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Dear Reader: This electronic book was created using Adobe Acrobat. The Acrobat Reader program includes extensive on-line help. Our intention is to outline the simplest way to proceed: Press page up or page down to move forward or backward one page. The home key or button will return you to the TABLE OF CONTENTS. Clicking with the on underlined text will take you to that part of the book. Clicking on any illustration will display a magnified view. The button will restore the previous view. The LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS offers easy access to any of the figures. Thank you for your precious time to read my book, The Author Aethro-kinematics Technical Introduction TABLE OF CONTENTS PROLOGUE 2 PART I. 9 THE DUALITY OF CLASSICAL PHYSICS 1. CLASSICAL PHYSICS 10 The Speed of Light Waves 14 2. RELATIVITY The Special Theory of Relativity 17 The All-Pervading Ether 18 The Lorentz Transformation 21 The Light-clock and Simultaneity 23 Relativistic Mechanics 27 The General Theory of Relativity 30 Some More Thought Experiments 31 Free Fall − Accelerated Frame 32 The Principle of Equivalence 34 The Bending of Light 35 Rotation 36 The Special Theory and Newton 37 The Geometry of Space 38 Experimental Verification 44 Some Retroactive Negatives 46 3. FROM QUANTUM THEORY TO PROBABILITY WAVES The Spectrum 51 Planck's Constant 56 Revival of the Corpuscular Theory – Photon 58 The Quantized Atom 62 The Waves of Matter 66 The Reconciliation of Duality 67 Wave Mechanics 72 The Uncertainty Principle 73 The Waves of Probability 77 4. THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL REVOLUTION 80 Profit and Loss 91 PART II. 96 THE KINEMATICAL SOLUTION FOREWORD Postulates versus Common Sense 97 Creation of Myths - The Mathematical Myths 102 Empirical Approach - The Cosmological Formula 103 5. UNIVERSAL ROTATION − UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION 105 Mechanistic Astronomy 108 The Tangential Component 114 6. CELESTIAL MECHANICS Concepts and Mathematics 119 Kepler's Formula 127 7. ROTATIONAL GRAVITATION The Concept of a Field 131 The Ideal Gas 134 The Inverse Square Law of Geometry 135 The Constant Force of Gravity 139 The Vortex 144 8. THE KINEMATICS OF THE THREE LAWS OF MOTION 154 Free Expansion 156 The Center of Oscillation 159 Momentum = Kilogram × Meter /Second 162 A Non-Inertial System 165 9. THE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION 177 10. THE ALL-PERVADING AETHER 186 Notice of Awareness 192 11. THE SINK OF MATTER Donut Vortex 194 Bernoulli's Principle 201 The Evolution of Matter 206 Philosophical Notes 216 12. ELECTROMAGNETISM IN THE IDEAL GAS The Pictures of Empty Space 219 Magnetism and Kinematics 230 The Electromagnetic Fluid 236 A Hydrodynamic Battery 240 The Cylindrical Sink-Vortex 243 Sinks and Sources 246 The Rule of Thumb 249 13. KINEMATICS AND THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION The Null Result 251 Mass-Increase and Mach-Number 256 Descartes Once More 262 Special Relativity Revisited 264 Experimental Justification 268 14. THE AETHRO-KINEMATIC THEORY OF WAVE-MOTION The Evolution of the Wave Theory of Light 275 Polarization and Wave Theory 279 About Mechanical Transverse Waves 286 About Longitudinal Waves 290 Simple Harmonic Oscillators 295 Harmonic Waves or Periodical Pulses 297 Huygens’ Principle − Kinematic Interference 302 The Momentum Amplitude 304 Polarization by Absorption 309 Polarization by Reflection 313 15. THE UNDULATION OF LIGHT Electromagnetic Oscillation 326 16. QUANTUM AND KINEMATICS 336 Planck's Formula 337 The Corpuscular Waves of Radiation 345 The Photo-Thermions 354 The Collision of Languages 361 The Doppler Effect Revisited 370 The Solar System of the Micro-Cosmos 378 A Matter of the Order of Magnitude 386 A Ship of Waves or the Waves of a Ship ?! 392 Back to the Aether Again and Again 400 The Ultimate Universal Constant 408 Energy and Anti-Energy Out of Nothing ?! 410 17. THE LAST SIX DECADES Conceptual Development in a Nutshell 413 An Aethro-kinematic Interpretation 438 18. THE BIG-BANG AND THE KINEMATICS OF DISPERSION 455 Redshift in the Prism 467 EPILOGUE – THE ‘UNDERSTANDING’ OF NATURE Common Sense 476 Understanding 481 Predictivity 484 The Understanding of Nature 487 APPENDICES : I. – THE MATHEMATICS OF THE SINK–VORTEX 489 Syntropy 498 II. – THE CYLINDRICAL SINK–VORTEX 500 III. – DISCONTINUITY OUT OF CONTINUITY 510 The Bulk Modulus of the Aether 519 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 524 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS REFERENCES 1 ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ “Miserable mind, you get your information from your senses, and do you try to overthrow them ? The overthrow will be your downfall." Democritus: Atomism. Sixth century B.C. PROLOGUE This work attempts to outline a complete descrip- tion of the physical universe founded and executed on the laws, concepts and ideas of The Kinetic Theory of Gases and on the overriding assumption that all natural phenomena can be derived from, analyzed, described and humanly understood through the com- paratively simple kinematics of an all-pervading ideal gas. This idea is not at all new. In different times, dif- ferent forms and levels of natural philosophy and sci- ence, the idea and search for a fundamental sub- stance as the cause for all natural phenomena has intertwined the whole body of knowledge. This universal kinematic theory could be present- ed through the description of an unnamed prototype of an ideal gas without even mentioning the discard- ed, re-established, ridiculed and re-incarnated, and finally totally distorted classical concept of Ether. But with due respect to the hundreds of geniuses who spent their lives on this concept, from Epicurus and Euclid to Newton, Descartes, Bernoulli, Huy- gens, Faraday, Maxwell, Lorentz and hundreds of others, this worn out hypothesis will be finally and irrevocably clarified and authenticated in this work. Accordingly, the fundamental, single assumption of AETHRO-KINEMATICS reinstates the existence of an all-pervading medium in the form of the ideal gas of Aether. The spelling of the word, A-e-t-h-e-r, indicates a redefining of this medium by starting over from the era of Descartes' mechanicism, with the firm convic- tion that the human mind, which has evolved by the sensations of the mechanical world, can only compre- hend nature through mechanical pictures, or cannot comprehend it at all! In this realm of mechanicism, action at a distance is unthinkable and the only con- ceivable transmission of force from one body to another is by actual bodily contact through collision. Motion can only be caused by motion, and can only produce motion in turn. 2 Aethro-kinematics The task this theory takes upon itself is that of Descartes'; to weed out all action at a distance forces from physics and replace them with the kinematic understanding of the construction of each force out of the capabilities of an ideal gas. - KINEMATICS is distinct from kinetics, mechanics and dynamics which were founded on Newton's conceptually imper- ceptible mathematical proportionalities among Force, Mass and Acceleration. Kinematics is a branch of physics which deals only with the abstract motion of geometrical points without any regard to forces or inertia. For some further clarification, it might be added, that one of the characteristics of geometrical points is that in order to distinguish one from the other, they cannot overlap each other in space; that is, they are impenetrable to one another, just like the atoms of an ideal gas. It will be attempted to show below that all Newtonian concepts of earthly and celestial mechanics, Gravity, Inertia, Force and Acceleration, including Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion can be simulated and explained through the simple laws of kinematics applied through the general characteris- tics of an isotropic, homogeneous ideal gas. In AETHRO-KINEMATICS, Aether is taken as an all-pervading ideal gas on the ultra-microscopic order of magnitude. The constituents of this medi- um, named Aethrons, are conceptually equivalent to the atoms of an ideal gas; geometrical points, impene- trable to one another. – On the average, Aethrons rep- resent the ultimate units of mass, equal to one another and on the average they move with the speed of light. Therefore, Aethrons are the funda- mental definitive units of mass and motion. Aether is a system of equal masses, in which the Newtonian concepts of inertia and the law of the con- servation of momentum are naturally reduced to the simple concept of motion and its eternal nature. The collisions among the Aethrons are perfectly elastic and the transfer of motion is instantaneous. For describing the various kinematical phenomena of nature, Aethrons do not need to exert any action at a distance forces on one another and therefore they do not need to possess any internal structure that need be the subject of further speculations. AETHRO-KINEMATICS is founded on the exis- tence of a supermundane, all-pervading ideal gas of Aether. Nevertheless, there are some more or less 3 Aethro-kinematics PROLOGUE important, and allegedly uncontestable arguments against this ideal-gas-model. Some essential ones are described below in order to avoid the impression that this study is oblivious to those objections : The hypothesis of the Transverse nature of light- waves, which claims that ether must be an elastic solid to sustain restoring forces required to explain the phenomena of polarization and double refraction. The Theory of the Expanding Universe, based on Hubble's galactic red shift, which is a confusing issue regarding to Universal Rotation. The Aberration of starlight, which is supposed to prove that the earth is quietly swimming relative to the motionless ocean of ether. The Michelson null result, the foundation of the arguments of Special Relativity, which postulates a 'way out' of the hopeless choice that either the Earth is not moving, or there is no ether at all. Some of these arguments will naturally dissolve in the course of the kinematic solution of the major perplexities of modern physics, some others will be dealt with at a later stage when the new theory has gained some credibility through the alternate description of the fundamental natural phenomena. PART I. Chapter One renders a condensed and simpli- fied history of the physical thoughts embodied in Classical Physics, most importantly to emphasize the theoretical duality in its development, which has lead to some seemingly irreconcilable differences between the results and predictions of Newton's Mechanics and those of the classical Electromag- netic Theory. Chapter Two reviews one of the most important revolutionary breakaways from classical methods by the Theories of Relativity based on the unmitigated acceptance of the duality of the classical theories. For the sake of impartiality some notes are disclosed on the existing doubts and critiques of the present state of Modern Physics by prominent physicists of the later part of the century. Chapter Three deals with the other main revo- lutionary concept of Modern Physics; the Quantum Theory and its long term developments, which are also founded on the primary conviction, that the the- oretical duality in Classical Physics cannot be relieved conceptually, but only by mathematical sup- plements. 4 Aethro-kinematics PROLOGUE Chapter Four reviews the general opinion and outlook of modern scientists about the revolution in scientific approach, epistemology and philosophy brought by the twentieth century. PART II. T he Foreword is firstly an appeal against the neo-prejudicism of the relativistic philosophy against Aether. Secondly it is a declaration of the non-argu- mentative nature of this study which is rather an attempt to render an alternate explanation for the unrelieved perplexities of both classical and modern physics. Chapter F ive introduces universal rotation and universal gravitation as the most general phenome- na of both micro- and macrocosmos and discusses the classical approach of finding their origin and charac- teristics, culminating in Isaac Newton's laws of Mechanics and his theory of Universal Gravitation. Chapter Six describes Kepler's three laws of planetary motion especially his astronomical formu- la, initially tailored for the solar system, and later found to be valid for all rotational phenomena both in the micro- and macrocosmos. Follows the re-estab- lishment of the known, but not sufficiently publicized important fact that Kepler's Formula is the real foundation, from which Newton derived the mathe- matics of Universal Gravitation and not the other way around. Chapter Seven introduces the kinematic phe- nomenon of the sink vortex as a natural tendency of an isotropic homogeneous ideal gas and shows a mathematical and mechanical equivalence with those of the phenomenon of gravitation. Chapter Eight contains the kinematic descrip- tion of Newton's Mechanics and establishes the con- ceptual content of Newtonian mathematics by describing the underlying kinematics of the concepts of inertia, force and acceleration. Chapter Nine – having all the above available, – takes a detour back to Kepler's mythical formula and uncovers its mathematical origin from the sink vortex of an ideal gas. The kinematics of inertia together with the sink vortex is shown to be the plausible concept to explain the elliptical orbits of the planets, satellites and all sub-units of all rotating gravitational systems. 5 Aethro-kinematics PROLOGUE Chapter Ten finally replaces the hypothetical ideal gas with Aether, as a real, fundamental and all pervading substance with all the characteristics of an ideal gas. It establishes the already existing and the potentially acquirable knowledge about its order of magnitude, and the size, the average speed, and the density of the Aethrons. Also suggest an approach to realize the fundamental role of the inter- nal kinetic energy of the Aether. Chapter Eleven – To establish the natural cause for the formation of a Sink-vortex, some ideas and designs are offered for describing the Kinematical Evolution of Matter. Since the electro- magnetically organized state of Aether, called matter, takes up less space than its random state, the evolu- tion is accompanied by the continuous and progres- sive consumption of the free Aether, which therefore represents the initial kinematic cause for the origin of the Sink-vortex and Rotational Gravitation. The resulting natural condensation of the Aether's kinet- ic energy in matter, finally fills the famous formula E=mc 2 with kinematically conceivable content. The theory suggests an evolutionary arrow pointing in the opposite direction to that of Entropy. Chapter Twelve re-establishes Faraday's and Maxwell's initial aether concepts of lines, tubes and fields of forces in the ideal gas model of the Aether and introduces a kinematical understanding of elec- tricity and magnetism without the action at a dis- tance attraction and repulsion between elementary charges. Chapter Thirteen describes the kinematic causality of the Lorentz Transformation and that of the Fitzgerald ratio, as the natural resistance against the motion of a foreign object within the ideal gas of the Aether. It is shown that there is a perfect mathe- matical analogy between the aerodynamic theory of resistance, expressed by the Mach number, and the kinematical resistance of the Aether, represented by the Lorentz-Fitzgerald formula. While the air-resis- tance increases as the speed of the foreign body approaches the speed of sound, the Aether-resistance increases as the speed of a particle approaches the velocity of light. Thus, this hypothesis clears up all the confusing philosophical speculations about relative motions between light, matter and observer, and the myth of the relativistic mass-increase. 6 Aethro-kinematics PROLOGUE Evidently, by these ideas, the Special Theory of Relativity and its philosophical postulates are ren- dered to be superfluous. Chapter F ourteen uncovers the fundamental hidden ambiguity of the classical mechanical wave theory, which ultimately led to the theory of the uniquely transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. This condition of the transverse oscillation was imposed on the undulatory theory of light by the allegedly otherwise unexplainable phenomenon of polarization. In turn, the restoring force required for the transverse oscillation of light made all feasible mechanical model, including the ideal gas model of the Aether, physically impossible. After uncovering the misconceptions of the over-simplified mechanics of the transverse waves on a string that affected all subsequent wave theories, a new kinematical theory of wave-motion is presented. Based purely on the kinetic theory of periodical compression pulses, this hypothesis offers a kinematical solution for all opti- cal phenomena, including double refraction and polarization without the imposed assumption of the uniquely transverse nature of electromagnetic radia- tion. With this, the seemingly impenetrable theoreti- cal barrier, that has blocked the ideal gas model of the Aether for two centuries, has been removed. Chapter Fifteen represents an alternate kine- matic description of the production of electromagnet- ic radiation. With the acceptance of the ideal gas model of the Aether and the kinematic theory of the Aetherial compression pulses, this theory describes the origin of radiation based on the previously estab- lished explanation of the electron current. That is, a theory, purely founded on the circulatory flow of the Aether through the terminals of the battery and the resulting cylindrical vortex around and within the conductors. Moreover. this approach creates a plausi- ble picture for the electromagnetic oscillators, where all forces and potential differences are explained by the circulations and local pressure fluctuations of the Aether and in the gas of free electrons locked into the bulk matter of the conductors. Chapter Sixteen discusses the two main groups of classically unresolved quantum problems: 1) Blackbody radiation, Photo-electric Effect and Compton Effect, where radiation manifests particle nature, justifies the concepts of quanta and photons. In general, the origin of the wave-particle duality, 7 Aethro-kinematics PROLOGUE 2) The diffraction phenomenon of electrons and other elementary particles, which demonstrates the wave nature of matter, which initiates the De Broglie's hypothesis of matter-waves. In general the origin of the particle-wave duality. A declaration of insolvability of each of these problems formed the justification of the mathemati- cally equivalent, but conceptually divergent Quan- tum Physics, Wave Mechanics, Matrix Mechanics, and Quantum Mechanics. For every one of these perplexities an alternate kinematic solution is offered in the pursuit of the rehabilitation of conceptual theoretical physics in the reach of human comprehension and common sense. Chapter Seventeen consists of three parts: 1. A condensed reiteration of the conceptual development of quantum theory from 1900-1930 with the resulting acceptance of the ambiguous Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. 2. The philosophical and metaphysical argumen- tation of the last six decades about the obvious suc- cess of the mathematical formalism and the obvious incomprehensibility of that success. 3. The Aethro-kinematical analysis and re-inter- pretation of the meaning and of the limitations of quantum mechanics based on the fundamental ideal gas properties of the all-pervading Aether. Chapter Eighteen suggests an alternate solu- tion for Hubble's cosmological red-shift, replacing the Doppler effect interpretation with the Aethro-kine- matic explanation of dispersion, which re-establishes the validity of the long forgotten Tired Light Theory. This solution, founded on observational facts, finally unites Physics, Cosmology and Cosmogony and relieves the Rotating Universe of AETHRO-KINE- MATICS from the potential attacks based on the artificial authenticity of the theories of the Expan- ding Universes, and that of the Big Bang. The following AETHRO-KINEMATIC description of the physical world is clearly conceptual and well within the reach of common-sense logic. The minimal use of simple mathematics serves one purpose only, to prove the mathematical identity of the alternative kinematic explanation of the given phenomena with the conceptually unreachable mathematical postu- lates of modern physics. 8 Aethro-kinematics PROLOGUE [...]... principle of relativity The Light-clock and Simultaneity ® Aethro- kinematics M I R R O R Figure 2-1 , “Two parallel mirrors are placed exactly 1 meter apart A pulse of light is continually reflected backward and forward between these mirrors Every time the pulse reaches the lower mirror, it operates a light-sensitive device and a pen makes a mark on the paper moving past it 25 Aethro- kinematics CHAPTER TWO “Each... terrestrial stations.” If light-waves are propagated in the motionless sea of Aether and the Earth is orbiting around the Sun submerged in this same medium, then because of the Earth’s motion relative to the aether, our measurement of the speed of light-waves should be different in different directions 14 Aethro- kinematics CHAPTER ONE No doubt, the measured speed of the sound-waves will be different when... have already tried to change (1) and (2) and came to disagreement with experiment All theories concerning the motion of ‘e - - - r’ required an alteration of (1) and (2) "This was no good Once more we realize the serious character of our difficulties A new clue is needed and 20 Aethro- kinematics CHAPTER TWO it is supplied by accepting the fundamental assumptions (1) and (2), and strange enough though it.. .Aethro- kinematics PART I THE DUALITY OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS 9 Aethro- kinematics CHAPTER ONE CHAPTER ONE CLASSICAL PHYSICS In Aristotelian philosophy, 'rest' was generally regarded as the natural state of matter, meaning that anything not... subject: “What is the difference between starting with the assumption of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction and deducing from it the constancy of the velocity of light, or starting from the assumption of the mea22 Aethro- kinematics CHAPTER TWO sured constancy of the velocity of light and deducing from it the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction?! "If that were all, there would be no significant difference,... direction of the motion of the room and smaller in the opposite direction.” THE ALL-PERVADING ETHER “There is now an important question: Could we repeat what has just been said of sound waves in the case of a light waves? Does the Galilean transformation apply to mechanical, as well as optical and electrical phenomena? 18 Aethro- kinematics CHAPTER TWO "In the case of the sound waves in the room, moving uniformly,... largest, and probably the most uniform body of which we have any knowledge.” In general, physicists and philosophers of the nineteenth century saw classical physics as the com12 Aethro- kinematics CHAPTER ONE pletion of the world-picture, culminating in Newton’s mechanics, the discovery of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the growth of electromagnetism and the development of statistical mechanics... result, which flatly contradicts the apparently well-founded concepts of classical physics Two events which are simultaneous in one coordinate system may not be simultaneous in another coordinate system Two events, i e the two light beams reaching the two walls, are simultaneous for the observer on the inside, but not for the observer on the outside 21 Aethro- kinematics CHAPTER TWO “In classical physics,... matter and radiation To give a proper quantitative description for these phenomena, two entirely new theoretical systems had to be developed: 13 Aethro- kinematics CHAPTER ONE 1 The theories of relativity, dealing with the constancy of the speed of light, re-evaluates the concepts of space and time and finally geometrizes Newton’s mysterious force of gravitation 2 The somewhat simpler system of quantum... anything else, is to me so great an absurdity, that I believe no man, who has in philosophical matters a competent faculty for thinking, can ever fall into.’ ” (Whittaker: Aether and Electricity, 191 9-1 962) 11 Aethro- kinematics CHAPTER ONE Nevertheless, Newton’s laws of mechanics and universal gravitation, together with his mathematical innovation of the differential calculus, have been working with great . of AETHRO-KINEMATICS reinstates the existence of an all-pervading medium in the form of the ideal gas of Aether. The spelling of the word, A-e-t-h-e-r,. general characteris- tics of an isotropic, homogeneous ideal gas. In AETHRO-KINEMATICS, Aether is taken as an all-pervading ideal gas on the ultra-microscopic order