xxii List of Maps and Primary Source Documents Sun Tzu: The Art of War, excerpt, sixth century b.c.e Xenophon: “The Spartan War Machine,” ca 375 b.c.e Josephus: “The Roman Army in the First Century c.e.,” first century c.e “The Shipwrecked Sailor,” ca 2200 b.c.e The Bible, excerpt from Exodus, fifth to seventh centuries b.c.e The Egyptian Legend of the Creation, excerpt, ca 311 b.c.e Enûma Elish: The Epic of Creation, excerpt, eighth century b.c.e The Rig-Veda, excerpt, ca 1700–1100 b.c.e 737 738 739 784 785 866 867 868 VOLUME IV Aeschines: “On the Embassy,” excerpt, 343 b.c.e Appian: “The Civil Wars—On the Gracchi,” from Roman History, before 162 c.e Herodotus, “Mummification,” from The Histories, fifth century b.c.e Archimedes: Letter to Dositheus, ca 220 b.c.e The Code of the Nesilim, excerpt, 1650–1500 b.c.e Kautilya: The Arthashastra, excerpt, ca 250 b.c.e Aristotle: “On Slavery,” from the Politics, ca 330 b.c.e 919 920 950 950 995 996 997 Herodotus: The Histories, excerpt, fifth century b.c.e Arrian: Anabasis Alexandri (Campaigns of Alexander), excerpt, second century c.e Julius Caesar: “The Germans,” excerpt from De bello Gallico (The Gallic Wars), ca 51 b.c.e Pindar: Olympian Odes, ca 470 b.c.e Suetonius: The Divine Augustus, excerpt, ca 120 c.e The Popol Vuh, excerpt, oral tradition, unknown date The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, excerpt, first to third centuries c.e Petronius Arbiter: “The Banquet of Trimalchio,” excerpt from the Satynicon, first century c.e Herodotus: “The Carthaginian Attack on Sicily,” excerpt from The Histories, fifth century b.c.e Pen-ta-ur: “The Victory of Ramses II over the Khita,” inscription on the wall of five temples, one at Karnak, ca 1326 b.c.e Excerpts from Accounts of the Campaign of Sennacherib, ca 701 b.c.e Polybius: “The Roman Maniple vs the Macedonian Phalanx,” excerpt from The Histories, ca second century b.c.e 1043 1045 1046 1058 1059 1060 1108 1109 1156 1156 1158 1159