1274 Index rainy seasons 237 ram (weapon) 978 Ramagupta (king of India) 402 Ramayana epic drama and theater 332– 333, 332f festivals 466 literature 650, 651 Ramesside Period 585 rammed earth technique 215 ramparts See also fortress settlements; murus gallicus borders and frontiers 148 cities 219 ramps 928 Ramses I (king of Egypt) 872 Ramses II (king of Egypt) architecture 60 art 96 borders and frontiers 143 building techniques and materials 153 climate and geography 242 empires and dynasties 394, 395f gender structures and roles 495 health and disease 547, 548 migration and population movements 697, 700 military 727 natural disasters 777 resistance and dissent 872 seafaring and navigation 954 social organization 1014 war and conquest 1127f writing 1185f Ramses III (king of Egypt) cities 208 economy 348 employment and labor 427 gender structures and roles 495 migration and population movements 700 military 727 resistance and dissent 872 scandals and corruption 910–911 seafaring and navigation 954 settlement patterns 964 ships and shipbuilding 978 war and conquest 1129 Ramses IV (king of Egypt) mining, quarrying, and salt making 742 resistance and dissent 872 Ramses V (king of Egypt) 548 Ramses IX (king of Egypt) 298 Ramses XI (king of Egypt) empires and dynasties 395 resistance and dissent 872 social collapse and abandonment 1001 rape 731–732 rasas 332 rations 427 rats 819 rattles 773 razors 562 reaping machine 43 rebates 54 reciprocal exchange 1098, 1099 reciprocal tables 930 reciprocity 350 recreation See sports and recreation Recuay culture 149 red figure period (Greece) 110, 111 redistribution of goods 1098, 1099 red ocher 312, 316 Red Palace 82 Red River 250 Red Sea 953 reed(s) building techniques and materials 150, 151, 154 music and musical instruments 773 reed mats 563 reed workers 811 Regal Period (Rome) 367 regulation economy 369 transportation 1111 relief carvings/sculpture art 91, 95–96, 103, 106, 114, 115, 120, 121 settlement patterns 967f religion and cosmology 831–869 Africa 832–836, 834f and agriculture 40 Americas 861–866, 863f Asia and the Pacific 844– 849, 846f, 868 astronomy 123 borders and frontiers 146, 147 children 197 cities 213 clothing and footwear 282 drama and theater 327– 330, 334, 335 economy 344–345 education 377, 380, 381 Egypt 836–840, 839m, 866 Europe 849–853, 851f festivals 462, 463 foreigners and barbarians 487 Greece 853–857, 854f health and disease 551 illumination 583–584, 588, 591–592 literature 639, 642–643, 650 Middle East 840–844, 867 music and musical instruments 764 resistance and dissent 878 Rome 858–861 sacred sites 902, 907 science 921, 932, 946, 947 social organization 1042 war and conquest 1155 writing 1187 religious persecution 717–718 remote sensing technology 36 “Report of Wenamun” 698 Republic (Plato) crafts 292 literature 672–673 textiles and needlework 1082 republics 508–509, 531–532 research, scientific 598 reservoirs 373 resettlement 707, 710, 714 resident aliens 432 resistance and dissent 869– 882 Africa 870–871 Americas 881–882 Asia and the Pacific 873–876 Egypt 871–872 Europe 876–877 Greece 877–879, 878f Middle East 872–873 Rome 879–881, 880m, 881f retirement bonuses 370 retribution 302 retribution, law of 299, 300 retrograde motion 131 rex sacrorum 859 rhetoric 385 rhetors 385 Rhind Mathematical Papyrus numbers and counting 799f science 927 Rhône valley 219 ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata) 256 rice agriculture 19, 29–32 food and diet 476, 481 Rift Valley death and burial practices 313 natural disasters 776 Rig Veda death and burial practices 325–326 health and disease 549 religion and cosmology 868 rims, wheel 1114 rings 273 ritual cities 216 death and burial practices 313, 314, 316, 319–320 drama and theater 327, 328, 333–334, 338, 339 education 383, 385–386 health and disease 546 nomadic and pastoral societies 795 religion and cosmology 831–833 war and conquest 1155 ritual sites xxvi, 211 Rituals of Zhou 217 rivers 1111, 1112, 1114–1115 roads and bridges 882–893 See also streets Africa 883–884 Americas 891–892 Asia and the Pacific 886–887 Egypt 884–885 Europe 888–889, 888f Greece 889–890 inventions 600, 602 Middle East 885–886 migration and population movements 716–717 Rome 890–891, 891f transportation 1115, 1117, 1119, 1120 war and conquest 1151 rock paintings art 87–89, 100, 102, 108 sacred sites 898 Rocky Mountains 265 rodents 1066 rod numerals 801–802 Roman alphabet 1190–1191 Roman army 554 “Roman Army in the First Century c.e., The” (Josephus) 739–740 Roman calendar 132 Romance languages 718 Roman Civil War 880m Roman Empire agriculture 36 borders and frontiers 139, 140 cities 229–230 drama and theater 337– 338 economy 359, 361 migration and population movements 715–716, 718 religion and cosmology 861 roads and bridges 884 social organization 1037– 1039 Roman games (ludi Romani) 470