CONTENTS Ethics 220 The Greatest Happiness of the Greatest Number 220 Modifications of Utilitarianism 225 Schopenhauer on Renunciation 228 The Moral Ascent in Kierkegaard 233 Nietzsche and the Transvaluation of Values 237 Analytic Ethics 242 10 Aesthetics 250 The Beautiful and the Sublime The Aesthetics of Schopenhauer Kierkegaard on Music 258 Nietzsche on Tragedy 260 Art and Morality 263 Art for Art’s Sake 265 11 Political Philosophy 250 255 269 Utilitarianism and Liberalism 269 Kierkegaard and Schopenhauer on Women Marx on Capital and Labour 280 Closed and Open Societies 286 276 12 God 291 Faith vs Alienation 291 The Theism of John Stuart Mill 297 Creation and Evolution 299 Newman’s Philosophy of Religion 305 The Death of God and the Survival of Religion 309 Freud on Religious Illusion 314 Philosophical Theology after Wittgenstein 315 Chronology 319 Abbreviations and Conventions Bibliography 327 List of Illustrations 335 Index 339 321 xi