS; WO2); Corn (f; APA; CRC; JLH); Cough (f; CAN; CRC; HHB; JFM; PH2); Cramp (f; CRC; EFS); Cut (f; CRC); Cystosis (f; PH2); Dehydration (f; PH2); Depression (f; CAN); Dermatosis (1; APA; PH2); Diabetes (1; LAF); Diarrhea (1; APA; CRC; JFM); Eczema (f; CRC; LAF); Edema (f; CRC; JFM); Fever (f; CAN; CRC; EFS; FAD; JFM; PHR; PH2; WO2); Gas (f; JFM); Hepatosis (f; JFM); High Blood Pressure (1; CAN); Inflammation (1; APA; CAN; FAD; LAF; PH2); Insomnia (f; EFS; PHR; PH2); Itch (f; CRC); Jaundice (f; CRC; FAD); Kidney Stone (f; APA; CRC); Lethargy (f; CAN); Menopause (1; PHR; PH2); Nephrosis (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Nervousness (f; PHR; PH2); Neurodermatosis (f; APA; PHR; PH2); Pain (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Peritonosis (f; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; PH2); Phlebitis (f; PHR; PH2); PMS (1; APA; JAD; LAF; PHR); Pulmonosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (1; APA; FAD; PHR; PH2); Ringworm (f; CRC); Sclerosis (f; CRC; JLH); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore Throat (f; CRC; HHB; PHR; PH2); Stress (1; CAN); Stroke (1; LAF); Swelling (f; CRC; HHB); Syndrome-X (1; SYN); Tuberculosis (f; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer, mouth (f; CRC); Ulcer, throat (f; CRC); Water Retention (1; APA; FAD; PNC); Wound (f; FAD) Dosages (Borage) — 2–4 ml liquid leaf extract (APA; PNC); (300 mg) softgel containing 24% GLA (APA); (5 ml) spoonfuls dry herb/cup water ×/day (CAN); 1–4 ml tincture ×/day (CAN); 10 g leaf and/or flower/liter water for bronchosis and fever (JFM) .. .Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 109 (f; MAD); Otosis (f; PH2); Pain (f; CEB; DEM); Rheumatism (f; APA; CAN; CEB; DEM; FEL); Sarcoma (f; JLH); Scabies (f; PH2); Scrofula (f; CEB; MAD);... immunostimulant (PHR) Extracts weakly antiinflammatory in rats (PNC) B 112 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs BORAGE (Borago officinalis L.) + B Activities (Borage) — Adrenocorticostimulant (f; APA;... total alkaloid content is more choleretic than boldine alone (PNC) Ascaridole is toxic Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 111 BONESET (Eupatorium perfoliatum L.) ++ Activities (Boneset) — Antibacterial