Đây là bộ sách tiếng anh về chuyên ngành vật lý gồm các lý thuyết căn bản và lý liên quan đến công nghệ nano ,công nghệ vật liệu ,công nghệ vi điện tử,vật lý bán dẫn. Bộ sách này thích hợp cho những ai đam mê theo đuổi ngành vật lý và muốn tìm hiểu thế giới vũ trụ và hoạt độn ra sao.
SCATTERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves: Theories and Applications Leung Tsang, Jin Au Kong, Kung-Hau Ding Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBNs: 0-471-38799-1 (Hardback); 0-471-22428-6 (Electronic) WILEY SERIES IN REMOTE SENSING Jin Au Kong, Editor Asrar * THEORY AND APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING Crane * ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION THROUGH RAIN C~rlander and McDono~gh * SYNTHtTlC APERTURE RADAR: SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING Elachi * INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS AND TECHNIQUES OF REMOTE SENSING Haykin, Lewis, Raney, and Rossiter l REMOTE SENSING OF SEA ICE AND ICEBERGS Haykin and Steinhardt l ADAPTIVE RADAR DETECTION AND ESTIMATION Hord * REMOTE SENSING: M~HODS AND APPLICATIONS Janssen l ATMOSPHERIC REMOTE SENSING BY MICROWAVE RADIOM~RY Maffett 0 TOPICS FOR A STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF RADAR CROSS SECTIONS Steinberg and S~bbaram 0 MICROWAVE IMAGING TECHNIQUES Szekielda * SATELLITE MONITORING OF THE EARTH Tsang, Kong, and Shin * THEORY OF MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Tsang, Kong, and Ding * SCAnERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES: THEORIES AND APPLICATIONS Tsang, Kong, Ding, and Ao 0 SCA~ERING OF ELECTROMAGN~I~ WAVES: NUMERICAL SIMU~TIONS Tsang and Kong l SCATTERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES: ADVANCED TOPICS ~~~~ SCATTERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Theories and Applications Leung Tsang Jin Au Kong Kung-Hau Ding A Wiley-Interscience Publication JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York l Chichester l Weinheim l Brisbane l Singapore l Toronto Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves: Theories and Applications Leung Tsang, Jin Au Kong, Kung-Hau Ding Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBNs: 0-471-38799-1 (Hardback); 0-471-22428-6 (Electronic) This text is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 0 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as pe~i~ed under Section 107 or t 08 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher. or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 0 1923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-00~2. (212) 8506011, fax (212) 850.6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WlLEY.CQ~. For ordering and customer service, call 1.80~-CALL-WILEY. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data is available: Tsang, Leung. Scattering of electromagnetic waves: Theories and Applications ISBN O-47 t -38799-7 (cloth: alk. paper) Printed in the United States of America, 10987654321 CONTENTS PREFACE xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING BY A SINGLE PARTICLE *. . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 11 . 12 . 2 21 . 22 l 23 . 24 l 3 31 . 32 . 4 41 l 42 . 43 . 5 6 61 . 62 l 63 l Basic Scattering Parameters 2 Scattering Amplitudes and Cross Sections 2 Scattering Amplitude Matrix 6 Rayleigh Scattering 9 Rayleigh Scattering by a Small Particle 9 Rayleigh Scattering by a Sphere 10 Rayleigh Scattering by an Ellipsoid 12 Scattering Dyads 14 Integral Representations of Scattering and Born Approximation Integral Expression for Scattering Amplitude Born Approximation Plane Waves, Cylindrical Waves, and Spherical Waves Cartesian Coordinates: Plane Waves Cylindrical Waves Spherical Waves Acoustic Scattering Scattering by Spheres, Cylinders, and Disks Mie Scattering Scattering by a Finite Length Cylinder Using the Infinite Cylinder Approximation 16 16 18 21 21 22 24 30 32 32 41 Scattering by a Disk Based on the Infinite Disk Approximation 46 References and Additional Readings 52 -v- Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves: Theories and Applications Leung Tsang, Jin Au Kong, Kung-Hau Ding Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBNs: 0-471-38799-1 (Hardback); 0-471-22428-6 (Electronic) vi CONTENTS CHAPTER 2 BASIC THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING 53 1 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 2 3 4 5 51 . 52 . 53 . 6 7 71 . 72 . 8 81 . 82 . 83 . Dyadic Green’s Function Green’s Functions Plane Wave Represent at ion Cylindrical Waves Spherical Waves Huygens’ Principle and Extinction Theorem Active Remote Sensing and Bistatic Scattering Coefficients Optical Theorem Reciprocity and Symmetry Reciprocity Reciprocal Relations for Bistatic Scattering Coefficients and Scattering Amplitudes Symmetry Relations for Dyadic Green’s Function Eulerian Angles of Rotation T-Matrix T-Matrix and Relation to Scattering Amplitudes Unitarity and Symmetry Extended Boundary Condition Extended Boundary Condition Technique Spheres 8.2.1 Scattering and Absorption for Arbitrary Excitation 8.2.2 Mie Scattering of Coated sphere Spheroids References and Additional Readings 54 54 55 57 59 60 66 68 73 73 75 79 81 83 83 88 91 91 97 100 102 104 106 CONTENTS vii CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF RANDOM SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . 107 1 2 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 . 3 31 . 32 . 4 5 51 . 52 . 53 . 54 . 6 Radar Equation for Conglomeration of Scatterers Stokes Parameters and Phase Matrices Elliptical Polarization, Stokes Parameters, Partial Polarization Stokes Matrix Scattering per Unit Volume and Phase Matrix Rayleigh Phase Matrix Phase Matrix of Random Media Fluctuating Fields Coherent and Incoherent Fields 108 116 116 123 124 127 129 131 131 Probability Distribution of Scattered Fields and Polarimetric Description 132 Specific Intensity 140 Passive Remote Sensing 145 Planck’s Radiation Law and Brightness Temperature 145 Kirchhoff’s Law 149 Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem 152 Emissivity of Four Stokes Parameters 155 Correlation Function of Fields 161 References and Additional Readings 165 CHAPTER 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCRETE SCATTERERS AND ROUGH SURFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘. . . . 167 1 Ice 168 2 Snow 170 3 Vegetation 171 4 Atmosphere 172 CONTENTS . . . Vlll 5 51 . 52 . 6 7 8 Correlation Function and Pair Distribution Function Correlation Function Pair Distribution Function Gaussian Rough Surface and Spectral Density Soil and Rocky Surfaces Ocean Surface References and Additional Readings CHAPTER 5 SCATTERING AND EMISSION BY LAYERED MEDIA . . . 1 2 21 . 22 . 23 . 3 4 Incoherent Approach of Radiative Transfer Wave Approach Reflection and Transmission Dyadic Green’s Function for Stratified Medium Brightness Temperatures for a Stratified Medium with Temperature Distribution Comparison Between Incoherent Approach and Coherent Approach Applications to Passive Remote Sensing of Soil References and Additional Readings CHAPTER 6 SINGLE SCATTERING AND APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . 1 Single Scattering and Particle Position Correlation 2 Applications of Single Scattering 21 . Synthetic Aperture Radar 22 . Interferometric SAR 23 . Active Remote Sensing of Half-Space Random Media References and Additional Readings I.73 174 176 179 184 185 195 199 200 203 203 207 212 217 220 229 231 232 237 237 248 252 258 CONTENTS ix CHAPTER 7 RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 1 Scalar Radiative Transfer Theory 260 2 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory 269 21 . Phase Matrix of Independent Scattering 269 22 . Extinction Matrix 272 23 . Emission Vector 275 24 . Boundary Conditions 283 References and Additional Readings 286 CHAPTER 8 SOLUTION TECHNIQUES OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 1 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . 2 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 . 26 . Iterative Method 288 Iterative Procedure 288 Integral Equation for Scattering Problems 293 Active Remote Sensing of a Half-Space of Spherical Particles 298 Active Remote Sensing of a Layer of Nonspherical Particles 303 1.4.1 Numerical IIIustrations with Finite Dielectric Cylinders 310 Second-Order Scattering from Isotropic Point Scatterers 322 Discrete Ordinate-Eigenanalysis Method 324 Radiative Transfer Solution for Laminar Structures 324 Numerical Procedure of Discrete Ordinate Method: Normal Incidence 328 Active Remote Sensing: Oblique Incidence 337 Discrete Ordinate Method for Passive Remote Sensing 343 Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Random Medium 349 Passive Remote Sensing of a Layer of Mie Scatterers Overlying a Dielectric Half-Space 352 CONTENTS X 3 31 . 32 . 33 . 34 . 4 Invariant Imbedding One-Dimensional Problem Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Scattering Medium with Inhomogeneous Profiles Passive Remote Sensing of a Three-Dimensional Random Medium Thermal Emission of Layers of Spherical Scatterers in the Presence of Inhomogeneous Absorption and Temperature Profiles Diffusion Approximation References and Additional Readings CHAPTER 9 ONE-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a 1 Introduction 2 Statistics of Random Rough Surface 21 . Statistics, Correlation Function and Spectral Density 22 . Characteristic Functions 3 Small Perturbation Method 31 . Dirichlet Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 32 . Neumann Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 4 Kirchhoff Approach 41 . Dirichlet Problem for One-Dimensional Surface 42 . Neumann Problem for One-Dimensional Surface References and Additional Readings INDEX 419 362 363 370 373 374 380 386 389 390 392 392 396 397 397 403 407 408 415 417 [...]... programs, Henning Braunisch for careful proofreading on parts of the manuscript, and Bae-Ian Wu for production assistance We would also like to thank Chi #On Ao for his help in editing and typsetting the manuscript Leung Tsang Seat tie, Washington Jin Au Kong Cambridge, Massachusetts Kung-Hau Ding Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts May 2000 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves: Theories and Applications Leung Tsang, ... (1.4.10) Let k2 = k; + k,2 The solution is in cylindrical coordinates Rg $,( kP, (p, 4, z) that is regular kz, r) = Jn(k,p)eikzZSin4 (1.4.11) at the origin (1.4.12) with n as an integer, that is, n = 0, fl, f 2, f 3, In (1.4.12 ), Jn is the Bessel function of order n and Rg stands for regular The outgoing cylindrical wave is $n(kp, k,,F) where Hn(‘) is the Hankel function The behavior of the functions Jo@/@)... f22 1 0 2 - kt2 S(L,&) - 47r ( 0 cosQ / (1.3.20) ) For the case of a sphere, we have (1.3.21) $4 Plane Waves, Cylindrical Waves and Spherical 21 Waves where 3 S,@) = -iy SB2(0) = i+( &,, ii) (1.3.22~) iii) cos 0 qh, (1.3.223) 3 and S(& 4 Plane &) is given by (1.3.18) Waves, Cylindrical The scalar wave equation Waves, and Spherical Waves is (1.4.1) (v2 + k2) q!(r) = 0 The vector electromagnetic wave... c2)]+ of the sum of Aa, Ab, and A, can be performed Aa + Ab + Ac = z analytically 2 (1.2.25) For spheroids, a = b and the integrals in Aa, Ab, and A, can be integrated analytically The axis & -, is the axis of symmetry, and A a= For prolate spheroids, lb=; (1.2.26) (-&AC) c > a = b and A C- 1 -s l-e l+e 2e+ln( (1.2.27) > where J 0 e= a - l- 2 (1.2.2s) C is the eccentricity For oblate spheroids, c < a and. .. Coordinates: Waves, and 21 21 Mie Scattering 62 Amplitude Plane Waves 22 Waves 24 Waves 30 Scattering by Spheres, Cylinders, and Disks 32 32 Length Cylinder Using the Infinite 41 by a Disk Based on the Infinite and Additional Readings -l Disk Approximation 46 52 2 1 ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTEZUNG BY SINGLE PARTICLE A major topic in this book is the study of propagation and scattering of waves by randomly distributed... principles and applications of electromagnetic wave scattering and lays the groundwork for the study of more advanced topics in Volumes II and III We start in Chapter 1 with exact and approximate solutions of wave scattering by a single particle of simple shape Such problems can be solved exactly by expanding the fields in terms of scalar or vector waves in separable coordinates, depending on the geometry of. .. right-hand circularly polarized, then Ei = Gi + iiLi so that & = 1 and Ehi = i Substituting into (1.2.47) gives & = f0 and Ehs = -if0 so that E, = f& - iiL,) The scattered wave is left-hand circularly polarized Example 2: For the case of thin disks Ac = 2 a2c and A, = Ab = 0 (1.2.50) Jf D- k2vo (cp - c) (1.2.51) 4m Let & = ?; and k, = !?b for backscattering Also let & = ~~ = G ,, & = &, and jL, = -$P... dfl, = sin 8, d 0, d& in spherical scattered power dP, through (1.1.9) in (1.1.12) & ),2 y vector of the incident dR, dP i The dimension of equation (1.1.14) is area It is convenient ferential scattering cross section a& &, &) by (1.1.14) dP S = ad &, IS i I and (1.1.15) gives ii) dfl, ad(L, b) = If (b, &)I2 Integrating (1.1.14) over scattered P S II i - S = (1.1.13) wave, from (1.1.6 ), we have H = If &,. .. T Shin of MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and Dr Dale Winebrenner The graduate students who completed their of University of Washington Ph.D theses from the University of Washington on random media scattering include Boheng Wen (1989 ), Kung-Hau Ding (1989 ), Shu-Hsiang Lou xiv PRl!3FACE (1991 ), Charles E Mandt (1992 ), Richard D West (1994 ), Zhengxiao Chen (1994 ), Lisa M Zurk (1995 ), Kyung Pak (1996 ), Guifu... the form of a three-dimensional Fourier transform Thus if S( I ,, &) is measured for “many” kdx, k &, and k &, then E@) - 1 can be retrieved by taking the three-dimensional inverse Fourier transform of S &, ii> This idea has been used in tomography for the map ping of an inhomogeneous particle However, in order to reconstruct E,(?) - 1 by taking the inverse Fourier transform of S( k ,, ii >, we need, as from . THEORY OF MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Tsang, Kong, and Ding * SCAnERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES: THEORIES AND APPLICATIONS Tsang, Kong, Ding, and Ao 0. SCATTERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves: Theories and Applications Leung Tsang, Jin Au Kong, Kung-Hau Ding Copyright