xxvi Chronology 267 C.E Queen Zenobia Rules Palmyra Zenobia rules rich trading entrepôt at Palmyra in northeastern present-day Syria and fights against Roman domination until her defeat in 272 405–411 C.E Fa Xian Travels to India Chinese Buddhist monk travels to India, records Gupta culture, and returns to China with Buddhist manuscripts 300 C.E Axum Kingdom in East Africa Axum kingdom rules Ethiopia and later much of present-day Sudan after defeating Kushites; under King ‘Ezana, Ethiopia becomes a Christian country 407 C.E Romans Withdraw from Britain Western Roman Emperor Honorius withdraws his troops from Britain 320 C.E Gupta Dynasty The Gupta Empire is founded by Chandragupta I Under his successor the Gupta Empire extends to include all of northern India 324 C.E Constantine the Great Constantine the Great initiates a civil war of succession against his potential rivals for the throne In a series of engagements that culminates in 324 at the Battle of Adrianople (in present-day Turkey), Constantine defeats his rivals and becomes the undisputed emperor of all Rome 410 C.E Rome Sacked by Visigoths After a decade of battles, the Visigoths under Alaric sack Rome in 410 439 C.E Carthage Captured by Vandals The Roman city of Carthage is captured by Vandals under the command of Genseric, who makes Carthage his capital 441 C.E First Saxon Revolt The first Saxon revolt against native Britons occurs in 441 330 C.E Byzantium Constantine the Great dedicates his new capital at Byzantium, renamed after himself as Constantinople 451 C.E Attila the Hun Defeated Attila faces the Visigoths and Romans together in the Battle of Chalons (Châlons) Attila is defeated and forced to withdraw 337 C.E Roman Empire Divides Constantine dies, and the empire is divided with the Western Roman Empire governed from Rome and the Eastern Roman Empire governed by Constantinople 455 C.E Saxons Crushs Britons At the Battle of Aylesford in Kent, England, the Saxons led by Hengst and Horsa defeat the Britons This battle is an important step in the Saxon conquest of Britain 357 C.E Battle of Argentoratum At the Battle of Argentoratum in 357, the Roman general Julian drives the Franks from Gaul, thus reestablishing the Rhine as the frontier of the empire 455 C.E Vandals Sack Rome The Vandals attack and invade Rome 376–415 C.E Chandragupta II India reaches its golden classical age Both Buddhism and Hinduism flourish 376 C.E Ostrogoths Invaded The Huns, a nomadic Mongol people, sweep in from Asia and defeat the Ostrogoth Empire 378 C.E Valens Killed by Visigoths After their defeat by the Huns, the Visigoths seek refuge in the Roman Empire The Roman emperor Valens gives them permission to cross the Danube as long as they agree to disarm, but the Visigoths are mistreated by Roman officials and revolt 476 C.E Western Roman Empire Ends The Western Roman Empire ends after Emperor Romulus Augustulus is deposed by German mercenaries at Ravenna The German mercenaries then declare themselves rulers of Italy 486 C.E Roman Occupation of Gaul Ends The last Roman emperor of France is defeated by Clovis I, king of the Salian Franks, and Clovis establishes the Kingdom of the Franks 488 C.E Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy Theodoric I (the Great) invades northern Italy at the request of the Byzantine emperor He conquers Italy and establishes the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy