Index Tswana people 898, 899 Tuareg people 273 tuberculosis health and disease 548, 555 pandemics and epidemics 828 tubers 473 Tukulti-ninurta I (king of Assyria) empires and dynasties 399 military 729 Tullus Hostilius (king of Rome) empires and dynasties 413 employment and labor 433 tumuli 849 tunics 272, 273, 276–279, 281, 282 See also exomis; kalasiris; léine; peplos t’un-t’ien 440 Turkey See also Pergamum migration and population movements 701 money and coinage 757 turquoise 743 Tutankhamun (king of Egypt) architecture 58 art 97 empires and dynasties 394 illumination 585 weaponry and armor 1163 tutors children 196, 197 education 378 Twelft h Dynasty (Egypt) empires and dynasties 393 exploration 437–438 Twelve Labors of Heracles 578 Twelve Tables (legal code) adornment 13 crime and punishment 307 laws and legal codes 629, 636–638 slaves and slavery 993 Twentieth Dynasty (Egypt) cities 208 crafts 287 laws and legal codes 624 trade and exchange 1097 Twenty-Fift h Dynasty (Egypt) climate and geography 240 crime and punishment 298 empires and dynasties 391 war and conquest 1124 Twenty-Sixth Dynasty (Egypt) climate and geography 242 crafts 287 twill weave 1082 Types of Women, The (Semonides) 505–506 typhon 780 tyrants empires and dynasties 410–411 government organization 527–528 Tyre 1078 Tyrian purple economy 345 textiles and needlework 1083 trade and exchange 1097 Tyrtaeus 658 U Uaxactún 85 Ubaid culture 178 Ugaritic script 1186 uji 430 Ukraine 107 Ulfi las 1189 Ullastret 222 Uluru 901 umiaks 983, 984 undulant fever 825 Únĕtice culture 107, 108 United States 47–48 See also Americas Upper Egypt climate and geography 239–241 government organization 514 migration and population movements 695 Upper Nile River 1086 Upper Paleolithic economy 361 migration and population movements 702 Ur art 98–99 cities 212–213 climate and geography 245 empires and dynasties 397 inventions 597 sacred sites 900 Urartu 353 urban planning 206–207, 213, 223, 224, 229–230, 232, 233 Urewe ware 176 urinary 549 Ur-Nammu (king of Ur) architecture 62 cities 213 crime and punishment 299 death and burial practices 315 empires and dynasties 397 Urnfield Period 709 urns 318, 320 Ur of the Chaldees 213 uru 211, 212, 218 Uruk architecture 62 art 98 borders and frontiers 142 ceramics and pottery 178, 179 cities 201, 211, 212 education 378 social organization 1020 transportation 1113–1114 war and conquest 1131 writing 1185–1186 Urukagina, Code of crime and punishment 299 laws and legal codes 624 Uruk III-IV Period 428 ushabtis 286, 287 utensils 561, 565, 568 uttariya 278 V Vague Year (calendar) 173 Vaishya caste economy 358 social organization 1024 Valentinian I (emperor of Rome) 417 Valentinian III (emperor of Rome) 418 Valkyries 499 Valley of the Kings death and burial practices 314 sacred sites 900 vallus 43 Vandals 418 vanilla 482 Vanir 851–852 Varro 971 Varus, Publius Quintilius 1144 vaults building techniques and materials 161 death and burial practices 323 Vedas literature 650 music and musical instruments 767 Vedic Period architecture 68–69 calendars and clocks 168 economy 355, 358 empires and dynasties 401 gender structures and roles 498 language 613 laws and legal codes 625 money and coinage 756–757 religion and cosmology 846–847 science 932, 935 settlement patterns 968 social organization 1023 1283 vegetables agriculture 30, 42 food and diet 474–476, 479, 482 hunting, fishing, and gathering 580 vegetarianism 480–481 veils adornment clothing and footwear 272, 276, 277 venatio 580–581 vendors 1099 Venerable Bede 852 Veneti people seafaring and navigation 957 ships and shipbuilding 980 Ventris, Michael 183 Venus de Milo 113 Venus of Willendorf 106 Vercingetorix empires and dynasties 407–408 social organization 1029 war and conquest 1143 Verres, Gaius 917 Vespasian (emperor of Rome) economy 367, 368, 370 government organization 533–534 religion and cosmology 861 vestal virgins children 197 clothing and footwear 282 crime and punishment 304 vests 277 Vesuvius 262 Vesuvius, Mount 775, 781 Via Appia See Appian Way Via Latina 890 Via Salaria 890 vibhitaka 1052 “Victory of Ramses II over the Khita, The” (Pen-ta-ur) 1156–1158 vicuña See alpacas Vietnam empires and dynasties 405 foreigners and barbarians 486–487 government organization 523 household goods 565 language 615 literature 652 military 731 ships and shipbuilding 979 vigesimal system calendars and clocks 173 science 948 vihara 68–69